Pathophysiology 2B
A nurse is teaching a health class about risk factors for cancer. Which information from members of the class indicates successful teaching? Obesity Sun exposure Ionizing radiation Occupational exposures Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables
1-4
A client has high intake of red meat. Which factor will increase the client's risk for cancer development? Increased fiber Higher levels of heme iron Lower levels of coenzyme Q 10 Decreased single-stranded DNA virus
2
A coworker asks the nurse why genistein should be increased in the diet. How should the nurse respond? It decreases apoptosis in cancer cell. It prevents proliferation of cancer cells. It is a macronutrient that prevents cancer. It is a miRNA that protects against cancer.
2
Which characteristic lesion is identified as the primary effect of ionizing radiation in a client? Apoptotic cell death Double-strand break Hypomethylation of DNA Mutated patched 1 tumor-suppressor gene
2
Which activity by the pregnant client will cause the nurse to intervene? Quits smoking Consumes a healthy diet Maintains adequate weight gain Places cell phone to abdomen so family can talk to the baby
4
Which cancer should the nurse assess for in the client whose diet consists largely of salted foods? Oral Lung Prostate Stomach
4
Which carcinogenic agent is used in the production of rubber and paint? Radon Arsenic Asbestos Benzidine
4
Which information indicates a client correctly understands the teaching about diet and cancer? Cancer risks for older adults are based primarily on current diet. Eating a diet high in garlic increases colorectal cancer risk. Adoption of the Western diet has decreased the rate of some cancers. Evidence exists that nutritional factors are related to cancer development.
4
Which term should the nurse use to describe the nutrigenomics for researching the process of RNA to synthesis of proteins? Genomics Proteomics Metabolomics Transcriptomics
4
Which term should the nurse use to describe toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals and compounds that humans are exposed to in the diet or environment? Abscopal Bystander Stochastic Xenobiotic
4
A client is infected with the human papillomavirus type 16. Which cancer will the client most likely develop? Penis Ovary Breast Prostrate
1
A nurse is teaching the staff about an epigenetic process. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? DNA methylation Folate acetylation DNA demethylation Folate deacetylation
1
A nurse is teaching the staff about an epigenetic process. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? DNA methylation Folate acetylation DNA demethylation Folate deacetylation
1
Which dietary component should the nurse suggest when asked by a client for foods to prevent cancer risk? Green tea Smoked sausage Omega-6 fatty acids Grilled, blackened foods
1
A nurse is teaching a healthy adult class about cigarette smoking and cancer caused by smoking. Which types of cancer should the nurse include? Lung Liver Kidney Prostate Stomach
1, 2, 3, 5
A nurse is teaching a health class about the effects of tobacco smoking. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? This activity is carcinogenic. It is more common among men than women. Older adults have the highest percentage of smokers. Smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. Middle class adults smoke more than other socioeconomic levels.
1, 2, 4
A nurse is teaching a class about pollution and cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Indoor air pollution is considered worse than outdoor air pollution. Radon exposure can occur in underground mines and in homes. It takes large amounts of air for a person to inhale appreciable amounts of particulate matter. Inorganic arsenic, found in underground water, is associated with an increased risk of several cancers. Passive smoking can cause the formation of reactive oxygen free radicals and thus DNA damage.
1, 2, 4, 5
A nurse is teaching how dietary components influence epigenetic factors. Which mechanisms should the nurse include? Influencing the cell cycle Acting directly as mutagens Modulating bystander effects Changing hormonal regulation Interfering with mutagen elimination
1, 2, 4, 5
The nurse is formulating a care plan that includes dietary components to reduce cancer risk. Which information should the nurse share with the client? Increase fiber intake Increase lycopene intake Increase cured meat intake Increase intake of vitamins A and D Increase intake of cruciferous vegetables
1, 2, 4, 5
The nurse is conducting a health screening at a local health fair. Which characteristics should the nurse recognize as increasing the risk for developing melanoma? Is fair skinned Has nevi and freckles Stands in the shade when outside Is exposed to chronic occupational sun Has intense intermittent recreational sun exposure
1, 2, 5
A 62-year-old building contractor presents to the public health clinic with persistent cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. A chest radiograph finds multiple tumors in the lungs, which are subsequently diagnosed as lung cancer. The client states that he has never used tobacco products. Which environmental factors may have contributed to the lung cancer? Occupational exposure to paints Occupational exposure to sunlight Occupational exposure to asbestos Routine exposure to dental radiography History of hepatitis B in young adulthood
1, 3
A client has a body mass index (BMI) of 33.7. Which terms can the nurse use in report to describe this finding? Obese Overweight Obese class I Obese class II Morbidly overweight
1, 3
The client is a postmenopausal woman who has recently divorced and has confided to the nurse that she has recently signed up for an online dating service and is worried about being sexually active with new partners. Which information will be helpful for the nurse to share with the client regarding protection against human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers? Postmenopausal women have been found to experience a second peak prevalence in high-risk HPV. Condoms will provide necessary protection against HPV. Proper oral hygiene will decrease the risk of HPV-associated cancers. Smoking has been implicated as a risk factor for acquiring high-risk HPV cancers. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV is required for the development of invasive cervical cancer.
1, 3, 4, 5
A nurse is teaching a health class about dietary factors that can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Which information from the class indicates successful teaching? Alcohol use High-fiber diet Hot beverages Processed meats High amounts of calcium
1, 4
Which information from the client indicates to the nurse that teaching is successful about the rising incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal cancers? P16 is decreased in HPV oropharyngeal cancer. P16-positive tumors have a better prognosis than P16-negative tumors. HPV-negative oral cancers are possibly associated with sex-related risk factors. HPV-positive oral cancers are associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption.
2
Which phase of enzymes protect against xenobiotics in clients? Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
2
Which cancer risks are decreased when a client eats non-starchy vegetables? Lung Mouth Larynx Stomach Pancreas
2, 3, 4
A nurse is teaching about xenobiotics. Which information should the nurse include? They are transported through the lymphatic system. Lipid membranes can be penetrated by xenobiotics. Xenobiotics are not common in the average human diet. Most xenobiotics are transported in the blood by lipoproteins. The term includes toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals.
2, 4, 5
A woman has recently gained weight and now has a body mass index (BMI) of 30.1 kg/m 2. Which information should the nurse share with this client regarding BMI and cancer? High BMI is rarely associated with greater cancer risk. Lowering the degree of obesity will lower cancer risks. Sex hormones are one of the major factors in obesity and cancer. The mechanisms of obesity-associated cancer risks are clearly understood, and follow similar pathologic pathways with all tumor types. Possible mechanisms explaining obesity's correlation to increased cancer incidence include insulin-insulin-like growth factor1 axis.
2,3,5
A client has cervical cancer. Upon review of the laboratory results, which subtype of the human papillomavirus (HPV) will the nurse most likely observe? HPV-6 HPV-11 HPV-16 HPV-20
3
A nurse is asked which structure plays a major role in controlling growth and development in utero. How should the nurse respond? Uterus Ovaries Placenta Vaginal canal
3
A nurse is teaching a client about the role of cigarette smoking in the development of cancer. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Smoking is noncarcinogenic. Risk is greatest in those who begin to smoke when older. Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of cancer. Evidence is strong linking tobacco smoking to prostate cancer.
3
A nurse is teaching a client about the role of cigarette smoking in the development of cancer. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Smoking is noncarcinogenic. Risk is greatest in those who begin to smoke when older. Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of cancer. Evidence is strong linking tobacco smoking to prostate cancer.
3
A nurse is teaching about the mechanisms involved in alcohol-related carcinogenesis. Which mechanism should the nurse include in the teaching session? Creation of the bystander effect Suppression of cytochrome P-450 2E1 Generation of reactive oxygen species Decreased activation of procarcinogen
3
A nurse is teaching at a wellness clinic about obesity and cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Obesity causes hypoglycemia. Obesity is a risk factor for lung cancer. Obesity can increase certain cancer risks. Obesity may help people with cancer live longer.
3
A woman is admitted for suspected melanoma. Which area should the nurse assess first? Head Neck Lower legs Middle of abdomen
3
Which client will the nurse teach to avoid beta-carotene supplements? One with risk for skin cancer from tanning One with risk for liver cancer from hepatitis One with risk for lung cancer from smoking One with risk for stomach cancer from pylori
3
Which information should the nurse include when teaching adults in a wellness clinic about ultraviolet (UV) light? The principal source of ultraviolet radiation is tanning beds. The degree of damage is not affected by wavelength. UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. UV light can cause the most damage in the abdominal area.
3
Which term should the nurse use to describe the degree to which a client's development is influenced by the environment? Methylome Genomic instability Developmental plasticity Transgenerational phenotype
3
A nurse is teaching a health class about how physical activity reduces the risk of cancer. Which information indicates the class understands the types of cancer that can be reduced with activity? Oral Liver Colon Breast Kidney
3, 4
A nurse is teaching a health class about the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Skin damage is affected by connexons. The primary source is radiation treatments. UV radiation can occur from natural and artificial sources. UV radiation inhibits production of reactive oxygen species. UV radiation is known to cause specific gene mutations.
3, 5
A client has been diagnosed with a squamous cell carcinoma. Which information should the nurse remember when planning care? The client has a mutation in the p16 gene. The client is likely dark skinned and brown eyed. The lesion is likely caused by ultraviolet sunlight. The lesion is most likely found on the client's trunk. The lesion is most likely found on the nose or hands.
3,5
A nurse is teaching a health class. Which information from the class indicates successful teaching about the single most preventable cause of cancer? Alcohol Caffeine Saturated fat Tobacco smoke
4
A nurse wants to teach about the dangers of smoking to a group with high risk. Which group should the nurse address first? Asians Whites Hispanics American Indians/Alaska Natives
4
During the history taking of a client, a nurse discovers the client is a bidi smoker. For which cancer should the nurse teach the client precautionary information? Testis Pancreas Renal system Digestive tract
4
Upon review of a child's history, a nurse discovers the child had many diagnostic radiography test performed in utero. Which cancer should the nurse monitor for in this child? Bone Uterus Breast Leukemia
4
A nurse is teaching a health class about the effects of tobacco smoking. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. This activity is carcinogenic. b. It is more common among men than women. c. Older adults have the highest percentage of smokers. d. Smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. e. Middle class adults smoke more than other socioeconomic levels.
a, b, d
A nurse is teaching how dietary components influence epigenetic factors. Which mechanisms should the nurse include? a. Influencing the cell cycle b. Acting directly as mutagens c. Modulating bystander effects d. Changing hormonal regulation e. Interfering with mutagen elimination
a, b, d, e
The nurse is formulating a care plan that includes dietary components to reduce cancer risk. Which information should the nurse share with the client? a. Increase fiber intake b. Increase lycopene intake c. Increase cured meat intake d. Increase intake of vitamins A and D e. Increase intake of cruciferous vegetables
a, b, d, e
The nurse is conducting a health screening at a local health fair. Which characteristics should the nurse recognize as increasing the risk for developing melanoma? a. Is fair skinned b. Has nevi and freckles c. Stands in the shade when outside d. Is exposed to chronic occupational sun e. Has intense intermittent recreational sun exposure
a, b, e
A nurse is talking about the specific cell type that allows transmission between generations. Which cell is the nurse describing? a. Germ b. Target c. Somatic d. Bystander
a
A nurse is teaching the staff about an epigenetic process. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. DNA methylation b. Folate acetylation c. DNA demethylation d. Folate deacetylation
a
Which dietary condition shows consistent evidence for increasing the risk of colorectal cancer in clients? a. Obesity b. Increased calcium c. Beta-carotene deficiency d. Lycopene-containing foods
a
A nurse is teaching a health class about dietary factors that can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Which information from the class indicates successful teaching? a. Alcohol use b. High-fiber diet c. Hot beverages d. Processed meats e. High amounts of calcium
a, d
A client asks a nurse about the Panicolaour smear (Pap smear). What is the recommended schedule for a Pap smear? a. Every five years beginning at age 25 b. Every three years beginning at age 21 c. Every seven years beginning at age 29 d. No exams needed after receiving the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
b
A coworker asks the nurse why genistein should be increased in the diet. How should the nurse respond? a. It decreases apoptosis in cancer cell. b. It prevents proliferation of cancer cells. c. It is a macronutrient that prevents cancer. d. It is a miRNA that protects against cancer.
b
A fetus in utero is exposed to undernutrition. Which cancer could develop decades later? a. Skin b. Breast c. Leukemia d. Soft tissue sarcoma
b
A nurse is teaching a health class about cancers primarily associated with smokeless tobacco use. Which response by the class indicates successful teaching? a. Lung b. Pancreatic c. Myeloid leukemia d. Basal cell carcinomas
b
A nurse suspects basal cell carcinoma in a client. Which area or areas should the nurse check first? a. Back b. Head and neck c. Trunk of the body d. Upper extremities
b
Which dietary factor aids in DNA repair to decrease a client's risk for cancer? a. Vitamin K b. Selenium c. Lycopene d. Isothiocyanate
b
Which phrase should the nurse use to describe the abscopal effect? a. Safe limit b. Out-of-field c. Normal weight d. Constant risk factor
b
A client has cervical cancer. Upon review of the laboratory results, which subtype of the human papillomavirus (HPV) will the nurse most likely observe? a. HPV-6 b. HPV-11 c. HPV-16 d. HPV-20
c
A nurse is teaching a client about the role of cigarette smoking in the development of cancer. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. Smoking is noncarcinogenic. b. Risk is greatest in those who begin to smoke when older. c. Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of cancer. d. Evidence is strong linking tobacco smoking to prostate cancer.
c
A nurse is teaching about the mechanisms involved in alcohol-related carcinogenesis. Which mechanism should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. Creation of the bystander effect b. Suppression of cytochrome P-450 2E1 c. Generation of reactive oxygen species d. Decreased activation of procarcinogen
c
A nurse is teaching a health class about how physical activity reduces the risk of cancer. Which information indicates the class understands the types of cancer that can be reduced with activity? a. Oral b. Liver c. Colon d. Breast e. Kidney
c, d
A nurse is teaching a wellness class about the relationship of air pollution to cancer risk. Which information from the class indicates successful teaching? a. The highest level of radon exposure comes from within homes. b. Miners who do not smoke are not at increased risk for lung cancer. c. Environmental tobacco smoke is classified as a human carcinogen. d. Indoor air pollution is considered more carcinogenic than outdoor air pollution. e. Indoor pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulates, and sulfur dioxide.
c, d
A nurse is teaching a health class about the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. Skin damage is affected by connexons. b. The primary source is radiation treatments. c. UV radiation can occur from natural and artificial sources. d. UV radiation inhibits production of reactive oxygen species. e. UV radiation is known to cause specific gene mutations.
c, e
A nurse is teaching a health class about primary factors responsible for the majority of cancers. Which information should the nurse include? a. Economic factors b. Psychological factors c. Overall systemic health d. Lifestyle/environmental factors
d
A nurse is teaching a health class. Which information from the class indicates successful teaching about the single most preventable cause of cancer? a. Alcohol b. Caffeine c. Saturated fat d. Tobacco smoke
d
A nurse is teaching about the enzyme housekeepers involved in the metabolism of environmental carcinogens and reactive oxygen species. Which term should the nurse use to describe these substances? a. Benzols b. Aflatoxins c. Isothiocyanates d. Glutathione S-transferases
d
Which carcinogenic agent is used in the production of rubber and paint? a. Radon b. Arsenic c. Asbestos d. Benzidine
d
Which information indicates a client correctly understands the teaching about diet and cancer? a. Cancer risks for older adults are based primarily on current diet. b. Eating a diet high in garlic increases colorectal cancer risk. c. Adoption of the Western diet has decreased the rate of some cancers. d. Evidence exists that nutritional factors are related to cancer development.
d
A nurse is teaching a health class about alcohol and cancer risks. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. Kidney cancer is a probable type of cancer caused by alcohol. b. Persons can drink no more than 3 alcoholic drinks for a "safe limit." c. There is a consistent relationship between alcohol and lung cancer. d. Alcohol consumption is strongly linked to breast and colorectal cancer. e. The combination of alcohol and smoking increases the risk of malignancy.
d, e