Pathophysiology HESI

Which explanation will the nurse give when a client asks about what causes varicose veins?

"Incompetent valves of superficial veins."

A mother whose son has acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is fearful that her other children may contract the disorder. What should the nurse tell the mother about the origin of acute glomerulonephritis?

"It is a result of an autoimmune response after a streptococcal infection."

Which information would the nurse teach parents about their newborn's diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A low-phenylalanine diet is required

A client's family asks why their mother with heart failure needs a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter now that she is in the intensive care unit (ICU). What information should the nurse include in the explanation to the family?

A pulmonary artery catheter measures central pressures for monitoring fluid replacement.

Which statements regarding acne are correct? Select all that apply

Acne may be caused by stress Family hx could be a reason for it Propionibacterium acnes causes acne Acne is commonly found on the face, chest, lower back, and neck

Which conditions may result from immunoglobin IgE antibodies on mast cells reacting with antigens?

Asthma Hay fever

Which condition is associated with unevenly curved surfaces of the cornea?

Astigmatism

Which organism is responsible for causing Lyme disease in clients?

Borrelia burgdorferi

To which part of the respiratory system would the client's radiology report refer when identifying the angle of Louis?

Carina

A client reports excessive tearing. Which disorders would the nurse suspect could be responsible for the client's condition?

Chalazion Entropion Conjunctivitis

A client is admitted with a head injury. The nurse identifies that the client's urinary catheter is draining large amounts of clear, colorless urine. What does the nurse identify as the most likely cause?

Deficient ADH

A young pregnant adolescent is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy. Which risk factors contribute to ectopic pregnancy?

Habit of smoking Damage to the fallopian tubes History of pelvic inflammatory disease

What does the nurse anticipate as the cause for the extensive acne?

Highly active sebaceous glands in "flush areas" of the body

Which etiology is a common metabolic cause of hypothermia?

Hypoglycemia

While the nurse obtains a male client's history, review of systems, and physical examination, the client tells the nurse that his breast drains fluid secretions from the nipple. The nurse should seek further evaluation of which endocrine gland function?

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Which condition is due to decreased elasticity of the outer lens?

Presbyopia

A child's mother asks the school nurse how her child got head lice. Which explanation would the nurse share with the mother?

Transmission occurs through contact with contaminated children and objects.

Which strategy would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being discharged from the hospital after a diagnosis of acute spasmodic laryngitis to help prevent another croup episode?

Use a cool mist vaporizer

Which precursor would the nurse recognize as common in children who develop Reye syndrome?

Viral infection

The nurse explains to the parents of a 6 year old child with a pinworm infestation how pinworms are transmitted. Which statement indicates that the teaching ahs been understood?

Wash hands before eating

A newborn with Erb palsy has an asymmetric Moro reflex. Which cause would the nurse suspect?

an injury to the shoulder during birth

The nurse is caring for a 9-month-old infant with gluten-induced enteropathy. Which common term for this disorder would the nurse use when discussing the infant's diagnosis with the parents?

celiac disease

Which organ is commonly affected in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

eyes

The finding the nurse would expect when measuring blood pressure on all four extremities of a child with coarctation of the aorta is blood pressure that is?

lower in the legs than in the arms

A client has thin, dark-red vertical lines about 1 to 3 mm long in the nails. Which diseases are associated with this physiologic alteration in the client? Select all that apply.

trichinosis bacterial endocarditis

Which comorbidity is associated with Down syndrome?

Congenital heart disease

The nurse is caring for a school-aged child with cystic fibrosis. Which pathophysiologic factor has the greatest effect on the child's health status?

Extremely thick mucus causes obstructed airways.

Which mediator of injury is involved in the client with pruritic lesions from an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction?

Histamine

Which type of client eye disorders are caused by staphylococcus aureus? Select all that apply.

Hordeolum Conjunctivitis

Which statement is true regarding varicoceles?

It causes elongation of the veins of the spermatic cord.

Which explanation would the nurse provide to the parents of a child with spasmodic croup who ask why their child is receiving humidified oxygen?

It helps prevent drying of membranes

Which client conditions does the nurse associate with bluish colored membranes?

Methemoglobinemia Cardiopulmonary disease

A client sustained minor skin injuries after an accident. Which event occurs close to the time of injury?

Migration of leukocytes to the site of injury

The nurse is assessing a toddler with plumbism (lead poisoning). Which organ system is of most concern because of the condition's irreversible effects?

Nervous

A mother tells the nurse that her toddler has been found to have parasites (worms) and that the whole family will need to be treated. Which species is the most likely type of worm infestation?

Pinworm (Enterobius)

The severity of diabetic retinopathy is directly related to which condition?

Poor glucose control

Which complication of cystic fibrosis is related to frequent stools and tenacious mucus?

Rectal prolapse

Which complication may develop in the child with hypospadias with chordee?

Sexual difficulties

Which organism would the nurse explain was responsible for a client's recent diagnosis of malaria?

Sporozoa

A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) has recurrent episodes of bronchitis, and the parents ask why this happens. Which reason would the nurse include in the reply?

Tenacious secretions that obstruct the respiratory tract provide a favorable medium for growth of bacteria.

A 10-year-old child is diagnosed with lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) and develops a goiter. What should the nurse explain to the parents and child about this condition?

The child may need thyroid replacement

Which clinical finding would the nurse anticipate when admitting a client with extracellular volume depletion?

distended jugular veins

Which type of eye disorder will the nurse expect to read in the electronic medical record

glaucoma

Ingestion of which chemicals may cause chemical pneumonia?

lighter fluid

The parents of a child with recently diagnosed leukemia ask the nurse why their child has too many white blood cells. Which response by the nurse is best?

"The bone marrow is not controlling your child's white blood cell production as it should."

Which statement would the nurse include when discharging a school-aged child who underwent a splenectomy for beta-thalassemia (Cooley anemia)?

A high fever should be reported to the child's healthcare provider

Which type of brain tumor can originate from cells that form the myelin sheath around nerves?

Acoustic neuroma

Which factor is the most probable cause for Conn syndrome in an adult client?

Adrenal adenoma

Which information would the nurse include in explaining glaucoma to the client?

An increase in the pressure within the eyeball

Which rationale best supports an older client's risk of complications related to a dysrhythmia?

An older client is intolerant of decreased cardiac output which may cause dizziness and falls.

In a child with lead poisoning, where is lead stored while remaining inert?

Bones

What causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

While assessing the mouth of a client with AIDs the nurse finds the condition illustrated in this image

Candida

The nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment for a client with excessive fluid volume. Which clinical finding indicates treatment was successful?

Clear breath sounds

Which organism is responsible for a client's localized bacterial infection of mucous membranes?

Corynebacterium diphtheria

A client who experienced extensive burns is receiving intravenous fluids to replace fluid loss. The nurse would monitor for which initial symptom of fluid overload?

Crackles in the lungs

Which condition causes impaired speech coordination?

Cranial nerve lesion

Which autoantigens are responsible for the development of Crohn's disease?

Crypt epithelial cells

Which pathophysiological abnormality is present in cystic fibrosis?

Dysfunction of mucus secreting glands

Which virus is responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis in clients?

Epstein-Barr

A school-age child with a fracture of the femur near the epiphyseal plate is admitted to the hospital. The parents ask if there will be any aftereffects when the bone heals. Before responding, what should the nurse consider?

Growth of that leg may be affected.

Which factor is the cause of frequent upper respiratory tract infections in toddlers?

Immature immune system

A 7-year-old child is admitted for a diagnostic workup and is transferred from the emergency department to the pediatric unit.The parents ask the nurse why their child has severe headaches. What explanation should the nurse give for the cause of the headaches?

Increased blood pressure

A school age child with acute lymphoid leukemia is neutropenic. Which etiology would the nurse recognize as the cause of the neutropenia?

Increased immature cell growth

Which explanation is the reason that the bacterium Escherichia coli would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis?

It inhabits the intestinal tract

A client who has syphilis tells the nurse that it must have been contracted from a toilet seat. The nurse knows that this cannot be true because of what property of the causative agent of syphilis?

It is inactivated when exposed to a dry environment

Which organism causes Hansen's disease?

Mycobacterium leprae

Which signs and symptoms are associated with arterial insufficiency?

Pallor, Intermittent claudication

Which type of acid-base imbalance would the nurse expect in a child admitted with a severe asthma exacerbation?

Respiratory acidosis caused by impaired respirations and increased formation of carbonic acid

When a preterm newborn requires oxygen, the nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit monitors and adjusts the oxygen concentration. What complication do these adjustments attempt to prevent?

Retinopathy of prematurity

The nurse reviews the complete blood count (CBC) findings of an adolescent with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The hemoglobin is 13.8 g/dl, hematocrit is 36.7%, white blood cell count is 8,200 mm3 , and platelet count is 115,000 mm3 . Based on these findings, what is the priority nursing diagnosis for this client's plan of care?

Risk for injury

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by which pathophysiological condition?

Skeletal muscle degeneration

While conducting an eye examination, the ophthalmologist shines a light into the client's pupil and observes there is a slow recovery of the pupil size. Which muscular atrophy is responsible for this condition?

The iris dilator muscle

Which education would the nurse provide about the occurrence of febrile seizures?

They may occur in minor illnesses?