Patient Care Review for finals

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furosemide oral, parenteral

Lasix generic name? route?

extravasation

Leakage from a vessel into the tissue.

atorvastatin oral

Lipitor generic name? route?

The abbreviation stat means: a. statistic. b. immediately. c. statutory. d. none of the above.

What parts of a gown are considered sterile? 1. sleeves 2. front from the waist up 3. back below the waist a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

What type of catheter is the Foley? a. retention balloon b. straight c. coiled d. self-cleansing

(1) gas (air) (2) gas-producing tablets (3) crystals (4) soda water

List negative contrast agents (low atomic number). (4)

Lipitor Zocor

Name 2 antihyperlipidemics

Aspirin Plavix

Name 2 antiplatelets

Depo- Medrol Lasix

Name 2 corticosteroids

Valium Versed Xanax

Name 3 antianxiety drugs

Cordarone Lanoxin Xylocaine

Name 3 antiarrhythmics

Coumadin Heparin Lovenox

Name 3 anticoagulants

Actos Glucophage Glucotrol

Name 3 antidiabetics

Allegra Benadryl Claritin

Name 3 antihistamines

Tenormin Toprol XL Zestril

Name 3 antihypertensives

Actonel Evista Fosamax

Name 3 osteoporosis agents

Aspirin Morphine OxyContin Percocet Tylenol Ultram Vicodin

Name 7 analgesic drugs

composed of low-atomic number elements and appears radiolucent on image

Negative

What type of complaint can be filed by patients if they feel they have been touched without permission? a. Battery b. Assault c. Defamation d. Slander

What type of shock is caused by a failure of the heart to pump enough blood to the vital organs? a. Cardiogenic b. Septic c. Anaphylactic d. Neurogenic

The first rule of caring for a tracheostomy patient is a. watch for secretions. b. establish communication. c. contact the nurse in charge of the patient. d. attempt to finish the procedure as quickly as possible.

The type of shock that is a result of severe loss of blood is: a. hypovolemic. b. septic. c. vasogenic. d. anaphylactic

What can be done for a patient who will receive water-soluble iodine contrast media to reduce allergic-like effects? a. premedicate with steroids and antihistamines. b. give intravenous fluids. c. instruct the patient to drink warm salt water before the procedure. d. give a negative contrast agent with the iodinated medium.

Atomic number of iodine

Atomic number of barium

Average Atomic number of Air or Gas

20. After a stressful CT scan on a patient, you are confronted by the patient's family regarding the results of the examination. The patient was in a motor-vehicle accident and has a severe head injury. The images you took are being sent to a "Nighthawk" reading service and will not be available for several minutes. The family insists they have a "right" to know the results immediately so they can make a decision about organ donation. How would you rationalize this situation to yourself as an imaging professional? a. Your duty as a professional is to complete the CT examination quickly and with high quality, not to interpret the images, and to do no harm to the patient. b. You tell the family what you saw on the images as an act of beneficence. c. You tell the ER nurse about the images as an act of nonmaleficence. d. You call the organ donor program director to tell him of the patient's condition as an act of veracity.

A civil wrong that involves individual property rights is called: a. a tort. b. negligence. c. defamation. d. libel.

A common misunderstanding of patients regarding barium enemas is that: a. the actual barium enema examination is "just another cleansing enema." b. the barium enema is all that is needed as a cleansing enema. c. they will be asked to drink a chalky "milkshake" for the examination. d. they will be expected to defecate during the examination for filming.

All of the following are true of cleansing enemas EXCEPT: a. they are intended for the administration of enteric medications. b. they promote the defecation reflex and discharge. c. they are complete when bowel contents are clear and free of fecal matter. d. there are several types of enemas, each with its own strengths and weaknesses

All of the following situations would require aseptic techniques EXCEPT: a. barium enema examination. b. insertion of central venous line. c. insertion of an indwelling Foley catheter. d. insertion of an angiographic catheter.

All professional decisions in radiologic technology and other health care practices involve a consideration of: a. human values. b. local laws. c. union contract restrictions. d. religious doctrine.

Approximately what percentage of colostomy patients has recurrences of cancer? a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 40%

As a radiographer positions an elderly patient for an upright abdominal view, the patient is asked to stand up from the wheelchair. As he does so, the wheelchair moves out from under him and he falls to the floor, dislocating his shoulder. As the technologist attempts to break his fall, a co-worker notes that the wheel locks on the chair were left unlocked. In this situation: a. a breach of duty has occurred. b. it would be acceptable to apologize to the patient and perform the examination free of charge to establish goodwill. c. the technologist will not be held negligent, as the wheel locks were most likely defective. d. the patient's condition contributed significantly to the accident and will most likely prove the technologist innocent.

Common dosage forms of drugs include: 1. suspension. 2. capsule. 3. oral. 4. tablet. 5. inhalant. 6. parenteral. 7. solution. a. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 only b. 1, 2, 3, and 7 only c. 3, 4, and 7 only d. 3, 6, and 7 only

Contrast media that dissociate into two molecular particles are known as a. ionic agents b. low osmolality agents c. nonionic agents d. oil-based agents

Giving cleansing enemas "until clear" involves: a. giving two or three enemas until the bowel contents are free of fecal material. b. administering enemas until the patient's state of hydration is at risk. c. giving the patient cleansing enemas until his or her sinuses have drained. d. asking the patient to hold the enema contents until the fluoroscopy schedule is open for the examination.

If a technologist threatens a patient during the course of a procedure and has an apparent immediate ability to perform the threatened act, which of the following torts may be claimed? a. assault b. battery c. negligence d. false imprisonment

In working with a patient, which of the following would be the first priority for attention? a. providing an open airway b. splinting a fractured extremity c. controlling bleeding d. treating shock

It is the duty of any health care practitioner, including medical imaging personnel, to: a. safeguard patient rights and autonomy. b. complete examinations at the request of physicians under any circumstance. c. persuade patients to undergo medical examinations against their wishes. d. restrain all patient for medical examinations.

Providing care in an emergency situation is intended to: 1. prepare the injured patient for surgery. 2. prevent further harm to the patient. 3. preserve life. 4. place the patient into an unconscious state for transport. 5. stabilize the patient until the appropriate medical assistance arrives. a. 2, 3, and 5 only b. 1, 3, 4, and 5 only c. 3, 4, and 5 only d. 1, 4, and 5 only

Radiographic images that demonstrate few density differences define a. low subject contrast b. high subject contrast c. low x-ray photon absorption d. high x-ray photon absorption

Sites commonly used for venipuncture include the _____ vein(s). 1. basilic 2. iliac 3. accessory cephalic 4. carotid 5. brachiocephalic a. 1 and 3 only b. 2, 4, and 5 only c. 3 and 5 only d. 5 only

The most common types of nasogastric tubes is a. Levin b. Salem-sump c. Miller-Abbott d. Cantor

The name given to a drug manufactured by a specific company is the a. trade (brand) name b. chemical name c. generic name d. nonproprietary name

The purpose of the inflatable balloon portion at the tip of the Foley catheter is to: a. hold the catheter within the bladder. b. present the backflow of urine into the ureters. c. permit its visualization under fluoroscopy. d. induce the stimulus for voiding.

The strict observance of promises or duties is defined as a. fidelity b. justice c. autonomy d. confidentiality e. veracity

The term res ipsa loquitur means the: a. thing speaks for itself. b. employee is responsible for his or her actions. c. accused must prove innocence. d. employer is responsible for an employee's actions.

When a Foley catheter system is inserted into a patient for an expected period of 4 to 6 weeks: a. a polyvinyl chloride catheter is used. b. a suction pump is attached to the drainage bag to ensure bladder emptying. c. the patient is taught how to remove and replace the Foley using aseptic techniques. d. the catheter will most likely not have an inflatable balloon end.

When a drug is given to a patient and unintended effects result from the drug, the drug is said to have: a. side effects. b. pharmacodynamics. c. pharmacatabolic effects. d. positive effects.

When caring for a patient with epistaxis, the patient: a. should lean forward and pinch his/her nostrils against the midline septum for 10-15 minutes. b. should lie down quickly and tilt their head back. c. needs to be treated for a life-threatening condition and a Code announced. d. the patient should sit back with their head tilted and heparin gel should be applied inside the nose.

When comparing a semiautomatic AED device with an automatic device: a. both devices determine the patient's cardiac rhythm. b. the automatic device robotically places the AED paddles on the patient. c. the semiautomatic AED automatically shocks the patient without action by the operator. d. none of the above are correct.

When gowning another person: a. a nonsterile circulating person pulls the gown up and fastens the back and waistband. b. the nonsterile person picks up the opened gown and hands it to the sterile person. c. sterile masks are unnecessary. d. the sterile person grabs the gown by the waist and wraps it around the unsterile assistant.

When negligence occurs to a patient, who is responsible for proving injury? a. Patient b. Radiographer c. Doctor d. Nurse involved in the case

When performing CPR on a patient who is supine on a cart, you would look for what item in the emergency crash cart? a. Backboard b. Benadryl c. Hemostat d. Suction bottle

When undertaking an ethical analysis: a. identification of human values pertinent to the analysis must be considered. b. your professional society membership card should be presented. c. your ARRT certification needs to be included in the analysis. d. seniority with your employer should be considered.

When using a portable C-arm for a surgical hip pinning: a. sterility will be maintained using a "shower curtain" approach. b. sterile technique is unnecessary. c. the surgeon can reach through the curtain and move the C-arm manually. d. an additional sterile towel is positioned over the incision site and then removed when the C-arm is brought into the field of view for imaging.

When using a portable fluoroscopy C-arm in surgery: a. the image receptor and C-arm are draped with a snap cover for sterility. b. the surgery team members operate the fluoroscopy unit. c. the C-arm is disinfected and considered sterile. d. sterile technique is unnecessary.

When you ask the pharmacist for the drug Benadryl, you are asking for the drug using the drug's _____ name. a. brand b. generic c. kinematic d. chemical

When you were a student radiographer the importance of radiation protection was constantly stressed and you have incorporated the principle of ALARA as a professional value. As an employee working within a busy imaging department, you work with some technologists who do not practice radiation protection as you have been taught. One technologist in particular routinely overexposes patients in order to get a "perfect image for the radiologist." This poor technologist practice would be an example of: a. an ethical violation. b. a hospital rule violation. c. poor morals. d. a violation of personal values.

Which of the following is classified as general anesthetic? a. Propofol b. Xylocaine c. Fentanyl d. Enoxaparin

Which of the following may be given to a patient to counteract hypoglycemia? a. Orange juice b. Peanut butter c. Hamburger d. Buttered toast

Which of the following represents good sterile technique? a. When using a sterile setup, avoid bending or reaching over it. b. Remove sterile forceps from their container and tap them on the edge so all the solution will fall off. c. Any sterile supplies added to a sterile tray, such as cotton balls, should be returned to their containers if not used, as such waste is inefficient and costly. d. The solution in the forceps container should be checked regularly and added to when its level gets too low

Which of the following would make up the professional ethics of the profession of radiologic sciences? 1. State licensing board for x-ray machine operators 2. X-ray department social events 3. ARRT Code of Ethics 4. State motor vehicle rules and regulations 5. Collective bargaining rules of behavior a. 1 and 3 only b. 3 and 5 only c. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only d. 1 and 5 only

With a double-barrel colostomy, the proximal stoma delivers and the distal stoma delivers a. stool or mucus b. mucus or stool c. mucus or flatus d. solids or fluids

Increase image density and is radiolucent

A negative contrast agent will do what?

is not

A radiopharmaceutical is or is not a contrast agent?

The goal of aseptic technique is to: a. protect the radiographer from infection. b. protect the patient from pathogenic microbes. c. prevent the spread of infection from the patient to any equipment in the examination room. d. protect the surgical team from an infected patient.

The normal adult patient should be able to tolerate how much fluid from a cleansing enema? a. 200 ml b. 500 ml c. 1000 ml d. 1500 ml

The purpose of the surgical hand scrub is to 1. Remove debris and transient microorganisms from the hands, nails, and forearms. 2. Destroy infected material. 3. Inhibit rapid rebound growth of microorganisms. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

The science dealing with the nature, effects, uses, and origin of drugs is called: a. pharmacokinetics. b. pharmacology. c. endocrinology. d. pharmacodynamics

The use of a water-soluble contrast agent such as Gastrografin for a colon examination is warranted for patients with: a. polyps. b. a possible bowel perforation. c. diverticulosis. d. pancreatitis.

To facilitate removal of a nasogastric tube, the patient is: a. sedated heavily. b. encouraged to take a deep breath. c. in the Trendelenburg position. d. all of the above.

What complaint may be brought against a technologist if he or she touches a patient in any way without the patient's permission? a. assault b. battery c. false imprisonment d. harassment

When a barium examination of an ostomy patient is performed: a. the patient is imaged in the prone position. b. it is important to prevent leakage of the barium around the stoma site. c. glucagon is never given to such patients. d. a larger volume of barium is used than in a conventional barium enema.

When using an automatic external defibrillator (AED): a. it is used simultaneously with CPR compressions. b. two AED chest pads are used, one on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left ribs. c. the heart is in normal sinus rhythm. d. CPR can be terminated, as it is of no value once the AED is attached.

When establishing a sterile field using a sterile drape: a. it is acceptable to reach over the sterile field in order to minimize reach and air motion. b. all drape items must be clean and dry. c. inspect the expiration date to determine if you are using the sterile pack within 36 hours of the expiration date. d. open the sterile package with the top flap set to open toward the person opening the pack.

When opening and pouring sterile solutions: a. both the inside and outside of the container are considered sterile. b. confirm the solution name and strength three times before pouring. c. show the solution name and strength to another person before pouring. d. both b and c are appropriate.

Postprocedural care for patients who have had a colon examination should include: a. instructions for maintaining hydration. b. an increase in fluid intake and dietary fiber for a few days after the examination. c. an awareness of the change in stool color to an ashen, gray color and the importance of eliminating the barium during defecation. d. all of the above.

Professional ethics can be best defined as a. reflective decision making b. rules of right living c. the science of rightness and wrongness of human conduct d. a common concern for collective self-discipline e. rules promulgated by professional societies

Some drugs are intended to have slow, uniform absorption over several hours and are said to be _____-release drugs. a. sustained b. extended c. controlled d. All of the above are correct.

Symptoms of a head injury include: a. respiratory distress. b. change in state of consciousness. c. increased appetite d. both a and b.

Using moral rules as your complete guide to determining appropriate professional behavior: a. is a reliable strategy to avoid ethical dilemmas. b. assumes everyone has the same moral values as you do, which is generally true. c. is too restrictive and of no value in decision making. d. has its weaknesses, as others may not have the same moral value system as you.

What class of drug is Benadryl? a. diuretic b. antibiotic c. anticholinergic d. antihistamine

What is the first thing you should do if a patient who is standing turns pale and says he feels dizzy? a. Quickly take the exposure. b. Have the patient inhale ammonia. c. Take the patient's blood pressure. d. Have the patient lie down.

risedronate oral

Actonel generic name? route?

When handling a patient with a Foley catheter in place: a. the drainage bag should be placed at the same level or higher than the bladder. b. avoid kinks in the tubing and keep the drainage bag lower than the bladder. c. it is advisable to clamp the tubing in order to do a lengthy small bowel study. d. never let the volume of urine fill more than 30% of the collection bag capacity.

When handling sterile gloves with a nonsterile hand, which of the following is not considered sterile? a. outside of the cuff b. inside of the cuff c. fingertips of the glove d. thumb of the glove

When performing a barium enema examination: a. show the patient the entire volume of enema solution to prepare them for the study. b. suspend the enema bag above the table at a height no greater than 30 inches. c. continue emptying the barium solution as the patient cramps to encourage peristalsis. d. encourage the patient to use short breaths or gasps and to tighten abdominal movements, similar to a bowel movement.

In many instances cleansing enemas are self-administered by the patient before the examination. Instructions for a self-administered enema include: 1. eating fruits and vegetables within 24 hours of the examination. 2. limiting water intake to prevent hydration. 3. using purgation mixtures. 4. eating a low-residue diet. 5. a clear liquid diet including carbonated beverages, clear gelatin, clear broth, and coffee and tea with sugar. 6. administering a cleansing clear water enema. a. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 only b. 3, 4, 5, and 6 only c. 2, 3, 5, and 6 only d. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only

In order to allow tissue healing from a partial colon resection: a. the patient is kept bedridden for the entire recovery period. b. an external stoma is created to allow for defecation. c. the patient will be kept on a liquid diet for the entire recovery period. d. the patient's colon will be clamped off distal to the resection site.

It is recommended that this medication used for type 2 diabetes be temporarily discontinued before the use of radiographic contrast agents. a. Glipizide b. Metformin c. Pioglitazone d. Sitagliptin

Metformin (Glucophage) is commonly used to treat: a. herpes simplex. b. type 2 diabetes. c. bacterial infections. d. viral infections.

Nasogastric (NG) tubes are inserted through the patient's _____ with the end of the tube placed in the _____. a. mouth; duodenum b. nasopharynx; stomach c. mouth; ileum d. oropharynx; stomach

Nasogastric (NG) tubes are inserted with the patient in the _____ position. a. Sims' b. High Fowler's c. Trendelenburg d. recumbent, prone

Neonatal portable radiography require the most care to maintains asepsis, which one of the following will best assure asepsis of the infant? a. careful attention must be made to everything that the radiographer comes in contact with and proper cleaning protocols be followed. b. handwashing after each patient c. wiping down the machine before each patient d. keeping multiple pieces of lead available in the units a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Nonprescription drugs are also known as: a. illegal drugs. b. over-the-counter drugs. c. barbiturates. d. generics.

Outside air is prevented from entering the pleural cavity through the chest tube by the a. collection chamber b. water seal chamber c. suction control chamber d. first compartment

Reaction to a drug that results in respiratory or circulatory collapse is: a. urticaria. b. anaphylaxis. c. epistaxis. d. dyspnea.

Restraining a patient without reason may constitute: a. defamation of character. b. false imprisonment. c. invasion of privacy. d. criminal law.

Syncope is a medical term for which of the following? a. dizziness b. fainting c. hemorrhage d. nosebleed

When performing a subcutaneous injection, the needle: a. tip is positioned in the muscle of the arm. b. is positioned at a 45-degree angle. c. is perpendicular to the skin line. d. None of the above are correct.

What should be done if cramping occurs during a barium enema? a. The patient should be told to use deep oral breathing. b. The enema should be stopped. c. The bag should be raised. d. Both a and b should be done.

When performing portable radiography on neonatal infants: a. gonadal protection is not important, as the reproductive organs have yet to form. b. aseptic techniques are especially important because of the infant's weak immune system. c. the portable radiographic unit must be wiped down after the procedure within 24 hours. d. the radiographer should wash his or her hands before the procedure only.

What type of shock is caused by loss of blood from a knife or gunshot wound? a. Cardiogenic b. Septic c. Anaphylactic d. Hypovolemic

Mix barium with cool tap water.

As a radiographer, what measure is taken to make the contrast agent less irritating during a barium enema?

aspirin oral

Aspirin. Generic name? route?

ionic

Atom or molecule having a negative charge (anion) or positive charge (cation)

A common name for an emergency cart within medical imaging is the _____ cart. a. first aid b. crash c. red d. code

A common neonatal chest disorder requiring portable radiography in the neonatal unit is transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). Radiographs are taken to visualize the chest for respiratory distress, and in doing so the imaging professional must: 1. employ the highest degree of aseptic techniques. 2. use lead protection when possible, and sterilize after each use. 3. wash hands only after the procedure is complete. 4. wrap all items that may have the potential of coming in contact with the newborn. 5. employ contact or shadow shielding for patient protection. 6. treat the procedure as a sterile procedure similar to surgery. a. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only b. 1, 2, 4, and 5 only c. 3, 4, 5, and 6 only d. 1, 3, 5, and 6 only

A disorganized cardiac rhythm in which the ventricle "flutters" and loses cardiac output is called: a. syncope. b. fibrillation. c. pallor. d. lethargy

A drug that relieves pain without causing a loss of consciousness is a(an) a. sedative b. analgesic c. anesthetic d. hypnotic

A postural drop in blood pressure can occur after a barium enema as a result of a. a reaction from the barium b. dehydration c. trapping of barium in the transverse colon d. none of the above

A process by which patients can agree to be treated or refuse to be treated based on information provided by the radiographer about specific treatment is called _____ consent. a. implied b. informed c. simple d. inadequate

A technologist who has completed a procedure on a patient leaves the area grumbling, "I hate to do AIDS patients because I am afraid of catching the disease." A member of the housekeeping staff hears the technologist and asks who has AIDS. The technologist responds by giving the patient's name and room number. After this incident, housekeeping personnel refuse to clean the room. One person from housekeeping tells the story to members of the housekeeper's church, where the patient is also a member. After learning of the patient's condition, the church asks the patient not to return. What type of complaint might be brought against the technologist? a. negligence b. defamation c. assault d. false imprisonment

A technologist who has completed a procedure on a patient leaves the area grumbling, "I hate to do AIDS patients because I am afraid of catching the disease." A member of the housekeeping staff hears the technologist and asks who the AIDS patient is, so he can pass the information along to his co-workers for safety reasons. The technologist responds by giving the patient's name and room number. After the incident, housekeeping personnel refuse to clean the room. One person from housekeeping tells the story to members of the housekeeper's church, where the patient is also a church member. After learning of the patient's condition, the church asks the patient not to return to church. What type of complaint might be brought against the technologist? a. Negligence b. Defamation c. Assault d. False imprisonment

After the administration of an iodine-based contrast into a patient, it is important for the technologist to observe the patient for: a. signs of a reaction such as increased hunger, cold extremities, and bladder swelling. b. urticaria, nausea, shortness of breath, tightening in the throat, and cardiac arrest. c. blurred vision, syncope, and epistaxis. d. excessive salivation, dry eyes, and nasal dryness.

All of the following are related EXCEPT: a. intramuscular. b. intragluteal. c. subcutaneous. d. intravenous.

All of the following are related EXCEPT: a. selecting the best solution and defending it. b. looking for a similar situation as a precedent. c. defining the real problem. d. working out alternative solutions.

All of the following are true in regards to Foley catheters EXCEPT: a. This type of catheter is held in place by an inflatable balloon at the end. b. This type of closed drainage system catheter is used for a long-tern use and sutured to the skin. c. This type of catheter is used to primarily empty the bladder. d. These can be made of varying materials such as latex or plastic.

All patients have rights with regard to drug administration. These rights include: 1. the right route of administration. 2. the correct time for giving the drug. 3. the correct person giving the drug. 4. their own physician ordering the drug. 5. their own physician administering the drug. 6. the correct drug and drug amount administered. a. 1, 2, 4, and 5 only b. 1, 2, and 6 only c. 3 and 4 only d. 4 and 5 only

An injection that is given to a patient relies on a(n) _____ route of administration. a. enteral b. parenteral c. topical d. portal

As you arrive into a patient's room for transport to radiology, you notice that the patient has an NG tube in place with a syringe upright and pinned to the gown. You should know that this patient: a. has a double-lumen NG tube in place. b. has a Levine line that is single lumen. c. must have the line clamped before transport. d. Both a and c are correct.

As you begin to perform a hip examination on an elderly female patient who has undergone hip surgery, the patient states that she "needs to go to the bathroom." Which of the following should be done? 1. Use a standard bedpan. 2. Provide for the patient's privacy and locate a fracture bedpan. 3. Be sure to wear gloves and wash your hands. 4. If the bedpan is metallic, run it under warm water for patient comfort and throw it away after each use. 5. You and an assistant should assist the patient with movement onto the bedpan. 6. Return the patient to the nursing floor for cleanup and patient hygiene. a. 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 only b. 2, 3, and 5 only c. 1, 5, and 6 only d. 2, 3, 5, and 6 only

Bedpans should be a. rinsed between uses b. sterilized between uses c. disposed of after use d. none of the above

Contrast media are used in radiographic imaging to a. increase the radiographic density of the area of interest b. enhance the subject contrast of the area of interest c. decrease the radiographic density of the area of interest d. lower the subject contrast of the area of interest

Defamation of a character by speaking poorly of an individual is: a. libel. b. slander. c. civil assault. d. false imprisonment.

Desirable characteristics of a barium suspension include 1. rapid flow 2. good mucosal adhesion 3. thick layering a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

External contamination of a short-lived diagnostic radioisotope is a problem because it might a. cause major harm to the patient and the caregiver b. be misconstrued as pathology on an image c. burn a patient d. disable a gamma camera

Generally accepted customs of right living and conduct are a. codes b. morals c. laws d. ethics e. rules

Hydroxyl groups on nonionic water-soluble iodinated contrast media act to increase a. osmotic effects b. solubility c. blood pressure d. bronchospasm

If bodily harm were to occur to a patient as a result of reckless conduct by the health care provider, this would be deemed: a. battery. b. assault. c. defamation. d. slander.

In a case in which the legal theory of res ipsa loquitur is being raised, the evidence presented must show all the following elements except that the a. injury would not have occurred except for negligence b. patient contributed to his or her injury c. defendant was in complete control d. patient did not contribute to his or her injury in any way

In a legal case of negligence: 1. rationale and excuses are balanced against implied damages. 2. a breach of duty has to be identified. 3. the definition of duty has to be identified. 4. Standards of Practice are not considered. 5. injury has to clearly be identified. 6. injury has to be clearly connected to the negligent act. a. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 only b. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 only c. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 only d. 3, 4, 5, and 6 only

In case of emergency, a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease would most likely receive which of the following? a. Zantac b. Proventil c. Prozac d. Levophed

The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) reserves the right to revoke any certification from an individual whom it has registered. Reasons for revocation can vary from ethical violations to failure to maintain continuing education credits, just to mention two. This process of sanctioning demonstrates professional _____ to society. a. morals b. self-regulation c. ethics d. collective bargaining

Which of the following choices could be classified as an ethical outrage? a. Repeating a radiograph because the patient moved during the exposure b. A technologist refusing to complete a procedure because his shift is over c. Unintentionally neglecting to tell the radiologist that a patient has allergies d. A technologist consistently forgetting to wear his or her personnel monitoring device

Which of the following is FALSE regarding obtained consent? a. The patient must be competent to sign. b. The consent form may be obtained after the procedure. c. The physician named on the consent form is the only physician who can perform the procedure. d. Any condition stated on the consent form must be met.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding cleansing enemas? a. Oil retention enemas are used to "harden" stool material for more complete evacuation. b. A hypertonic or Fleet enema is used for patients unable to handle large fluid enema volumes. c. Hypotonic enemas can be performed repeatedly until the stool is clear. d. An enema consisting of salt with approximately 500 mL of water is harmful to infants and should never be performed.

Which of the following is an example of unintentional misconduct? a. Slander b. X-raying the wrong part c. Libel d. Reckless conduct

Which of the following is typically associated with shock? a. decreasing pulse rate b. decreasing blood pressure c. fever d. flushed face

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A sterile person may touch only what is sterile. b. Create sterile fields early in the morning while staff members are fresh and equipment is clean. c. A sterile field must be watched continually to be considered sterile. d. If a solution soaks through a sterile field to a nonsterile field, the wet area must be re-draped.

You are placed in an unfortunate situation with a patient that requires you to tell a small "white lie" regarding the late arrival of the radiologist. The patient is noticeably upset about the procedure having to be done at all and is quite anxious. You are aware that the radiologist and the patient's surgeon are meeting in his office to discuss the best approach to deal with this patient's cancer. You feel certain that telling the patient the truth as to why the radiologist is late would increase her anxiety. This technologist is practicing: a. unethical and immoral radiography. b. consequentialism. c. nonconsequentialism. d. in a negligent manner.

When opening a sterile tray, your fingers: a. may not touch any metal content. b. must be covered with sterile gloves. c. may not touch any cloth content. d. must never touch the inside of the tray.

As you are radiographing a patient from the ER who has a knife wound to the upper extremity, you notice that his wound dressing is becoming saturated with blood quickly and he is getting lightheaded. You should: a. remove the dressing to assess the degree of bleeding. b. tell the patient to lean over to get his arm lower than his heart. c. call for help, apply pressure to the wound site, and elevate his arm. d. lay the patient down and begin CPR.

The term veracity refers to: a. preventing evil and harm. b. doing no harm but also doing good. c. telling the truth. d. protecting the patient from radiation.

Touching a patient without permission is the legal definition of: a. assault. b. malpractice. c. battery. d. perjury.

Transdermal patches are intended to release a drug over an extended period of time. Particular care must be used with this type of drug administration owing to its design and thin metal backing. The modality of concern in medical imaging would be: a. CT scanning. b. sonography. c. MRI scanning. d. PET scanning

Two people in sterile attire should pass each other in which of the following ways? a. Front to back b. Back to front c. Back to back d. Front to front

Vitamins, herbals, and dietary supplements are classified as: a. opioids. b. generics. c. over-the-counter drugs. d. analgesics.

What type of shock can result from a severe reaction to the contrast media used in radiographic examinations? a. Hypovolemic b. Septic c. Anaphylactic d. Cardiogenic

When charting drugs given to a patient: a. only the name and dosage of the drug need to recorded. b. recording the date and time of administration is unnecessary. c. the injection site must be recorded. d. it is considered a voluntary requirement by radiographers.

Acceptable informed consent: a. is required for a chest radiograph. b. is provided in English exclusively. c. must be witnessed by someone not involved in the procedure. d. should not confuse patients with alternative procedures or therapies.

Action to benefit others is defined as a. veracity b. fidelity c. beneficence d. justice e. autonomy

When comparing hyperglycemia with hypoglycemia, the former: a. indicates a low blood glucose level. b. is typically of rapid onset. c. portrays clinical symptoms of excessive thirst and urination as well as dry mouth. d. requires the patient receive a quick form of glucose.

After bedpan use, hygiene of the female patient's perineum is important. Proper cleansing of this region requires using gloves and several folded tissues to wipe the region: a. from the anus to the mons pubis. b. transversely between gluteal folds. c. from the mons pubis to the anus. d. in circular motions.

An effective method to handle a patient with an asthmatic attack during a radiographic procedure would be to: a. tell the patient to breathe faster and with less depth to avoid losing consciousness. b. tell the patient to hold his or her breath for 30 seconds to recover. c. have the patient sit down, and allow the patient to use his or her aerosol inhaler. d. recognize the patient's situation and work faster to get the examination done and the patient returned to the nursing floor.

BaSO4

Barium Sulfate

dark

Because the radiolucent agents appear ____________ (increased density) on radiographs, they are also called negative contrast agents.

"Do you have any known allergies?" "Is there a possibility of pregnancy?" "Are you taking any medications currently?"

Before starting a contrast study on a 24-year-old female, what are some mandatory questions that need to be addressed to the patient? Select all that apply. "Do you have any known allergies?" "Is there a possibility of pregnancy?" "Any preference of contrast media used?" "What was the date of your last physical?" "Are you taking any medications currently?"

diphenhydramine oral, parenteral

Benadryl generic name? route?

A consent form has been signed by a patient who will be undergoing an excretory urogram. A witness should sign the form after the patient. Who is the best witness? a. a member of the patient's family b. the radiographer performing the procedure c. a ward clerk who has no relationship with the patient or the procedure d. the patient's physician

A patient consents to a procedure in the radiology department, but after it has started, he decides that he does not want the procedure completed. The technologist should a. stop immediately. b. complete the procedure because the patient may not revoke consent once it is given. c. stop the procedure as soon as it is safe to do so. d. none of the above should be done.

As you position an adult patient for a skull examination, you begin to position a shadow shield attached to the x-ray tube assembly in order to protect the patient's thyroid from exposure. While you are doing so, the lead shield falls and hits the patient in the throat. Apologies are given and nursing care is administered to the patient to take care of the throat trauma. Eventually, the patient's voice changes and he contends that the accident led to his throat damage. In the court proceedings, his attorney claims negligence and uses the principle of: a. respondeat superior. b. fraud. c. res ipsa loquitur. d. HIPAA violations.

At a recent professional meeting of radiographers, an attendee stands up at a business meeting and states that the chairperson uses excessive radiation and violates ALARA daily. The person making these statements would be committing an act of: a. civil disobedience. b. militant disobedience. c. defamation. d. fraud.

Being rude and impolite to a patient's family members because they are asking how long an examination will take is an example of a(n): a. ethics violation. b. violation of the institution's Standards of Care. c. professional etiquette violation. d. ethical dilemma

For a single-contrast barium enema: a. approximately 500 mL of barium are used for an adult. b. air or carbon dioxide is used as a contrast agent. c. spot images of the cecum, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and sigmoid are taken. d. a postevacuation film image is unnecessary.

Heart attack patients often take a small tablet of nitroglycerine and put it in their mouth, under their tongue, for quick action. This route of administration is: a. parenteral. b. topical. c. sublingual. d. oral.

How can leakage from a double-lumen tube be prevented? a. Clamp with a hemostat. b. Clamp with a regular clamping device. c. Use a piston-like syringe. d. Leakage is not a problem with a double-lumen tube.

Hypertonic solution is used when a. fluid must be of the same osmolarity as that of the interstitial spaces of the colon. b. stool must be softened. c. the patient cannot tolerate large amounts of fluid. d. infant safety is a primary concern.

If a drug is given parenterally, the: a. drug is given as a suppository. b. drug is given orally. c. site of the injection must be recorded in the patient's chart. d. All of the above are correct.

If the sterility of an object is unknown, which of the following should be done? a. Ask the physician if it is alright to use the object. b. Use the object as long as it has not been dropped on the floor. c. Consider the object unsterile and do not use it. d. Clean the object with a disinfectant or antimicrobial before using it.

In a legal proceeding, the actions of a radiographer will be judged with regard to his or her compliance with the: a. actions of other radiographers working in the same department. b. orders of a physician. c. Practice Standards for Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy. d. Standards of Care of Medicine.

Placing a child in a Pigg-O-Stat without the parent's permission may warrant: a. assault. b. battery. c. false imprisonment. d. slander.

The Heimlich maneuver is used in response to which of the following situations? a. asthmatic crisis b. cardiac arrest c. choking d. wound dehiscence

The abbreviation IM means: a. in morning. b. in mouth. c. intramuscular. d. once per month.

The administration of glucagon shortly before a double-contrast barium enema is intended to: a. increase liver function and the release of glycogen. b. cause the gallbladder to empty. c. relieve bowel spasm. d. increase peristalsis to improve bowel motility.

The best way to characterize an ethical dilemma is to describe it as the: a. correct choice is absolutely identified. b. incorrect choice is absolutely identified. c. correct choice is not entirely clear and has both positive and negative consequences. d. moral thing to do based on your religious values.

The goal of good sterile technique is to a. protect the health care worker from infection b. remove all infected material c. protect the patient from infection d. remove all viable microorganisms

The inflatable balloon portion of the Foley catheter is typically filled with: a. radiopaque contrast material. b. carbon dioxide. c. sterile water. d. mineral oil.

The legal doctrine of res ipsa loquitur intends to shift the burden of proof from the plaintiff to the defendant (technologist). It implies that the patient was injured through no fault of his or her own while in the complete control of another. An example of this would be a: a. patient marking the wrong body part for surgery while still awake. b. patient "ripping" their bandages off after surgery because they are painful. c. patient's skin being torn as he is transferred from a cart to his bed. d. patient saying something very crude during surgery in a state of anesthesia.

The legal theory of respondeat superior requires that a. the employee is responsible for the actions of the employee. b. each person is responsible for his or her superior. c. the employer is responsible for the employee's actions. d. the employee is responsible for the employer's actions.

The medical term for a temporary suspension of consciousness is: a. epistaxis. b. vertigo. c. syncope. d. aura.

The role of the imaging technologist during cardiac pacemaker studies is to: a. assist the surgeon with sterile technique. b. position the patient into various oblique angles for static radiographic images. c. operate fluoroscopy for the physician as he or she guides the pacemaker into position. d. provide nursing care to the patient and monitor the electrophysiology data.

The single most important action for the radiographer when administering emergency care is: a. reacting to the emergent situation and providing any and all care needed to save the patient's life. b. not getting involved for fear of medical and professional liability. c. providing a competent level of care, recognizing when advanced care is needed, and calling for assistance. d. waiting to provide care until any doctor arrives.

When creating a sterile field, it is important for the imaging professional to: a. establish the sterile field as early in the day as possible to create an awareness of the scheduled procedure. b. remember that anything above the ankles is considered sterile. c. keep sterile gloves in sight and above the waist level. d. remember that any moisture that develops on the sterile field can be dried using an infrared lamp.

When gowning and gloving for a sterile procedure, it is important to remember that: a. the techniques are the same as gowning for medical asepsis. b. sterile gloves must be put on outside of the sterile work area. c. after gowning, the front of the gown down to the waist, and the sleeves are considered sterile. d. when passing a sterile team member, you must pass each other face to face in order to see any contamination.

When putting on a pair of sterile gloves using the self-gloving, open technique: a. jewelry may remain on during gloving. b. the glove package is open and positioned so the wearer crosses his or her arm over the left glove to reach for the right glove. c. the first glove is picked up by the inside cuff with one hand, being careful not the touch the outside of the glove. d. the remaining glove is grabbed by the outside and placed on the unsterile hand, now making it sterile.

When venipuncture is performed for contrast medium administration, the tourniquet is released: a. before needle insertion. b. after the needle has been withdrawn. c. once the needle is in a vein and before contrast injection. d. Bimmediately after the needle breaks the skin's surface.

Where should the heel of the hand be placed when performing chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an adult? a. near the sternal angle b. at the xiphoid process c. two fingers above the xiphoid process d. anywhere along the length of the sternum

Which of the following actions is the most appropriate in handling a patient who begins a violent seizure? a. Restrain the patient in any way possible. b. Ensure an open airway, putting your hands into the victim's mouth if necessary. c. Attempt to prevent the patient from injuring himself or herself. d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following acute reactions to contrast media usually requires no medical treatment? a. bronchospasm b. laryngeal edema c. urticaria d. convulsions

Which of the following reverses respiratory depression associate with opioids? a. Flumazenil b. Epinephrine c. Naloxone d. Atropine

Which of the following should be examined first when a sterile package is used? a. Way the package is folded b. Type of material used to wrap the package c. Expiration date d. Way the package is taped

Which of the following signs or symptoms is typically associated with a deteriorating head injury? a. increasing pulse rate b. increasing respiratory rate c. lethargy d. thirst

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Ethical dilemmas may have competing moral principles. b. Ethical dilemmas involve decisions based on human values. c. Ethical dilemmas are easily solved by codes of ethics. d. Ethical dilemmas can be resolved by problem solving. e. Ethical dilemmas invite a wide range of personal opinions

Which of the following would be considered an unethical practice for a radiologic technologist? a. Repeating a radiograph because of incorrect technique selection b. Watching an interesting case c. Criticizing a doctor or team member in a private or public forum d. Reporting unethical practices of a co-worker

You are about to assist with a sterile procedure. In scrubbing for the procedure it is important to: a. tightly wrap surgical tape around your rings and watch after scrubbing. b. keep your arms down when scrubbing to prevent fluids running up your arm. c. scrub the fingers completely, as well as the front and back of your hands, for 3 minutes. d. use a surgical antimicrobial solution such as alcohol or antiseptic soap

You are enjoying an evening with a friend at the theater. The person seated behind you routinely texts messages to his girlfriend about the movie and what is happening. This behavior would be a: a. violation of local laws and ordinances. b. professional ethical violation. c. violation of socially accepted values. d. moral violation.

You are working as a radiographer in a busy imaging department, late into the evening. You receive a request for a portable chest radiograph on a cardiac patient in the ICU. Your co-worker comments that he just did a portable chest procedure on the same patient approximately 15 minutes earlier and questions why they are ordering another one so soon. The rationale for this next chest image would most likely be: a. the floor had a change in nursing staff and they are re-ordering the examination to make sure it was completed. b. a new resident cardiologist arrived for his shift and wants his own image. c. the patient has a central venous line and the physician wants to check the repositioning. d. the patient is now sleeping and a better image can now be achieved.

You have come upon a motor vehicle accident as the first person to arrive. As you assess the victim's level of consciousness, you begin to ask questions and encourage the victim to respond. During your efforts to do so, the victim has no verbal response to any stimuli, but his leg moves with your touch and pinch. This person demonstrates what level of consciousness? a. Alert and responsive b. Drowsy but can be aroused c. Unconscious but reflexive d. Comatose and unresponsive

The claim of false imprisonment requires the patient to show proof that the technologist restrained his or her freedom without consent. The defenses a technologist may raise include all of the following except the a. risk that the patient was going to hurt himself or herself b. risk that the patient was going to hurt the technologist c. life-threatening condition of the patient's health d. need for motionless images

The doctrine of respondeat superior states that the: a. thing speaks for itself. b. accused must prove innocence. c. buyer should beware of a medical purchase. d. employer is responsible for employees' actions.

The most common legal claim against health care providers is: a. slander. b. libel. c. assault. d. negligence.

The most common type of nasogastric tube used for stomach decompression is the: a. Swan-Ganz catheter. b. central venous pressure line. c. peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). d. single-lumen Levin tube.

This agent used to treat anemia may transiently affect magnetic resonance diagnostic imaging studies for up to 3 months after the last dose. a. Canagliflozin b. Pregabalin c. Dulozetine d. Ferumoxytol

warfarin oral, parenteral

Coumadin generic name? route?

Getting a speeding ticket from a state police officer on an interstate highway would be a violation of: a. case law. b. constitutional law. c. Common Law of England. d. legislative law.

How long can the brain be deprived of oxygen before cerebral function impairment is likely? a. 30 seconds b. 60 seconds c. 2 minutes d. 4 to 6 minutes

If you suspect the radiologist has contaminated his or her glove, which of the following should you do? a. Ignore the contamination so as not to delay the case. b. Tell the radiologist after the procedure has been completed. c. Confirm the contamination with a second person, and if he or she is in agreement, inform the radiologist. d. Make the radiologist aware of the possible contamination immediately

To confirm the placement of an NG tube in its proper position, a physician may use: a. a syringe to remove gastric contents as proof. b. fluoroscopy or radiography for visualization. c. feedback from the patient by asking if he or she can feel it in the stomach. d. both a and b.

In preparation for a barium examination of a colostomy patient, it is important to: a. tell the patient to not take his or her bismuth antiodor tablets before the examination. b. understand the sensitivity of these patients to their condition and lifestyle change. c. irrigate the stoma the night before and morning of the examination. d. do all of the above.

In preparation for any emergent situation, the professional technologist should become familiar with: a. location of and access to the crash cart. b. automatic external defibrillator (AED) operation. c. institutional numbers for emergency code announcements. d. all of the above.

Informed consent requires that the patient be given enough information to make an educated decision about his or her health care. The information the patient needs to make this decision includes all of the following except a. how the procedure will be performed b. the benefits of the procedure c. the alternatives to the procedure d. the cost of the procedure

Moral rules are best applied to ethical dilemmas when a. religious beliefs are strongly held b. religious beliefs are not strongly held c. the ethical dilemma is very narrow in scope d. the ethical dilemma is very wide in scope e. all individuals agree to use moral rules

loratadine oral

Claritin generic name? route?

Requires the administration of media into patient and attention to indications and contraindications Warrants serious attention to patient reactions

Contrast Media

Enhance the subject contrast of the area of interest

Contrast media are used in radiographic imaging to accomplish what?

A 16-year-old patient comes to the diagnostic imaging department for a CT examination. He is lying on the table in a supine position and suddenly seems to lose consciousness and begins to move violently, with jerking motions. You realize that he is having a generalized seizure. The action that you must take is: a. go to the patient immediately and prevent him from harm. b. call for help, but do not leave the patient. c. place the patient on the floor and begin CPR. d. to do both a and b

A drug agent that promotes bowel evacuation is a(n): a. enteric. b. exlax. c. parenteral. d. laxative.

A negative contrast agent will a. increase density and is radiopaque b. decrease density and is radiopaque c. decrease density and is radiolucent d. increase density and is radiolucent

A pacemaker prevents bradycardia by 1. sensing the patient's heartbeats 2. pacing the heart when it does not contract 3. producing electrical impulses a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

A patient arrives for a mammogram and registers with reception. Then she goes to the dressing room as instructed and puts on the gown that was given to her. As you bring her into the mammography room, she answers a few routine questions and listens intently as you explain the procedure to her. It is safe to assume as the mammographer that: a. a social contract has been established between the patient and the mammographer. b. you can proceed with the examination. c. the patient can expect a mammographic study that is MQSA compliant. d. all of the above are correct.

A patient suffering from hypoglycemia needs which of the following? a. rest b. insulin c. carbohydrates d. a and c

A patient with an abnormal rhythm of the heart would most likely be receiving which of the following? a. corticosteroids b. anticholinergic agents c. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs d. antiarrhythmics

A radiographer is performing an abdominal series on a patient from the emergency department. To complete the examination, the patient must be moved from a supine to an upright position using the remote control on the table. During this movement, the patient falls from the table and suffers a fractured hip. A complaint of negligence is brought against both the radiographer and the hospital. The elements that the patient (plaintiff) must prove include all the following except a. a breach of the duty to the patient b. an injury c. a direct causal relation between the breach of duty and the injury d. that the radiographer acted outside of his or her scope of practice

A radiopharmaceutical is a a radioactive contrast agent b. molecular imaging contrast agent c. radiographic contrast agent d. radioactive organ specific pharmaceutical

All of the following are necessary for a legitimate case of malpractice EXCEPT: a. a clear definition of duty. b. proof of damages. c. a clear illustration of one's breach of duty. d. rumor and innuendo that the professional performed in such a manner as to create cause for damages.

All of the following are related EXCEPT: a. airway. b. breathing. c. circulation. d. compression.

All of the following describe pharmacokinetics EXCEPT: a. excretion. b. metabolism. c. absorption. d. filtration.

Any characteristic that makes a drug undesirable or improper is its: a. risk-benefit factor. b. tolerance. c. solubility. d. contraindication.

As you begin a barium study of the colon, the patient states clearly that she wants the examination to stop. The professional imaging technologist should: a. turn off the barium, clean up the patient, and exit her from the room quickly. b. record the amount of barium given to the patient and charge her accordingly. c. insist that she can handle the barium enema and that once you have started it needs to be completed as you cannot get the barium out. d. stop the barium, drain as much of it as possible from the patient's colon, and courteously conclude the examination.

As you perform a mammogram on an anxious patient, she asks you to stop the breast compression and examination as it is getting painful. Your responsibility as a professional is to: a. explain to her the importance of compression and continue uninterrupted. b. release the compression completely and make the exposure. c. get another technologist to perform the examination. d. stop the examination at her request and submit the images you have completed.

During an intravenous drug administration, a small area around the needle site is growing and swelling. The patient states that the area is starting to burn slightly. In this situation: a. extravasation has occurred. b. the needle needs to be removed immediately. c. a warm, moist compress needs to be applied. d. all of the above are correct.

During surgical procedures using a portable C-arm, it is important to remember that: a. communication with the surgeon is critical to examination success. b. no two cases are ever the same and routine surgical fluoroscopy is unlikely. c. technologists must be prepared for a stressful environment and using their highest critical thinking skills. d. all of the above are important.

Failure to pay one's federal income taxes would be an example of a(n): a. ethical violation. b. moral violation. c. professional conduct violation. d. violation of federal law.

When opening and pouring sterile solutions: a. remove the cap and place it on a corner of the sterile field with the lid down. b. wipe up any spills of solution using a sterile towel. c. hold the bottle approximately 12 inches above the basin when pouring, to form a steady stream of fluid. d. hold the bottle with the label facing up to prevent fluids from staining the label.

When performing a cleansing enema on an adult patient: a. lukewarm water just above body temperature is used. b. the patient is placed in the Sims' position for enema tip insertion. c. after the bowel is filled with liquid, generally more than 500 mL, the patient should rest quietly to allow the liquids to work. d. all of the above are appropriate.

When performing dressing changes, it is important to remember that: a. working with a team member is beneficial. b. dressing changes must be performed after a physician orders the procedure. c. if the wound is purulent, gowns are recommended. d. all of the above are important.

When performing radiologic examinations on patients with chest tubes: a. remember that the chest drainage system has three compartments: collection chamber, water seal chamber, and suction control chamber. b. check for the color of the drainage and report any dark red color. c. the exterior chamber of the assembly must remain lower than the patient's chest level. d. all of the above are correct

When transporting a patient with a nasogastric (NG) tube to medical imaging: a. confirm the suction pressure before disconnecting the tube. b. make sure the NG tube is secured to the patient's nose. c. confirm the allowable time for suction interruption. d. do all of the above.

When working with burn patients, it is critically important to: a. increase the air circulation in the room to encourage healing. b. position the patient with positioning aids such as clamps, sandbags, and tape. c. spray the burn dressing with lidocaine to relieve the pain. d. use an extraordinary level of aseptic technique.

Which of the following actions would help prevent a patient from going into shock? a. minimizing pain b. providing emotional support c. maintaining a normal body temperature d. all of the above

Which of the following best defines fidelity? a. Meeting the basic needs of the patient b. Being a competent professional c. Abiding by the ASRT Code of Ethics d. All of the above

Which of the following is not a legal right of a patient in the radiology department? a. To know the technologist's name b. To refuse the radiographic examination c. To be informed of the possible risks d. To ask for and receive extra studies

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Ethics apply to specific groups. b. Laws apply to political subdivisions. c. Morals apply to individuals. d. Morals control individuals within a group. e. Ethics control a group from within.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Codes of ethics are usually written by individuals. b. Religious writings form the basis for ethical control. c. Codes of ethics are a form of legislation. d. Conscience controls individual morality. e. Laws provide an internal control for society.

Which one of the following drugs should be discontinued 48 hours before and 48 hours after administration of water-soluble iodine contrast media? a. insulin b. glucagons c. beta-blockers d. metformin

Who is the person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs? a. nurse b. radiologist c. physician d. pharmacist

Written defamation of a person is termed: a. invasion of privacy. b. criminal law. c. slander. d. libel.

You are the director of a busy medical imaging department. One of your technologists has been accused of looking up the personal medical records and x-ray reports of his brother's girlfriend. The girlfriend visited the hospital as a patient for an ultrasound examination of the pelvis to rule out pregnancy. Disciplinary action for this technologist would be appropriate because of a violation of: a. local statutes and ordinances. b. state laws. c. federal constitutional laws. d. professional ethics.

Your department has received a new piece of digital radiographic equipment. A radiation physicist has inspected the unit and determined that the output of x-ray exposure is much higher than it should be for various exposure settings. His report indicates this clearly and is submitted to the department director. This new equipment has been expected for weeks and is the only device in the department capable of performing certain examinations. The director insists that the device is completely safe and the technologists need to use it while applications training is on site. In this situation who is responsible for taking corrective action? a. Radiation physicist b. Staff technologists c. Manufacturer of the equipment d. Hospital and director

(1) absorption characteristics of tissues (2) tissues that comprise the anatomic part (3) technical factors used (4) characteristics of the image receptor (5) automatic image processing (6) the use of contrast media agents

List the factors that affect the degree of radiographic density differences. (6)

Why is air not used more often as a contrast material?

Low Persistence

decrease increase

Negative contrast agents _____________ attenuation of the x-ray beam and produce areas of increased density on the radiographs, whereas positive contrast agents _____________ the attenuation of the x-ray beam and produce areas of decreased density on the radiograph.

low

Negative contrast agents are composed of elements with _________ atomic numbers.

methylprednisolone parenteral

Depo-medrol generic name? route?

tolterodine oral

Detrol LA generic name? route?

contrast media

Diagnostic agents that are instilled into body orifices or injected into the vascular system, joints, and ducts to enhance contrast in anatomic areas where low subject contrast exists.

oxybutynin oral, transdermal

Ditropan XL

A personal value system can be defined in terms of a. virtues b. values c. ethical principles d. morals e. all of the above

When working with a nonambulatory male patient who needs to void: a. ask the patient how much assistance he feels he needs, and allow him to use a urinal. b. after the patient has voided, record the volume of urine in the patient's chart if documentation is required. c. dispose of the urine in the toilet and rinse the urinal with cold water. d. remove your disposable gloves, wash your hands, and place the soiled urinal in a receptacle for resterilization. e. do all of the above

Which is not a step in the problem-solving process? a. identifying the problem b. developing alternative solutions c. selecting the best solution d. defending your selection e. determining ethical sanctions

Creatinine

Nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism excreted by the kidney's filtration system; high blood plasma levels indicate poor filtration by the kidney

contraindications

Factors of a patient's history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication not be given.

what modality is gadolinium-DTPA used in?

MR Scanning

flocculation

Formation of flaky masses resulting from precipitation or coming out of a suspension or solution

alendronate oral

Fosamax generic name? route?

metformin oral

Glucophage generic name? route?

glipizide oral

Glucotrol generic name? route?

negative contrast agent positive contrast agent

How are contrast agents generally classified?

No The body does not absorb barium sulfate naturally and can cause peritonitis

If a patient is thought to have a perforation in the digestive tract should barium sulfate be used? Why?

The tissues will absorb more x-ray photons.

If you have tissues with higher atomic numbers what does that mean for the x-ray photons?

perforation

In certain instances the use of barium sulfate can result in what kind of trauma to the colon?

(1) increased absorption of x-ray photons with bone because calcium has a higher atomic number (2) soft tissues transmit or scatter x-ray photons more easily, resulting in decreased x-ray absorption

In regards to bone and tissue what happens with the x-ray photons?

shock

Inadequate blood flow within the body with resulting loss of oxygen and therefore energy

suspension

Is barium a solution or suspension?

osmolality

Measurement of the number of particles that can crow out water molecules in a measured mass of water.

morphine oral, parenteral

Morphine generic name? route?

osmomsis

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane such as blood vessel walls and cell membranes

Zofran

Name 1 antiemetics

Adrenalin

Name 1 bronchodilator

Dulcolax

Name 1 laxative

Levophed

Name 1 vasoconstrictor

Nitroglycerin

Name 1 vasodilator

Detrol LA Ditropan XL

Name 2 anticholinergics

suspension

Non-uniform mixture of two or more substances, one of which is composed of larger-than-molecule-size particles that have a tendency to cluster together

Oxycodone Oral

OxyContin generic name? route?

Oxycodone-APAP oral

Percocet generic name? route?

radiopharaceutical

Pharmaceutical compound that is attached to a radioisotope

clopidogrel oral

Plavix generic name? route?

composed of higher-atomic number elements and appears radiopaque on image (white on image)

Positive

attenuation

Process by which a beam of radiation is reduced in energy when passing through tissue or other materials.

low subject contrast

Radiographic images that demonstrate few density differences define __________.

negative

Radiolucent is considered to be a positive or negative contrast?

high

Radiopaque agents have a low or high atomic number?

Relative acidity of basicity of a solution

atenolol oral, parenteral

Tenormin generic name? route?

various tissue atomic numbers and the amount of matter per volume of tissue

The body absorbs x-ray photons according to what?

2 tsp of salt

To reduce the risk of hypervolemia what can be added to the enema preparation?

metoprolol succinate oral

Toprol XL generic name? route?

Acetaminophen (APAP) oral

Tylenol generic name? route?

tramadol oral

Ultram generic name? route?

solution

Uniform mixture of two or more substances composed of molecule-sized particles that do not react together chemically

When ionic media dissociate in water there is a greater number of particles present in the blood plasma, which displaces the water. This means water from body cells moves into the vascular system. This results in hypervolemia and blood vessel dilation. This produces pain and discomfort.

What are the osmotic effects of contrast media?

(1) diatrizoate (2) metrizoate (3) iothalamate

What are the three different classes of ionic media?

53, making it relatively radiopaque

What atomic number does the element iodine have?

It can reveal whether the urea nitrogen levels are higher than normal, suggesting that the kidneys or liver may not be working properly.

What can a BUN test reveal?

Premedicate with steroids and antihistamines.

What can be done for a patient who will receive water-soluble iodine contrast media to reduce allergic-like effects?

water-soluble iodine contrast

What can be used in place of barium sulfate if there is a suspected perforation?

emboli

What complication can arise when using air as a contrast agent?

Diazepam oral, parenteral

Valium generic name? route?

Midazolam oral, parenteral

Versed generic name? route?

hydrocodone (APAP) oral

Vicodin generic name? route?

Anaphylactoid

Water-soluble iodinated contrast can cause what kind of reactions?

barium sulfate air

What agent can be used in the large intestine?

barium sulfate carbon dioxide as tablets, crystals, or soda water

What agent can be used in the stomach?

water-soluble iodine media air

What agent will be used for arthrography of the shoulder, knee, wrist, and hip?

Ionic agents

What are contrast media that dissociate into two molecular particles known as?

higher osmolality contrast media because of their osmotic effect

What are most ionic iodine contrast media identified as?

diminished blood supply to the kidneys

What are some renal effects that high-osmolality contrast media can cause?

He used air, a negative contrast agent, in children with hydrocephalus

What did Walter Dandy, a neurosurgeon, do in 1918?

osmotic pressure, which controls the movement of water in the body

What does the osmolality of a solution determine?

It is more hydrophilic (water soluble)

What is an advantage of lower osmolality contrast media?

gadolinium-DTPA metallic and magnetic

What is the common intravenous agent used in MRI studies? What are the properties of this agent?

atomic number of 56

What is the physical property of barium?

The purpose is for anatomic detail to be visualized, the area of interest must differ in radiographic density from its surround tissues.

What is the purpose of contrast media?

gas-filled microbubbles

What properties does an ultrasound agent have?

sodium carbonate or sodium nitrate

What stabilizing agents are used to prevent flocculation?

water-soluble iodinated contrast media

What was introduced in 1927 by Egas Moniz?

light

When an anatomic agent is filled by radiopaque agents these agents appear __________ (decreased density) on radiographs, they are also called positive contrast agents.

The area of interest will improve visualization of the anatomic detail.

When an area has enhanced density differences what will happen?

flocculation

When barium clumps and comes out of suspension what is that called?

Obtain a thorough patient history. Confirm that the patient is adequately hydrated. Confirm that the patient has followed instructions for prep.

When the radiographic study involves the use of contrast media, how can the technologist help to prevent an adverse reaction in a patient? Select all that apply. Inject the contrast very slowly. Obtain a thorough patient history. Confirm that the patient is adequately hydrated. Confirm that the patient has followed instructions for prep. Allow the patient to have a snack before the procedure starts.

gamma camera

When the radioisotope is attached to the pharmaceutical how is the image taken?

This will result in few density differences and are difficult to visualize.

When there is an area classified as low in subject contrast what does that mean?

Hypervolemia

When there is excess fluid entering the circulatory system what is that called?

molecules do not dissociate into anions and cations or the ionic are too big to have osmotic effects

When you have a lower osmolality contrast media what does that mean for the molecules?

Warming it.

Which action decreases the viscosity of IV contrast agents?

Urticaria

Which acute reactions to contrast media usually require no medical treatment?

Gadolinium-DTPA

Which contrast agent is best to use for performing magnetic resonance imaging studies?

Metformin (Glucophage)

Which drug should be discontinued 48 hours before and 48 hours after administration of water-soluble iodine contrast media?

It absorbs x-ray photons.

Which is true regarding positive contrast medium?

Inform the radiologist and nursing staff.

While performing a contrast study using iodinated contrast media on a patient, the radiographer observes that the patient is sweating profusely, wheezing, and complaining that his/her throat feels like it is "closing up." What action should the radiographer take?

To prevent contamination.

Why do nuclear medicine personnel recap needles?

To prevent risk of aspiration

Why is an upper gastrointestinal series examination contraindicated in a sedated patient?

absorbed

X-ray photons are ________ by radiopaque contrast media because these media are opaque to x-rays.

Lidocaine parenteral

Xanax generic name? route?

Lisinopril oral

Zestril generic name? route?

simvastatin oral

Zocor generic name? route?

ondansetron oral, parenteral

Zofran generic name? route?

pioglitazone oral

actos generic name? route?

epinephrine inhalation, parenteral

adrenalin generic name? route?

-water soluble -lower osmolality -no ionic breakdown and less toxic at cellular level -less likely to cause patient reaction -more tolerable by patients

advantages of nonionic

What contrast is used in laryngopharyngography?

air

five radiographic densities

air (gas) fat water mineral metal

fexofenadine oral

allegra generic name? route?

aspirin oral

aspirin generic name? route?

Contrast media are used to increase the what in tissues in order to visualize them through increased subject contrast?

atomic number

-compound -suspension -flocculation (can't be flaky) -inert physiologic activity within human body -push fluid following barium studies

barium sulfate (BaSO4)

When using barium, it is recommended to mix with what temperature of water to reduce irritation to colon and to aid the patient in holding enema tip in?

cold

human tissues inherently have low subject ________ with each other

contrast

act to promote the passage and elimination of feces from large intestine

what is a laxative?

cause blood vessels to constrict thus increasing heart action and raising blood pressure

what is a vasoconstrictor?

cause blood vessels to dilate

what is a vasodilator?

drugs that relieve pain without the lose of consciousness

what is an analgesic?

reversibly depress neuronal function, produce loss of ability to perceive pain

what is an anesthetic?

drugs used in the treatment of anxiety

what is an antianxiety drug?

used to treat arrhythmias

what is an antiarrhythmic drug?

reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of GI tract

what is an anticholinergics drug?

inhibit clotting or blood or increase coagulation time

what is an anticoagulant?

used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting

what is an antiemetic?

used to treat allergic disorders

what is an antihistamine?

bidacodyl oral

dulcolax generic name? route?

raloxifene oral

evista generic name? route?

What do you need to be aware of in suspected cases of bowel perforations in barium studies of the GI Tract?

extravasation

heparin parenteral

heparin generic name? route?

associated with atherosclerosis which leads to coronary heart disease

what is an antihyperlipidemic?

used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure)

what is an antihypertensive?

inhibit platelet aggregation

what is an antiplatelet?

What is the order of exams for contrasted studies?

intravenous pylogram (IVP)

What can you substitute for barium if there is a suspected bowel perforation?

iodine

What is used as the contrast material for ionic contrast material?

iodine

-ability of agent to mix with body fluids -viscosity (thickness of fluid) -ionic strength -persistence in the body -iodine content -osmalality -potential for toxicity

key contrast charcteristics

norepinephrine parenteral

levophed generic name? route?

enoxaparin parenteral

lovenox generic name? route?

contrast media is generally classified as _________ (dark) or _______ (bright) contrast agents

negative/positive

nitroglycerin oral, parenteral, transdermal

nitroglycerin generic name? route?

gradual reduction of bone mass and bone quality that weakens bones

what is an osteoporosis agent?

the measure of the total number of particles in solution per kilogram of water (Most adverse reactions to contrast result from this in the agent)

osmalality

7.0

pH above ___________ is alkaline

7.0

pH below _________ is acidic

-very high-contrast visualization -extremely low toxicity to patient -persistence in patient anatomy until imaging is completed -low cost -minimal or no side effects -no residual effects within patient

perfect contrast material

What kind of interactions result in the x-ray photon being totally absorbed and not striking the image receptor?

photoelectric

contrast media relies on _____________ _________ for contrast visualiztion

photoelectric effect

contrast media takes advantage of the _________ _________ and ______-_________ _______ elements

photoelectric effect and high-atomic number

Barium sulfate Air/gas (CO2) Oil-based iodine contrast agents Water-soluble iodine contrast agents

popular contrast choices

purpose of contrast study

to visualize anatomic structures that are not normally seen on a diagnostic medical image

Ionic media dissociate into _________________________ in water or blood plasma

two molecular particles (anion and cation)

what modality are microbubbles used in?

ultrasound

used to treat asthma and COPD

what is a bronchodilator?

used to reduce the symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory disorders

what is a corticosteroid?

increase the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys, thus removing sodium and water from the body

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