Pay 1010 chapter 11
When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with religious or ethnic group affiliations, they are stating their ________ identity.
social
_____ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.
social
_______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
social
__________ _________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
social cognition
‼️‼️Jon got a "B" grade on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance.
social comparison
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate
stereotype threat
Person perception is which of the following?
the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
What is the definition of social psychology?
the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
‼️‼️A person who experiences stereotype _____ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for them as a member of a group.
threat
‼️‼️In Milgram's classic obedience study, what proportion of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator—450 volts—to shock the learner?
two-thirds
‼️‼️Attribution theory is the
view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior.
Social cognition is the
way in which individuals think about social situations and other people.
Aggression is social behavior
whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
-change the attitude causing the dissonance -change the behavior causing the dissonance
What is the definition of conformity?
A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others
Which of the following features was NOT one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's artistic ability
‼️‼️Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's propensity for violence A person's sexual orientation
Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chen have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of _______ ________
Blank 1: relational Blank 2: aggression,
‼️‼️Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophecy, in the form of ______ , ________. took their attention.
Blank 1: stereotype Blank 2: threat
Altruism is which of the following?
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
‼️‼️_____ is the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
Groupthink
‼️‼️The group to which we belong is our ______ -group, and other groups to which we don't belong are referred to as ______ -groups.
In, out
The famous study examining obedience to an experimenter, conducted by _______ (last name), raised serious ethical concerns and would NOT likely be approved under today's ethical guidelines.
Milgram
Which classic study in psychology raised serious ethical concerns?
Milgram's obedience study
What was the general conclusion of Asch's study on conformity?
Most people conformed to a clearly erroneous group opinion at least once.
‼️‼️What was the general conclusion of Asch's study on conformity?
Most people conformed to a clearly erroneous group opinion at least once.
‼️‼️________ comparison is the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.
Social
_______ threat is a person's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.
Stereotype
‼️‼️______ threat is a person's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.
Stereotype
_________ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.
aggression
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, they were more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _____, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
‼️‼️In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, they were more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _____, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
______ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
altruism
‼️‼️In the field of social psychology, the term ________ describes an opinion or belief that someone has about people, objects, and ideas.
attitude
What is the term in social psychology for the opinions and beliefs we have about people, things, and ideas?
attitudes
______ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
attribution
________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
attribution
‼️‼️The explanations of the causes of someone's behavior that are the result of inferences that you make about that person are known as
attributions
‼️‼️The result of inferences that we make about someone based on their behavior are referred to as ______
attributions
In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).
better than
The self-serving ______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
cognitive dissonance
‼️‼️What is the term for the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts?
cognitive dissonance
In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of
conformity
_______ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.
conformity
‼️‼️In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of
conformity
There is a(n) _____ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression.
correlational
There is a(n) _______ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression, but this relationship does not imply causation.
correlational
The term _______ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.
deindividuation
_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.
deindividuation
Cognitive _____ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
dissonance
Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.
facilitation
Social ______ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.
facilitation
What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?
frustration always leads to aggression
‼️‼️What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?
frustration always leads to aggression
One theory of aggression suggests that ____ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display ____.
frustration-aggression
The ________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.
fundamental
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as
fundamental attribution error
Relational aggression constitutes a greater percentage of _____ aggression than _____.
girls'; boys'
_______ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.
groupthink
_____ people are more likely to help others.
happy
In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) __________ of the unfamiliar individual.
impression
We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups.
inflate; devalue
Critics of the conclusion that violent video game exposure leads to aggression have pointed out that
lab-based aggression may not generalize to real-world violence
How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?
less than a second
When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social
loafing
Boys and men tend to be _____ overtly aggressive than girls and women.
more
Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).
multiple
Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shocks was designed to examine the power of
obedience
What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?
obedience
______ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
obedience
The _______ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.
observational
Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?
observational learning
Hitting, punching, and kicking are examples of _________ aggression.
overt
‼️‼️_____ refers to directly harming another person, whether physically or verbally
overt aggression
The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether
people are less likely to help if other people are present.
Person __________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
perception
_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
persuasion
______ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
persuasion
‼️‼️According to social psychologist Kay Deaux, which of the following are distinct types of social identity?
political affiliation stigmatized groups ethnicity and religion personal relationships
Helping others consistently leads to increased _______ mood.
positive
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ________ (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.
reduced
_______ aggression involves harming the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.
relational
‼️‼️Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized are known as
self-fulfilling prophecies.
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
self-fulfilling prophecy
The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
self-serving bias