PDBIO: Lesson 15--The Respiratory System

Bronchi

Divisions of the trachea that enter the lungs--branching airways

relaxes

During expiration the diaphragm...

contracts downward

During inspiration the diaphragm...

pull the rib cage up and out, thereby increasing lung volume

During inspiration, what do the intercostal muscles do? pull the rib cage up and out, thereby increasing lung volume separate layers of the pleural membranes dilate the exterior lining of the lungs so that intrapulmonary pressure increases flatten the diaphragm increase venous blood return to the lungs

Active; passive

During quiet breathing inspiration is ________ and expiration is _______.

Epiglotis

Flap of tissue in the back of the throat that closes the larynx when you swallow

1. partial pressure of gases 2. process of diffusion 3. chemical reactions with plasma and RBC's

Gas exchange and Transport is dependent upon

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin molecule carrying carbon dioxide.

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin that contains bound oxygen

Pheumonia

Infection where the lungs become inflamed, usually caused by an infection or bacteria.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi resulting in a persistent cough that produces large quantities of phlegm

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing. It is the skeletal muscle of respiration.

Respiratory center

Located in the medulla oblonga of the brain. It establishes a rhythm of breathing by generating a cyclic pattern of electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the diaphragm and stimulate those muscles to contract.

Nasal cavity

Located within and posterior to the nose. It filters, warms, and moistens air.

exhale, cough, or sneeze

Normally expiration is passive, but it can become active when we forcibly...

Glottis

Opening into the larynx.

Lung

Organ of gas exchange, it houses tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells that transports most oxygen molecules in blood, and also gives blood its red color.

Trachea (windpipe)

Reinforced tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi. It is the main airway.

Respiration

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells.

Vital capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, 4,800 mL

pressure gradient

The process of breathing requires a...

Pleural membranes

They cover the lungs and line the chest cavity

Vocal cords

Two folds of connective tissue that extend across the airway. Audible sounds are heard when they vibrate as air passes through them.

Lung cancer

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that impairs the movement of air and the exchange of gases and the flow of blood.

air moves into and out of the lungs

Ventilation refers to the process by which air moves into and out of the lungs. gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells. cells produce ATPs. gases are exchanged between the cells and lungs. gases are exchanged between the air and the blood.

1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration 4 Cellular respiration

What are the four processes that encompass respiration?

Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation

What creates the air pressure differences that powers both types of breathing (quiet and forced)?

Changes in CO2, H+, and O2.

What do receptor cells in the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?

Changes in CO2 and H+. It is NOT affected by changes in O2.

What does the respiratory center respond to?

Get oxygen into the boody and get carbon dioxide out of the body

What does the respiratory system do?

the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids

What does the term "internal respiration" refer to?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

What gases does hemoglobin transport in the blood?

1. The ribs return to resting position 2. Lung volume decreases, causing air pressure to rise 3. Diaphragm relaxes

What happens within the body during exspiration?

1. The ribs move upward and outward due to muscle contraction 2. Lung volume increases causing air pressure to drop 3. The Diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downward

What happens within the body during inspiration?

The cycle of inspiration and expiration

What internal factors stimulate breathing?

External respiration

What is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the blood called?

Inspiration brings air as lung volume expands

What process is responsible for moving air into the lungs?

Exspiration expels air as lung volume declines

What process is responsible for moving air out of the lungs?

External and Internal respiration

What processes are responsible for moving gases into or out of the blood and how gases are transported in blood?

Epiglotis, larynx, pleural membranes, trachea, lung, bronchi, alveoli, ribs, and the diaphragm

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, and pharynx

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

larynx

When air leaves the pharynx, what structure does it enter next? alveoli bronchioles trachea bronchi larynx

When pressure inside the lungs is greater than air pressure

When does expiration (exhalation) take place?

When pressure inside the lungs is less than atmospheric air pressure

When does inspiration (inhalation) take place?

within the lungs

Where does external respiration take place?

in the tissues throughout the body

Where does internal respiration take place?

In the respiratory system and its associated bones, muscles, and nerves.

Where does ventilation occur?

The respiratory center within the medulla oblongata

Where is the breathing center located in our brains?

Because of differences in air pressure

Why does ventilation occur?

Carbonic anhydrase

an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of CO2 from tissue to blood and from blood to aveolar air

Alveoli

Air sacs responsible for gas exchange

Tuberculosis (TB)

Airborne contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection.

Residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation, 1,200 mL

Inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond the tidal volume

Tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath. 500 mL.

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that we can forcibly exhale beyond the tidal volume

Bronchioles

Branched tubes that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. They are smaller airways that lack cartilage.

Ventilation

Breathing. It is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Pharynx (Throat)

Chamber behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx. It is the passageway for air, food, and liquid.

Larynx (voice box)

Contains the vocal cords, Connects pharynx to trachea, and is responsible for the production of sound.

Emphysema

A chronic disorder resulting in the permanent impairment of alveoli.

Asthma

A condition characterized by spasmodic contractions of bronchial muscle, bronchial swelling, and an increased production of mucus resulting in episodes of severe breathing difficulty.