Pearson Ch. 3,4,5 Lab 3,4
For solutes that move by simple diffusion, which of the following does NOT affect the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
-the potential energy of the solute -the membrane pore size
If the diameter of your microscope field is 1 mm at low power (10×) and your ocular lens is 10×, then what is the diameter of your field when you switch to the 50× objective lens?
0.2 mm
If the ocular lens magnifies a specimen 10x, and the objective lens used magnifies the specimen 35x, what is the total magnification being used to observe the specimen? __________
350 x
When attempting to locate and identify a stage of mitosis using the compound light microscope, your microscope should at least be on ___ X total magnification to properly identify the stage.
400
If your ocular lens is 10×, and you are using your 45× objective lens to view a slide, the total magnification is ________.
450x
Which numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage?
5
Through which membrane(s) would sodium chloride diffuse?
50 mwco 100 mwco and 200 mwco
_________: Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
ATP
Which of the following is the driving force for the sodium-potassium pump?
ATP hydrolysis
Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?
Adipose Tissue
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?
Anaphase
________ Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
Bone (Osseous tissue)
Which of the following is required for filtration?
Both a membrane and a hydrostatic pressure gradient are required.
Which component of the plasma membrane might allow the body to recognize cells as "self" (its own) or "non-self" (foreign)?
Carbohydrate
Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE?
Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.
Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur?
Cellular energy
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.
Chromatids
Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
In this course, you will learn about hormones and their effects on cells. Certain hormones bind to receptors at the plasma membrane to "deliver" their message to the cell. What function of the plasma membrane is this?
Communication
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Cutaneous
Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?
Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?
Cytokinesis
What process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand?
DNA ligase
Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?
DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
Which of the following builds new strands of DNA?
DNA polymerase
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
Dendritic cells activate the immune system
The cell cycle is divided into two main parts: interphase and cell division. Interphase is the period in which the cell is performing normal functions and not actively engaged in cell division. Most of your body's cells spend a lot of their time in interphase. Before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase?
Each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus.
________ Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
Early prophase
_________: Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lines blood vessels and the heart.
Endothelium
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
Which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis?
Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid.
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?
G1, S, and G2
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?
In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.
The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?
Increased oily appearance and more acne.
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?
Interphase
An example of filtration occurs in the kidney and:
Ions and glucose filter from the capillary into the kidney tubule.
Which of the following is not true of DNA?
It carries the amino acids to the ribosome.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Which of the following is true about genetic mutation?
It is a change in the DNA base sequence.
Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division?
It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.
_________ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
Late prophase
When observing a slide under a microscope, begin focusing with the ________-power objective lens in place.
Lowest
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Meissner's corpuscle
_________: Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
Messenger RNA
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?
Metaphase
________ Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.
Metaphase
_________: Play a critical role in forming spindle fibers for cell division, organize and move organelles as well as giving shape to the cell.
Microtubles
The working distance for a 10× objective lens is ________.
Much greater than the working distance for the 100x objective lens.
Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Mucous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane
Mucous membrane
Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
Na+
Which of the following is not a passive process?
Na+/K+ pump
Which of the following characteristics is lacking in the typical areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure?
None of these characteristics is lacking
The ________ of the microscope carries three or four objective lenses.
Nosepiece
________: The vast majority of the cell's genetic material is housed here.
Nucleus
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?
Prophase
During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
Prophase
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
________: Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle.
Ribosomal RNA
_________: May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA
_________: The organelle that facilitates peptide bond formation between amino acids.
Ribosomes
Before putting away the microscope in the storage cabinet you must observe all of the following except ________.
Rotate the highest power objective lens in position
Makes up the pleura and pericardium
Serous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.
Serous membrane
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
Skeletal
Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
Smooth Muscle
In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area represents water. Which of the following is a true statement?
Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?
Synthesis
________: Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
Synthetase enzymes
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the original or parental DNA strand?
T
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?
Telophase
If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV (intravenous) fluids, which of the following should you expect?
The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood.
If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?
The cells will lose water and shrink.
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
The cells will lose water and shrink.
Which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to DNA replication?
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
What happens to facilitated diffusion when the protein carriers become saturated?
The max rate of transport will occur
Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is FALSE?
The movement of a given solute usually occurs in both directions (into and out of the cell)
A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?
The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).
If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen?
The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a solute would require facilitated diffusion?
The solute directly requires ATP for its transport
Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE?
They assist in simple diffusion
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.
Histopathology is the use of microscopes to view tissues to diagnose and track the progression of diseases. Why are thin slices of tissue ideal for this procedure?
Thin slices are used so that pathologists can clearly see individual cells for their assessment. Too many layers of cells makes it difficult to focus and hard to see what changes have occurred in the tissues.
__________: A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously.
Transfer RNA
Which of the following is an incorrect description?
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome.
If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon.
UCG
If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?
UGCAA
Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________.
a hypertonic solution
A gene can best be defined as ________.
a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
n the video clip, which movement process is depicted?
active transport
Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix. Which of the following is an EXCEPTION?
adipose
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Increasing the pressure above the beaker is analogous to _______.
an increase in blood pressure
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate?
anaphase
Peroxisomes ________.
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
The microscope field is the ________.
area you see through the lenses of the microscope
Edema (swelling) occurs when ________.
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
assisting in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot.almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
basale
Which of the following resulted in an increase in the filtration rate?
both increasing the pore size and increasing the pressure above the beaker are correct
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
cardiac
: Moves blood through the body
cardiac muscle
Each individual gene does which of the following?
carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
catastrophic fluid loss
Which glands produce ear wax?
ceruminous glands
Which solute did NOT appear in the filtrate using the 200 MWCO membrane?
charcoal
You are looking at very lightly stained cells under the microscope, and you want to increase the contrast so that you can see them "better." You ________ the iris diaphragm to ________ the light.
close, dim
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
collagen
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
collagen fibers
The ________ is a substage lens that concentrates light on the specimen.
condenser
Mitochondria ________.
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
As total magnification increases, the depth of field ________.
decreases
As you increase the total magnification of the specimen, the size of the field ________.
decreases
As you increase the total magnification of the specimen, the working distance ________.
decreases
Which of the following would decrease the rate of facilitated diffusion?
decreasing the number of carrier proteins
What is the structure indicated by label E?
dermal papilla
Which of the following statements about genes is not correct?
each single chromosome contains one single gene
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
elastic cartilage
Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common?
elastic fibers
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.
equilibrium
What is the type of transport supplied by the glucose carriers in the activity?
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?
facilitated diffusion
Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance.
The primary blast cell for connective tissue proper is the ________.
fibroblast
When using the higher power objective lenses, you would use this part of the microscope to focus the specimen.
fine adjustment knob
Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair?
formation of new stem cells
Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?
forming the entire glycocalyx
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?
hypertonic
A not very well-studied A&P student heard about a phenomenon called water intoxication and thought it sounded fun so she decided to try it. She consumed a large amount of water in a short time (Don't try this—water intoxication is often fatal.). Instead of feeling drunk, she felt nauseated, developed a severe headache, began to get confused, and then became unconscious. Her much more prepared A&P student roommate quickly realized the problem and called an ambulance. When the roommate told the Emergency Department doctor what had happened, the doctor quickly began administering IV (intravenous) fluids.Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?
hypertonic IV fluid
Which of the following does NOT describe the plasma membrane?
impermeable
Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?
in the DNA within the cell's nucleus
Which of the following increased the rate of sodium-potassium transport?
increasing the number of membrane pumps
Which of the following was NOT observed during this activity?
increasing the rate of filtration increased the concentration of solutes in the filtrate
Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion?
increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient
In order for a cell to divide, all of its chromosomes must be duplicated in a process called DNA replication. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
interphase
Mitosis ________.
is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?
isotonic to each other
Microscope specimens have depth, as well as length and width. If you are focused on the middle layer of cells and wish to see the top layer of cells clearly, you should move the ________.
lens further away from the slide
Which of the following can be true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion?
lipid-insoluble solutes are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein
You begin your observations using the ________ lens and the ________ adjustment knob.
lowest-power, course
Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?
lysosome
Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?
mitochondria
Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.
mm Hg
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both _______.
move solutes with their concentration gradient
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Which of the following best explains diffusion?
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
The total magnification of an object can be found by ________.
multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the ocular lens
_______: Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.
nucleoli
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
The sodium-potassium pump can transport _______.
only if sodium and potassium are available
The functions of centrioles include ________.
organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?
osmosis
The single most important risk for skin cancer is _______
overexposure to UV radiation
A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________.
phagocytic cell
A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.
phagocytosis
Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
phagocytosis
What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?
phosphate heads of phospholipids
Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?
phospholipids
Which of the following is least likely to result in a genetic mutation?
poor health
Which of the following describes the movement of ions by the sodium-potassium pump?
potassium is moved into the cell
You prepare a wet mount of your own cheek cells and place it under the microscope, but find that you cannot see any detail of the cells. What can you do to make details more visible?
prepare another slide and stain with methylene blue
Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.
preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis
Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The ability to discriminate two close objects as separate is called ________.
resolution
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?
ribosome
Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance?
sebaceous glands
Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?
semipermeable
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
In this activity, the solutes were transported through the dialysis membrane by _______.
simple diffusion
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
: Has a surface to which nothing is attached
skin (epidermis)
Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?
small concentration gradient
Which of the following solutes would move the fastest?
sodium chloride
Which of the following generated osmotic pressure?
sodium chloride, glucose and albumin generated osmotic pressure.
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
soma
The microscope slide rests on the __________ while being viewed.
stage
When you want to study a slide under the microscope, you place it on the ________.
stage
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.
swell and burst
Coupled transporters that move solutes in the same direction are called _______.
symporters
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.
tRNA
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
telophase
_________ Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
telophase
A cell is immersed in a beaker of solution. The cell membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes. If the intracellular concentration is 10 mM and the solution is 20 mM, which of the following is true?
the cell will shrink
Which of the following describes the concentration of ions when the cell is at rest?
the concentration of potassium is higher inside the cell
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The presence or absence of a solute in the filtrate depends on _______.
the molecular weight and size of the solute as well as the MWCO and pore size of the membrane
With the experimental conditions set at 10 mM glucose and 9 mM albumin, and the 200 MWCO membrane in place, which of the following is true?
the net movement of water is toward the albumin
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
the reticular layer
Your lab microscope is parfocal. This means that __________.
the slide should be almost in focus when changing to higher magnifications
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
the smooth ER
Which of the following would result in NO change in osmotic pressure across a membrane?
the solutes can diffuse through the pores and the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
What happened when sodium chloride was added as a solute in the left beaker?
there was no change in the transport rate of glucose
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
tissue
What is the function of the structures at D?
to allow large molecules, with the exception of DNA, to pass through the envelope
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
To transport a microscope, hold it ________.
upright, with one hand on its arm and the other hand supporting its base
You are observing the letter "e" under a compound microscope. Which of the following indicates how the image appears as you view it through the ocular lens?
upside down e
Which of the following is NOT a passive process?
vesicular transport
Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE?
water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes
If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true?
water will move toward the more concentrated solutes
A Hypertonic solution:_______.
will induce cell shrinkage
How do you clean the lenses of your microscope?
with special lens paper and cleaner
You are looking at a slide of three crossed threads. Yellow is on the bottom, blue is in the middle, and red is on the top. When you rotate the adjustment knob forward (away from you) on your microscope, the stage rises. You move the adjustment knob to focus on the middle thread. As you rotate the adjustment knob forward, which color thread will come into focus next?
yellow