pearson elemental geosystems ch 10

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to -a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of reduction in a given landscape. -a sequential development of landforms. -a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape. -an important concept first stated by John Powell.

-a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of reduction in a given landscape.

Which of the following is a type of chemical weathering process? -hydrolysis -salt crystal growth -exfoliation -frost wedging

hydrolysis

Landslides occur when -the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity. -when driving forces exceed resisting forces. -a threshold is reached. -all of these -a threshold is reached and internal friction is overcome by gravity only.

All

Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals -a conversion of kinetic energy to chemical energy. -a lack of change. -frictional resistance overcoming the degree of cohesion. -a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy.

-a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy.

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape -remains unstable thereafter. -adjusts to a new equilibrium condition. -looks identical to the landscape that existed prior to the crossing of the threshold. -Any of these are equally likely to occur.

-adjusts to a new equilibrium condition.

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is -geology. -environmental chemistry. -geomorphology. -geography.

-geomorphology.

All unit movement of materials propelled and controlled by gravity are referred to as -mass movements or mass wasting. -lahars. -slides. -downslope flows.

-mass movements or mass wasting.

A translational slide involves -movement of surface material along a planar surface. -unconsolidated flow of material. -mudflow. -rotational movement of surface material.

-movement of surface material along a planar surface.

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called -erosion. -landmass denudation. -mass wasting. -weathering.

weathering

In the Northern hemisphere mid-latitudes, slopes that face ________ have more trees on them because ________. -north; they are more moist -south; they receive more direct sunshine for photosynthesis -north; they receive more direct sunshine -south; they receive more rainfall

-north; they are more moist

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is -hydrolysis. -physical weathering. -chemical weathering. -carbonation.

-physical weathering.

Uplift of the landscape creates ________ energy which is converted to ________ energy when materials begin to move downslope. -kinetic; chemical -potential; chemical -kinetic; potential -potential; kinetic

-potential; kinetic

Which type of weathering is limited to arid environments? -frost wedging -hydrolysis -carbonic acid solution -salt-crystal growth -exfoliation

-salt-crystal growth

A persistent mass movement of surface soil is called a -rockfall. -soil creep. -soil slide. -debris avalanche.

-soil creep.

Physical weathering is greatest under conditions of -temperatures that reach below freezing. -lower temperatures and higher precipitation. -a lack of moisture at the surface. -higher temperatures and precipitation, wetter, warmer climates.

-temperatures that reach below freezing.

One side of a sand dune is typically steeper than the other side. The slope of the steepest is controlled by the angle of repose for sand-which has a value that is typical for most materials. This angle is about ________. -34 degrees -78 degrees -5 degrees -15 degrees

34 degrees

The rate at which rocks weather depends upon -the type of rock. -the amount of vegetation in an area. -the climate of an area. -all of these -the climate of an area and the type of rock only.

All

Which of the following can initiate hillslope failure? -making a roadcut in the side of a hill -increasing the slope angle -excessively watering a slope -all of these

All

If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand. -cohesiveness -angle of repose -gravity -cohesiveness and gravity -angle of repose and cohesiveness

angle of repose and cohesiveness

The steepness of a slope of loose material at rest is the -the speed of the particles. -mass movement gradient. -angle of repose. -height of the slope.

angle of repose.

In the Andes Mountains of South America, entire towns of thousands of people have been buried suddenly when snow fell from high on a mountain side, melted on impact, and then mixed with loose materials that traveled downhill as a viscous fluid. This type of catastrophic event is known as a -slide. -slump. -debris avalanche. -lahar. -rock fall.

debris avalanche

Exfoliation occurs because -water freezes in joints and expands. -overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand. -water combines with minerals and increases their size, thereby causing surrounding minerals to pop out of the rock matrix. -All of these are possible causes of exfoliation.

overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand.

The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of ________, which is a form of ________ weathering. -hydration; chemical -oxidation; physical -solution; chemical -hydration; physical -oxidation; chemical

oxidation; chemical

The dramatic domes and arch-shaped features found in granitic mountain masses result from -pressure-release jointing, exfoliation, and sheeting. -frost-wedging. -solution processes. -spheroidal weathering.

pressure-release jointing, exfoliation, and sheeting.

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as -uvalas. -sinkholes. -caverns. -stalactites.

sinkholes

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is -carbon dioxide. -nitrogen. -oxygen. -water.

water

Hydrolysis involves -water being added to a mineral leading to swelling and stress in rock. -water chemically combining with minerals. -hydraulic action of water between rocks. -no actual chemical change in minerals.

water chemically combining with minerals.

Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering? -nitrogen, oxygen, argon -oxygen, silicon, aluminum -water, oxygen, carbon dioxide -magnesium, water, limestone

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of - higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures. -lower mean annual rainfall and temperatures. -temperatures below freezing. -rainfall of less than 25 cm (10 in) per year.

- higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures.

In 1973, part of the flat ground on which a subdivision was located became saturated and began to flow toward the Saint Lawrence River at speeds of up to 26 kmph (16 mph). The ground that flowed consisted of silts and clays-not large, rocky regolith. What type of mass wasting event was this? debris avalanche soil creep lahar Earth flow

Earth flow

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of -inertial resistance of the material. -friction. -the cohesion of particles to each other. -all of these

all

Karst topography is formed primarily by -exfoliation and hydration. -carbonic acid solution. -mass wasting processes. -oxidation and hydrolysis.

carbonic acid solution.

Which of the following countries is noted for its spectacular tower karst? Russia France China the U.S.

china

The large sheets of rock that break off batholiths, such as Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, develop as a result of -salt crystal growth. -exfoliation. -mineral expansion. -frost wedging.

exfoliation

In which of the following climates would the subsurface line of contact between weathered and unweathered materials be at the greatest depth? -cold and dry -cold and wet -hot and dry -hot and wet

hot and wet