Pediatric Emergencies and Risk Reduction
The nurse is teaching a first-time mother with a 14-month-old boy about child safety. Which is the most effective overall safety information to provide guidance for the mother?
"Never let him out of your sight when outdoors." Explanation: Because they are curious and mobile, toddlers require direct observation and cannot be trusted to be left alone, especially when outdoors. The priority guidance is to never let the child be out of sight. Gating stairways, locking up chemicals, and not smoking around the child are excellent, but specific, safety interventions.
A group of students are reviewing information about respiratory arrest in children. The students demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify what common causes of respiratory arrest involving the upper airway? Select all that apply.
Croup Epiglottitis Explanation: Common causes of respiratory arrest involving the upper airway include croup and epiglottitis. Asthma, pertussis, and pneumothorax are common causes involving the lower airway.
The nurse is conducting a physical examination of a toddler with suspected lead poisoning. Lab results indicate blood lead level 52 mcg/dL. Which action would the nurse expect to happen next?
Repeat testing within 2 days and prepare to begin chelation therapy as ordered. Explanation: The recommendation for blood lead levels of 45 to 69 mcg/dL is to confirm the level with a repeat laboratory test within 2 days and educate the parents to decreased lead exposure. She should also expect to begin chelation therapy as ordered and refer the case to the local health department for investigation of home lead reduction with referrals for support services. Repeat testing in 1 week with parent education is appropriate for lead levels between 20 and 44 mcg/dL. Repeat testing in 1 month and education would be appropriate for levels between 15 and 19 mcg/dL. Preparing to admit the child to begin chelation therapy immediately would be appropriate for lead levels greater than 70 mcg/dL.
Which of these age groups has the highest actual rate of death from drowning?
Toddlers Explanation: Toddlers and older adolescents have the highest actual rate of death from drowning.
The nurse teaching safety to teens knows that which of these is the leading cause of death among adolescents?
Unintentional injuries Explanation: Unintentional injuries are the leading causes of death in adolescents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 2008). Injuries kill more adolescents than all diseases combined, with 46% of injury-related deaths due to motor vehicle accidents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Unintentional injury accounts for about 48% of adolescent injury deaths, violence and homicide for 15.2%, and suicide for 11.8% of adolescent injury deaths (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Males are more likely than females to die of any type of injury.
A 4-year-old girl has been admitted to the emergency department after accidently ingesting a cleaning product. Which treatment is most likely appropriate in the immediate treatment of the girl's poisoning?
Administration of activated charcoal Explanation: Activated charcoal is the most common treatment for many poisonings and is more effective and safe than induced vomiting or gastric lavage. Rehydration is likely necessary, but this does not actively treat the girl's poisoning.
The parents bring their 3-year-old son to the emergency department after he ingested some of his mother's medicine. Which assessment would be of critical importance for this child?
Assessing mental status and skin moisture and color Explanation: In cases of poisoning, clinical manifestations vary widely depending on the medication or chemical ingested. Therefore, it is important to pay particular attention to the child's mental status, skin moisture and color, and bowel sounds. Evaluating the effectiveness of the child's breathing and noting the child's pulse rate and quality are basic to any rapid cardiopulmonary assessment. Auscultating all lung fields for signs of pulmonary edema would be critically important for a child who is a near-drowning victim.
A 14-year-old girl arrives at the hospital in a comatose state. Her father, who found her comatose in her room, tells you that she has an opiate addiction. Which of the following would confirm that the coma was caused by opiate intoxication?
Both pupils are pinpoints Explanation: Observe the child's eyes for signs of dilated pupils from increased ICP. If both pupils are dilated, irreversible brainstem damage is suggested, although such a finding may also be present with poisoning with an atropine-like drug. Pinpoint pupils suggest barbiturate or opiate intoxication. One pupil dilated or the eye deviated downward or laterally more than the other suggests third cranial nerve compression or a tentorial tear (laceration of the membrane between the cerebellum and cerebrum) with herniation of the temporal lobe into the torn membrane.
When a poison has been ingested by a child, what should the parents do first?
Call the local poison control center. Explanation: Not all poisons should be vomited. Strong acids, for example, could cause as much destruction of tissue being vomited as being swallowed. The poison control center will provide the most accurate information on the next steps for the client.
A nurse is caring for a stable toddler diagnosed with accidental poisoning due to the ingestion of cleaning solution. What must be included in teaching parents about how to protect a toddler from accidental poisoning?
Keep cleaning solutions locked up. Explanation: The parents should keep cleaning solutions locked up to protect the toddler from accidental poisoning. Accidental poisonings usually occur among toddlers and commonly involve substances located in bathrooms or kitchens. Labeling poisonous substances may not help as toddlers are unable to read. Not leaving the child alone and closely monitoring the child are important, but not feasible all the time.
The nurse is examining a 10-month-old girl who has fallen from the back porch. Which assessment will directly follow evaluation of the "ABCs?"
Palpating the anterior fontanel Explanation: Once the ABCs have been evaluated, the nurse will move on to "D" and assess for disability by palpating the anterior fontanel for signs of increased intracranial pressure. Observing skin color and perfusion is part of evaluating circulation. Palpating the abdomen for soreness and auscultating for bowel sounds would be part of the full-body examination that follows assessing for disability.
The nurse is caring for a 2-year-old who has been rushed to the clinic immediately after swallowing an unknown number of acetaminophen tablets. Which of the following is the priority intervention?
Perform a gastric lavage. Explanation: If the child ingested the pills within the last 60 minutes, a gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal would be the preferred treatment. If the acetaminophen is in the bloodstream, N-acetylcysteine may be administered. Chelation therapy is meant for metal poisoning. IV fluid replacement is used to treat hypovolemic shock.
A child is brought to the emergency department with a suspected poisoning. What treatment would the nurse least likely expect to be used?
Syrup of ipecac Explanation: Ipecac is rarely used in the health care setting to induce vomiting and is no longer recommended for use in the home setting. Gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal (binds with the chemical substance in the bowel), or whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol electrolyte solutions may be used.
The nurse is reinforcing teaching with the caregivers of a child being discharged from the urgent care setting following a mild head injury that occurred in an in-line skating accident. What should the caregivers be instructed to do? Select all that apply.
Wake the child every one to two hours to check level of consciousness. Observe and report any vomiting that occurs within six hours. Observe for and report to provider any double or blurred vision. Explanation: The caregiver should observe the child for at least six hours for vomiting or a change in the child's level of consciousness. If the child falls asleep, he or she should be awakened every one to two hours to determine that the level of consciousness has not changed. No analgesics or sedatives should be administered during this period of observation. The child's pupils are checked for reaction to light every four hours for 48 hours.