Penny Ultrasound GYN review
another name for the rectouterine pouch is the
Pouch of Douglas
fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the
Pouch of Douglas
the uterus is located ... to the rectum
anterior
the boundaries of the female pelvis are considered to be from the .... to a group of muscles known as the .....
iliac crest, pelvic diaphragm
the left ovarian vein drains into the
left renal vein
the pelvic muscle group that is located between the coccyx and the pubis is the
levator ani muscles
the muscle located lateral to the ovaries is the
obturator internus muscle
the ... ligaments support the ovaries and extend from the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus
ovarian
the ovary is supplied blood by the
ovarian artery and uterine artery
rectouterine pouch
peritoneal outpouching located between the uterus and rectum; also referred to as the posterior cul-de-sac and pouch of Douglas
the bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the
piriformis muscles
the ..... ligaments support the uterus fundus and extends from the uterine cornua to labia majora between the folds of the broad ligaments
round
the posterior border of the pelvic cavity is marked by the ... and ...
sacrum and coccyx
false pelvis
superior portion of the pelvis
the radial arteries supply blood to....
the deeper layers of the myometrium
fallopian tube length
7-12cm
endometrial thickness during the secretory phase
7-14mm
positive postmenopausal vaginal bleeding normal endometrial thickness
</= 5mm
negative postmenopausal vaginal bleeding normal endometrial thickness
</= 8mm
gestational trophoblastic disease
a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as molar pregnancy
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
a drug administered to pregnant woman from the 1940s to the 1970s to treat threatened abortions and premature labor that has been linked with uterine malformation in the exposed fetus
progesterone
a hormone that prepare the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the ovary and placenta
intracavitary (fibroid)
a leiomyoma located within the uterine cavity
submucosal (fibroid)
a leiomyoma that distorts the shape of the endometrium
septations
a partition separating two or more cavities
As menopause approaches, the follicles that normally develop in the ovary are less responsive to the hormones produced by the....
anterior pituitary gland
follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the
anterior pituitary gland
gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of hormones by the ....
anterior pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone is produced by the
anterior pituitary gland
the hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones by the...
anterior pituitary gland
the rectus abdominis muscles are located .....
anteriorly
the uterine position in which the body tilts forward, forming a 90-degree angle with the cervix
anterversion
the normal position of the uterus is considered to be... or ...
anteversion, anteflextion
the right ovarian artery branches off to the
aorta
the peripheral arteries of the uterus are the
arcuate arteries
isthmus (uterus)
area of the uterus between the corpus and the cervix
endometrial cavity
area that lies between the two layers or the endometrium; may also be referred to as the uterine cavity
CA-125 may be elevated in some benign conditions such as...
endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fibroids, and even pregnancy
the four major divisions of the uterus
fundus, corpus, isthmus, and cervix
blood within the fallopian tube is termed
hemosalpinx
true pelvis
inferior portion of the pelvis that contains the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, small bowel, sigmoid colon, and rectum
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal lining
the ... provides an opening to the peritoneal cavity within the pelvis
infundibulum
the distal portion of the fallopian tube
infundibulum
the intramural extention of the fallopian tube is known as the ... segment
interstitial
within the cornu of the uterus lies the... extension of the fallopian tube
intramural
pseudomyxoma peritonei
intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that result from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or possibly a malignant tumor of the appendix
without estrogen and progesterone, what becomes of the uterus?
it decreases in size
congenital anomalies recognized on a routine sonogram within the uterus, co-existing anomalies may be present in the....
kidneys
the ovarian arteries originate from the .... aspect of the abdominal aorta
lateral
the iliopsoas muscles are located
lateral and anterior to the iliac crest
the obturator internus muscles are located
lateral to the ovaries
the left ovarian vein drains directly into the
left renal vein
pedunculated uterine leiomyoma
leiomyoma (fibroid) that extends from the uterus on a stalk
what is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?
length x width x height x 0.5233
the pelvic diaphragm is composed of which two muscles
levator ani, coccygeus
dermoid mesh
mass of hair within a cystic teratoma
the pituitary gland is also known as the...
master gland
which of the two are typically the largest? serous or mucinous cystadenomas
mucinous
The malignant ovarian mass that is associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei is the
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
the inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the
mucosal layer
malformations of the uterus are a result of fusion anomalies of the...
mullerian ducts
the uterus, vagina, and fallopian tubes develop from the paired....
mullerian ducts
the muscular layer of the uterine wall which constitutes the bulk of the uterine tissue, providing the area where contractile motion occurs
myometrium
congenital malformations of the vagina can lead to the accumulation of fluid within the female genital tract secondary to an...
obstruction
vaginal atresia
occlusion or imperforation of the vagina; can be congenital or acquired
endometriomas are most commonly found...
on the ovary
the three layers of the uterine wall
outer serosa/perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
corpus luteum cyst
physiologic cyst that develops after ovulation had occured
the muscles that may be confused with the ovaries on a pelvic sonogram include the
piriformis and iliopsoas muslces
treatment for endometrial polyps
polypectomy w/ use of hysteroscopy
the piriformis muscles are located
posterior
pelvic bones, when visualized on sonography, will produce
posterior shadowing
a common indication for postmenopausal sonography
postmenopausal vaginal bleeding (PMB)
children with ovarian dysgerminomas present with... and may have an elevation in...
precocious puberty, serum hCG levels
which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
progesterone
the primary purpose of the fallopian tube is to...
provide an area for fertilization and to offer a means of transportation for the products of conception to reach the uterine cavity
pus within the fallopian tube is termed
pyosalpinx
vaginal fornices
recesses of the vagina
posterior cul-de-sac
rectouterine pouch
pouch of douglas
rectouterine pouch
the fluid from the ruptured follicle most often will settle in the ...
rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
which pelvic space is located between the rectum and uterus?
rectouterine pouch/posterior cul-de-sac/pouch of Douglas
dermoids are most often found in
reproductive age group but may also be found in post-menopausal patients
the uterine position that results in the uterine body tilting backward and actually coming in contact with the cervix, thus forming an acute angle between body and cervix
retroflexion
the uterus is the position in which the uterine body tilts backward without a bend where the cervix and body meet
retroversion
ovarian torsion occurs most often on the ... side
right
The bony pelvis consists of
sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones
infection of the fallopian tubes
salpingitis
the false pelvis is superior/inferior to the true pelvis
superior
the .... ligaments support the ovaries and tubes and extends from the ovaries to the pelvic side walls
suspensory
the cells that surround the blastocyst
synctiotrophoblastic cells (trophoblastic cells)
if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained and becomes...
the corpus luteum of pregnancy
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and progesterone
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing esrogen and progesterone
oogenesis
the creation of an ovum
endometrial atrophy
the degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age; most often seen in postmenopausal women
infundibulum
the distal segment of the fallopian tube
fimbria
the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum
during which half of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium undergo thickening?
the first
the first day of the menstrual cycle is said to occur on...
the first day of bleeding
neonatal
the first four weeks (28 days) after birth
lower uterine segment
the term used for the isthmus of the uterus during pregnancy
estrogen is produced by
the theca internal cells of the secondary follicles
parity
the total number of completed pregnancies that have reached the age of viability
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin
anteversion
the typical version of the uterus where the uterine body tilts forward, forming an acute angle between body and cervix
retroflexion
the uterine body tilts backward and come in contact with the cervix, forming an acute angle between body and cervix
retroversion
the uterine body tilts backward without a bend where the cervix and body meet
the ovarian cyst associated with distinctly elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin is the
theca lutein cyst
most often found in postmenopausal women and may be associated with Meigs syndrome
thecoma
which of the following is an estrogen-producing
thecoma
a serous cystadenocarcinoma looks similar to its benign counterpart with an exception...
there appears to be more prominent papillary projections and thicker septations
without estrogen and progesterone, what becomes of the ovaries?
they decrease in size, become more echogenic, and lack follicles, making them difficult to image
the pelvis can be divided into the ... pelvis, the ... pelvis, and an imaginary line known as the .... ....
true pelvis, false pelvis, linea terminalis
serum lactate dehydrogenase
tumor marker that is elevated in the presence of an ovarian dysgerminoma and other abdominal abnormalities
when the uterus has only one horn
unicornuate uterus
straight arteries
uterine radial artery branch that supplies blood to the basal layer of the endometrium
the anterior cul-de-sac is also referred to as the
vesicouterine pouch
which pelvic space is located anterior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary bladder?
vesicouterine pouch/ anterior cul-de-sac
an endometrial polyp will most often contain a small.... and have .... areas within it
vessel, cystic
a yolk sac tumor occurs in females...
younger than 20 years
dysgerminomas arise more often in patients...
younger than 30 years of age
the sonographic sign that shows only the anterior element of the mass while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing
"tip of the iceberg"
should fertilization not take place, menses begins on day... of the cycle, resulting from a lack of estrogen and progesterone
1
the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on day ... and lasts until day ..., ending with ovulation
1, 14
LH surges around day... of the menstrual cycle
14
in a serous cystadenocarcinoma case, pt may have an elevated...
CA-125 level
Menopause is also known as
Climacteric
shown to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and coronary heart disease, with possible associated reduction in risk for developing colon cancer and Alzheimer disease.
Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
hydrocolpos
Fluid accumulation within the vagina
a malignant tumor that metastasized from the GI tract, most frequently the stomach
Krunkenberg tumor
the malignant ovarian tumor with gastrointestinal origin is the
Krunkenberg tumor
progesterone negatively inhibits the production of ... by the anterior pituitary gland, resulting in the regression of the corpus luteum
LH
what stimulates ovulation?
LH
a sex cord-stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization, abnormal menstruation, and hirsutism
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Gartner duct cyst
a benign cyst located within the vagina
leiomyoma (uterine)
a benign, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus; may also be referred to as a fibroid or uterine myoma
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
a change in menstrual bleeding patterns due to either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
a change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to endocrine abnormalities, where hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding
hemorrhagic cyst
a cyst that contains blood
hysterosalpingography
a radiographic procedure that uses a dye instilled into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities
daughter cyst
a small cyst within a large cyst
papillary projections
a small protrusion of tissue
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
a syndrome resulting from hyperstimulation of the ovaries by fertility drugs; results in the development of multiple, enlarged follicular ovarian cysts
germ cell tumor
a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may also be found outside of the reproductive tract
imperforate hymen
a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina
imperforate hymen
a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, therefore resulting in an obstruction of the vagina
common iliac arteries
abdominal aortic bifurcation vessels
a change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus relates to
abnormal uterine bleeding
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation
cancer of the fallopian tubes is rare and is typically in the form of ...
adenocarcinoma
endometrial carcinoma is most often in which form?
adenocarcinoma
ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium of the uterus
adenomyosis
ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to abnormal uterine bleeding is termed
adenomyosis
endometrial hyperplasia
an increase in the number of endometrial cells
sebum
an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
fibroma
an ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor found in middle-aged women
sonohysterography
an ultrasound procedure that uses saline instillation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate fro internal abnormalities
a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is also known as
androblastoma
hydrosalpinx appears....
anechoic
dermoid cyst
another name for a cystic teratoma
chocolate cysts
another name for endometriomas
postmenopausal ovaries...
atrophy
the ... layer consists of dense, cellular stroma
basal
Nabothian cysts
benign cysts located within the cervix
cystic teratoma
benign ovarian mass that is composed of the three germ cell layers; also referred to as a dermoid cyst
thecoma
benign ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women
endometrioma
benign, blood-containing tumor that forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue; tumor associated with endometriosis
the space of Retzius is located
between the bladder and pubic bone
the most common structural defect of the uterus is the .... uterus
bicornuate
when the endometrium divides into two endometrial cavaties with a prominent concavity noted in the outline of the uterine fundus
bicornuate uterus
hematometra
blood accumulation within the uterine cavity
endometrial polyps can have many different shapes including...
broad based, pedunculated, or prolapsed through the cervix (if large enough)
the pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis is the
broad ligament
the uterus is bound laterally by the ....
broad ligaments
endometrial carcinoma
cancer of the endometrium
the ... ligament supports the cervix and extends from the lateral surface of the cervix to the lateral fornix of the vagina
cardinal
the ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the
cardinal ligament
theca internal cells
cells of the follicle that produce estrogen
the rigid component of the uterus that is located inferior to the isthmus and projects into the vagina
cervix
virilization (female)
changes within the female that are caused by increased androgens; may lead to deepening of the voice and hirsutism
secondary amenorrhea
characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle
hairlike projections within the fallopian tube are called
cilia
each fallopian tube attaches to the utuerus at the level of the..
cornua
the largest part of the uterus is the...
corpus (body)
after the corpus luteum has regressed, which structure remains?
corpus albicans
can be seen sonographicallly as a small echogenic scar on the ovary
corpus albicans
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum post regression is termed the...
corpus albicans
after the graafian follicle has ruptured, its structure is converted into the ...
corpus luteum
after the graafian follicle ruptures, it is temporarily turned into an endocrine gland in the form of the ....
corpus luteum
after the graafian follicle ruptures, the remaining structure is termed the
corpus luteum
the cystic mass commonly noted with a pregnancy is the
corpus luteum
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle is the
corpus luteum
if fertilization does occur, the endometrial thickness is maintained by the production of progesterone by the ....
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the structure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the
cumulus oophorus
the most common cause of ovarian torsion is....
cyst or mass
tamoxifen can cause what changes to the endometrium?
cystic changes and a more heterogenous and thickened appearance
the most common benign ovarian tumor is the
cystic teratoma
the ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the
cystic teratoma
the most common benign ovarian tumor
cystic teratoma or dermoid cyst
the endometrium can be divided into a... layer and a ... layer
deep/basal, superficial/functional
precocious puberty
defined as pubertal development before the age of 8; the early development of pubic hair, breast, or genitals
atresia (ovarian follicle)
degeneration of a follicle
"tip of the iceberg" sign
denotes the sonographic appearance of a cystic teratoma (dermoid) when only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing
the visualization of hair within a mass
dermoid mesh
various tissues that is the source of posterior shadowing
dermoid plug
... result from the retention of an unfertilized ovum that differentiates into three germ cell layers
dermoids
lysis
destruction or breaking down (i.e. hemolysis- the breaking down of blood components)
complete duplication of the vagina, cervix, and uterus
didelphys
some studies claim that intrauterine exposure to... has resulted in the formation of congenital malformation of the uterus
diethylstibesstrol (DES)
dysmenorrhea
difficult or painful menstruation
the primary role of the fimbria is to...
draw the unfertilized egg into the tube
endocrine abnormalities that cause abnormal vaginal bleeding are related to
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
the most common malignant germ cell tumor
dysgerminoma
the ovarian tumor associated with an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the
dysgerminoma
painful and difficult menstruation is termed
dysmenorrhea
the two phases of the proliferative phase
early and late
space of retzius
extraperitoneal space located between the bladder and sumphysis pubis that contains fat
agenesis
failure of an organ to grow during embryologic development
primary amenorrhea
failure to experiencing menarche before age 16
also referred to as oviducts, uterine tubes, or salpinges
fallopian tubes
the ovum is picked up by the fimbria of the fallopian tube and is propelled through the tube, either to be..., ..., or ....
fertilized, resorbed by the body, passed with menstruation
one of the more common suspicions in AUB is the presence of ... or .... within or abutting the uterine cavity
fibroid tumors, leiomyomas
Meigs syndrome is associated with what ovarian tumor?
fibroma
unlike thecomas, .... are not associated with hormone (estrogen) production
fibromas
fingerlike projections that extend from the infundibulum
fimbria
the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called
fimbria
hydrometrocolpos
fluid accumulation within the uterus and vagina
the hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is
follicle-stimulating hormone
the ovaries are stimulated by
follicle-stimulating hormone
the anterior pituitary gland releases which two hormones that influence the menstrual cycle?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
FSH causes the development of multiple... on the ovaries
follicles
should the graafian follicle fail to ovulate, it could continue to enlarge and result in a ...
follicular cyst
the first phase of the ovarian cycle is the
follicular phase
following menses, the ovary is in the ... phase while the endometrium is in the ... phase
follicular, proliferative
ectopic endometrial tissue is ..
functional
the ... layer of the endometrium is the component that is shed during menstruation
functional
the ... layer provides an appropriate location for implantation to occur
functional
endometriosis
functional ectopic endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus
theca lutein cysts
functional ovarian cysts that are found in the presence of elevated levels of hcg; also referred to as a theca luteal cyst
the most superior and widest portion of the uterus
fundus
the hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
the hypothalamus release what hormone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
the dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the
graafian follicle
while numerous follicles manifest, only one follicle will be maintained and become the.... prior to ovulation
graafian follicle or dominant follicle
the most common estrogenic tumor
granulosa cell tumors
pelvic diaphragm
group of pelvic muscles consisting of the levator ani and coccygeous muscles that provide support to the pelvic organs
cilia
hairlike projections within the fallopian tube
levator ani muscles
hammock-shaped pelvic muscle group located between the coccyx and pubis consisting of the iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis
multiparous
having birthed more than one child
multiloculated
having more than one internal cavity
unilocular
having only one internal cavity
menometrorrhagia
heavy and prolonged bleeding between periods
the hormones of menstruation act on the ectopic tissue just as if it were located within the uterus, causing it to...
hemorrhage
typical ovarian flow is said to be... during the menstrual and proliferative phases
high-resistant
the doppler analysis of malignant ovarian masses often reveal... because of the abnormal vessels that are created with malignancy
higher diastolic flow
follicle-stimulating hormone
hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries
human chorionic gonadotropin
hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
used to prevent menopausal symptoms
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
the corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by which hormone?
human chorionic gonadotropin
the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is
human chorionic gonadotropin
simple serous found within the tube is termed...
hydrosalpinx
pelvic bones, when visualized on sonography, will appear
hyperechoic
pelvic muscles appear
hypoechoic
the area of within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus
hypothalamus
the paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are the
iliopsoas muscles
the innominate bones consist of the ..., ..., and ...
ilium, ischium, and pubiv symphysis
linea terminalis
imaginary line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis
clinically presents with amenorrhea, cyclic abdominal pain, abdominal mass, enlarged uterus, and possible urinary retention
imperforate hymen
when both hormones are used in conjunction, act upon the endometrium and in effect....
induce a menstrual cycle
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes
the pelvic diaphragm is located
inferior near the vagina in transverse
the right ovarian vein drains directly into the
inferior vena cava
the most distal part of the fallopian tube is the
infundibulum
the two layers of the endometrium
inner functional layer, outer basal layer
the three layers of the vagina
inner mucosal layer, middle muscular layer, outer adventitia
internal iliac arteries
internal branches of the common iliac arteries
the uterine artery branches off of the
internal iliac artery
the cervix is marked superiorly by the...
internal os
the area of the uterus that is located between the corpus and cervix
isthmus
serous cystadenomas are small/large, and are often unilateral/bilateral
large, bilateral
the periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the
late proliferative phase
following ovulation, the ovary begins the ... phase while the endometrium enters the ... phase
luteal, secretory
the hormone that is responsible for ovulation is
luteinizing hormone
the two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are
luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
what is progesterone responsible for?
maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as it is prepared for implantation
abdominal aorta
major abdominal artery responsible for supplying the abdomen; pelvis, and lower extremities with oxygenated blood
yolk sac tumor (ovary)
malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary
follicular cyst
ovarian cyst that forms from the failure of the graafian follicle to ovulate
the pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the uterus is the
ovarian ligament
the pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral
ovarian ligament
a 24-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with severe left lower quadrant pain, nausea and vomiting. The osnographic examination reveals an enlarged ovary with no detectable Doppler signal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
ovarian torsion
sex cord-stromal tumors
ovarian tumors that arise from the gonadal ridges
the ovaries receive blood from the ... and .... arteries
ovarian, uterine
mittelschmerz
pain at the time of ovulation
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
dyspareunia
painful sexual intercourse
rectus abdominis muscles
paired anterior abdominal muscles that extend from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic bone
all of the following adnexal masses may appear sonographically similar to a uterine leiomyoma except
paraovarian cyst
dermoid plug
part of a dermoid tumor that contains various tissues and may produce a posterior shadowing during a sonographic examination
salpingitis is often caused by...
pelvic inflammatory disease
broad ligament
pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis
broad ligaments
pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis
cardinal ligament
pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral surface of the cervix to the lateral fornix of the vagina and houses the uterine vasculature
uterine artery embolization
procedure used to block the blood supply to a leiomyoma (fibroid)
during the second half of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation, ... is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary
progesterone
the corpus luteum primarily releases
progesterone
pseudoprecocious puberty
secondary sexual development induced by sex steroids or from other sources like ovarian tumors, adrenal tumors, or steroid use
pseudoprecocious puberty
secondary sexual development induced by sex steroids or from other sources like ovarian tumors; adrenal tumors, or steroid use
the second phase of the endometrial cycle is the
secretory phase
the testicular equivalent of an ovarian dysgerminoma is the ...
seminoma
a uterus that has two separate uterine cavities
septate uterus
the layer of the uterine wall that is continuous with the fascia of the pelvis
serosal/perimetrium layer
a 55-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of perlvic pressure, abdominal swelling, and abnormal uterine bleeding. A pelvic sonogram reveals a large, multiloculated cystic mass with papillary projections. what is the most likely diagnosis?
serous cystadenocarcinoma
what is the most common malignancy of the ovary?
serous cystadenocarcinoma
patients with yolk sac tumors present with an elevation in ...
serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
the tumor marker used for dysgerminoma is an elevatioin in...
serum lactate dehydrogenase
brenner tumors
small benign ovarian tumors
endometrial polyps
small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue
follicle
small, round groups of cells
tumor involves one or both ovaries with confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside of the pelvis and/or regional lymph node involvement
stage 3
distant metastasis beyond the peritoneal cavity
stage 4
follicle-stimulating hormone
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries
luteinizing hormone
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation
human chorionic gonadotropin
the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
the hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle
estrogen
the hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium
external os
the inferior portion of the cervix in close contact with the vagina
endometrium
the inner mucosal layer of the uterus
ampulla
the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube
the second half of the menstrual cycle is called...
the luteal phase
leiomyosarcoma
the malignant manifestation of a leiomyoma
bicornuate uterus
the most common uterine anomaly in which the endometrium divides into two horns; also referred to as bicornis unicollis
fundus (uterus)
the most superior and widest portion of the uterus
ectoderm
the outer germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into skin, hair, and nails, and other structures
perimetrium
the outer layer of the uterus; may also be referred to as the serosal layer
serosal layer (uterus)
the outermost layer of the uterus; may also be referred to as the perimetrium
the medulla contains...
the ovarian vasculature and lymphatics
the late proliferative phase is also known as
the periovulatory phase
pyosalpinx
the presence of pus within the fallopian tube
the arcuate vessels eventually become ....
the radial arteries
ovulation
the release of the mature egg from the ovary
corpus albicans
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration
cervix
the rigid region of the uterus located between the isthmus and vagina
interstitial
the segment of the fallopian tube that lies within the uterine horn (cornu)
this pelvic space contains extraperitoneal fat
the space of Retzius/retropubic space
the ovarian cyst associated with gestational trophoblastic disease is the
theca lutein cyst
the largest and least common of functional cysts
theca lutein cysts
estrogen therapy without progesterone therapy
unopposed ERT
endometrial carcinoma is associated with
unopposed estrogen therapy, nulliparity, obesity, chronic anovulation (Stein-Leventhal syndrome), estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, and the use of tamoxifen
in utero, the ovaries form in the....
upper abdomen
the ... arteries are branches of the internal iliac arteries and supply blood to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries and course along the lateral aspect of the uterus within the folds of the broad ligaments
uterine
the ... ligament supports the uterus and extends from the uterus to the sacrum
uterosacral
the proximal portion of the fallopian tube is located closest to the...
uterus
a tubular organ which extends from the external os to the cervix to the external genitalia
vagina
the ... envelop the inferior aspect of the cervix
vaginal fornices
fluid noted anterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the
vesicouterine pouch
ovarian volume can be determined with the formula...
volume = length x width x height x 0.52332
hysterosalpingography utilizes what substance for the visualization of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes
x-ray dye
a patient with an ovarian mass presents with an elevated serum alpha-fetopretein. which of the following would be the most likely?
yolk sac tumor
the second-most common malignant germ cell tumor
yolk sac tumor
Ovulation typically occurs on day... of the menstrual cycle
14
ovulation occurs approximately on day ...
14
ovulation occurs typically on day...
14
fertilization typically occurs on day ..., with the union of the egg and sperm in the fallopian tube
15
the luteal phase lasts from day... to day....
15,28
corpus luteums of pregnancy often resolve by ... weeks gestation and do not exceed ... cm
16, 3
the graafian follicle can grow as large as...
2.7cm
the average menstrual cycle lasts
28 days
the average menstrual cycle lasts...
28 days
the normal prepubertal uterus has a cervix to uterus ratio of
2:1
follicular cysts range in size from ... to ... cm
3,8
endometrial thickness during early proliferative phase
4-8mm
the measurement of the endometrium during the proliferative phase ranges from
4-8mm
endometrial carcinoma is most common in what age group?
50-65
The average age for menopause
51
endometrial thickness during periovulatory (late proliferative) phase
6-10mm
uterine prolapse
a condition that results from the weakening of the pelvic displacement of the uterus, often through the vagina
the cumulus oophorus can be seen sonographically as...
a daughter cyst
adenomyoma
a focal mass of adenomyosis
three-line sign
a periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, which the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe
serous cystadenomas appear sonographically as....
a predominately anechoic lesion that contains septations and/or papillary projections
the invasion of the endometrial tissue into the myometrium
adenomyosis
peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligament are referred to as the
adnexa
the proliferative phase occurs.... and lasts until....
after menstruation, ovulation
a significant portion of the tube because it is the location of fertilization and the area where ectopic pregnancies often embed
ampulla
the ... is the longest and most tortuous segment of the tube
ampulla
the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube is the
ampulla
the segment of the fallopian tube where fertilization typically occurs is the
ampulla
ovarian torsion
an abnormality that results from the ovary twistin on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off the blood supply to the ovary
periovulatory phase
another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation
the uterus denotes the position in which the uterine body folds forward and comes in contact with the cervix
anteflexion
cornua (uterus)
areas just inferior to the fundus of the uterus where the fallopian tubes attach bilaterally
corpus (uterus)
areas just inferior to the fundus of the uterus where the fallopian tubes attach bilaterally
radial arteries
arteries that supply blood to deeper layers of the myometrium
Meigs syndrome
ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of a benign ovarian tumor
the presence of intrauterine adhesions or synechiae within the uterine cavity that typically occur as a result of scar formation after uterine surgery, especially after a dilation and curettage (D&C)
asherman syndrome
all other follicles undergo...
atresia
all follicles except the dominant follicle will...
atrophy
mucinous cystadenomas are not often unilateral/bilateral?
bilateral
iliopsoas muscles
bilateral muscles located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest
hematometrocolpos
blood accumulation within the uterus and vagina
hematocolpos
blood accumulationi within the vagina
hematosalpinx
blood within the fallopian tube
uterine arteries
branches of the internal iliac artery that supplies blood to uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
sonographic appearance of asherman syndrome
bright bands of tissue traversing the uterine cavity
the .... ligaments support the uterus, tubes, and ovaries and extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis
broad
spiral arteries
coiled arteries that supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium
subseptate uterus
congenital malformation of the uterus that results in a normal uterine contour with an endometrium that branches into two horns
septate uterus
congenital malformation of the uterus that results in a single septum that separates two endometrial cavities
unicornuate uterus
congenital malformation of the uterus that results in a uterus with one horn
uterus didelphys
congenital malformation of the uterus that results in the complete duplication of the uterus, cervix and vagina
peristalsis
contractions that move in a wavelike pattern to propel a substance
the most common masses seen during a first-trimester sonographic examination
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the ovary consists of an outer ... and an inner....
cortex, medulla
the oocyte develops in a region called the...
cumulus oophorus
the ovum is contained within the .... of the dominant follicle
cumulus oophorus
pus and blood appear
echogenic
germ cell tumors are composed of ..., ...., and ...
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
the yolk sac tumor is also known as
endodermal sinus tumor
the most common female genital tract malignancy
endometrial carcinoma
unopposed ERT has been shown to increase the risk for developing...
endometrial carcinoma
an increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed
endometrial hyperplasia
which of the following is a tumor of ectopic endometrial tissue?
endometrioma
hemorrhage from endometriosis forms into focal areas of bloody tumors known as...
endometriomas
these lesions have been termed "chocolate cysts" because of their blood content
endometriomas
the inner mucosal layer of the uterus
endometrium
.... induces salt and water retention within the endometrium
estrogen
which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?
estrogen
the ovary produces what two hormones during the menstrual cycle?
estrogen and progesterone
During menopause, the follicles cease to mature, resulting in a considerable reduction in ... and ....
estrogen, progesterone
the corpus luteum produces small amounts of .... and large amounts of ...
estrogen, progesterone
the ovaries release ... and ...
estrogen, progesterone
ascites
excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity
hirsutism
excessive hair grown in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
external iliac arteries
external branches of the common iliac arteries
the ... is in close contact with the vagina
external os
normal ovarian flow is said to be
high resistant during menstruation and low resistant at the time of ovulation
the innominate bones of the pelvis consist of the
ischium, ilium, and pubic bones
a short and narrow segment of the tube connecting the interstitial area to the ampulla
isthmus
the short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the
isthmus
weakening of these muscles may lead to prolapse of the pelvic organs
levator ani and coccygeus muscles
the true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the
linea terminalis
subserosal (fibroid)
location of a leiomyoma in which the tumor grows outward and distorts the contour of the uterus
intramural (fibroid)
location of leiomyoma within the myometrium of the uterus
in patients with endometrial carcinoma, pulsed doppler of the uterine cavity may indicated...
low impedance flow
typical ovarian flow is said to be.... at midcycle
low-resistant
during pregnancy, the isthmus may be referred to as the...
lower uterine segment
the second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the
luteal phase
krukenberg tumor
malignant ovarian tumor that metastasizes from the gastrointestinal tract
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
malignant sex-cord stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization
yolk sac tumors are highly... and carries a...
malignant, poor prognosis
the first menstrual cycle is termed
menarche
days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle correlate with... at which time the endometrium is shed
menses
menses
menstrual bleeding
the graafian follicle contains the developing...
oocyte (egg)
the cortex involves the mass of the ovary and is the site of ....
oogenesis
the three layers of the fallopian tubes
outer serosa, middle muscular, inner mucosa
the ovaries have a dual blood supply from the....
ovarian and uterine arteries
space of Retzius
paired anterior abdominal muscles that extend from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic bone
mullerian ducts
paired embryonic ducts that develop into the female urogenital tract
obturator internus muscles
paired pelvic muscles located lateral to the ovaries
piriformis muscles
paired pelvic muscles located posteriorly that extends from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter
During a pelvic sonogram you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. what is the most likely etiology of this cyst?
paraovarian cyst
suspensory ligament of the ovary
pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovaries to the pelvic side walls
ovarian ligament
pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus
coccygeus
pelvic muscle located posteriorly within the pelvis that helps support the sacrum
arcuate arteries
peripheral arteries of the uterus that lie at the edge of the myometrium
vesicouterine pouch
peritoneal outpouching located between the bladder and the uterus; also referred to as the anterior cul-de-sac
Anterior cul-de-sac
peritoneal outpouching located between the bladder and the uterus; also referred to as the vesicouterine pouch
anterior cul-de-sac
peritoneal outpouching located between the bladder and the uterus; also referred to as the vesicouterine pouch
congenital malformations
physical defects that are present in a person at birth
the first phase of the endometrial cycle is the
proliferative phase
the endometrial cycle consists of what two phases?
proliferative, secretory
the mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is associated with a condition known as...
pseudomyxoma peritonei
vessels found in ovarian carcinoma often lack...., and thus produce a less resistive waveform pattern
smooth muscle
pedunculated
something that grows off of a stalk
used for a better visualization of polyps
sonohysterography
the arteries that directly supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium are the...
spiral arteries
the arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary are the
spiral arteries
tiny, coiled vessels that supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium
spiral arteries
estrogen initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium by encouraging the growth and expansion of the... and... within the functional layer of the endometrium
spiral arteries, glands
tumor is confined to the ovary
stage 1
tumor involves one or both of the ovaries with pelvic extension
stage 2
the radial arteries divide into the...
straight and spiral arteries
cumulus oophorus
structure that contains the developing oocyte
a uterus with a normal uterine contour with an endometrium that branches into two horns
subseptate uterus
corpus luteum
temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation
hydrosalpinx
the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the fallopian tube
amenorrhea
the absence of menstrual period
fsh is produced by
the anterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland
the anterior segment of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle
adnexa
the area located posterior to the broad ligaments, adjacent to the uterus, which contains the ovaries and fallopian tubes
hypothalamus
the area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
adenomyosis
the benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus
adenomyosis
the benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myopmetrium of the uterus
if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and becomes ...
the corpus albicans
menarche
the first menstrual cycle
proliferative phase
the first phase of the endometrial cycle
follicular phase
the first phase of the ovarian cycle
the first half of the menstrual cycle is called
the follicular phase
what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?
the follicular phase and the luteal phase
functional layer (endometrium)
the functional inner layer of the endometrium that is altered by the hormones of the menstrual cycle
mesoderm
the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the circulatory system, muscles, reproductive system, and other structures.
endoderm
the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
the dominant follicle is also known as
the graafian follicle
proliferationi
the multiplication of similar forms
myometrium
the muscular layer of the uterus
graafian follicle
the name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation
basal layer (endometrium)
the nonfunctional outer layer of the endometrium
during which half of the menstrual cycle does progesterone maintain the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
the second
secretory phase
the second phase of the endometrial cycle
luteal phase
the second phase of the ovarian cycle
isthmus (tube)
the segment of the fallopian tube that is located between the interstitial and ampulla
which pelvic space is located between the anterior wall of the urinary bladder and symphysis pubis?
the space of Retzius/retropubic space
blastocyst
the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium
cumulus oophorus
the structure that contains the developing oocyte
internal os
the superior portion of the cervix closest to the isthmus
myomectomy
the surgical removal of a myoma (fibroid) of the uterus
ovarian cystectomy
the surgical removal of an ovarian cyst
hysterectomy
the surgical removal of the uterus
corpus luteum
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle after ovulation
the .... produce hCG
trohphoblastic cells
the ..... pelvis consists of the urinary bladder, small bowel, sigmoid colon, rectum, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus
true
the urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located within the
true pelvis