Period 4 (1800-1848)
4.4 Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time.
- Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. (ex. Treaty of 1818, FL Purchase Treaty, est. markets in Mexico & porcelain/silk trade w China) - The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.
4.7 Explain the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848.
- The Panic of 1819 created demands for franchise (or suffrage) by small farmers, workingmen, and frontier settlers - The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties (ex. end of Federalists, factions in Democratic-Republican)
4. 10 Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening.
- The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants. (ex. self-made man in economics/democracy--->self-made salvation, plain/moral preaching)
4.11 Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848.
- The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements (tested for "human perfectibility" in utopian communities, Mormonism) - Americans formed new voluntary organizations (ex. American Temperance Society) that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. - Abolitionist and antislavery movements increased in the North (William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator, Frederick Douglass), contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans' rights. - A women's rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. (ex. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions)
4.1 Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.
- US began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. (white male suffrage, political parties, religious/intellectual movements inspired reform) - Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. (ex. transportation systems linking north & south economies, factories & unions, growth of urban cities) - The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. (ex. Monroe Doctrine, Western expansion of slavery)
4.5 Explain the causes and effects of the (MARKET REVOLUTION) innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.
- Regional sectors of economy formed into one economic entity that emphasized industry more over agriculture and transformed US from agrarian society to capitalist society - Market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. (ex. factory system) - Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions (ex. cotton gin, spinning machine) increased the efficiency of production methods. - Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South. (ex. Erie Canal, steamboats, Cumberland Road, railroads) - Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries increased economic interconnection between the different regions and promoted international commercial ties. (ex. Britain dependence on King Cotton South)
4.9 Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.
- A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. (ex. equality of opportunity, self-made man) - Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. (ex. transcendentalism, Greek/Roman architecture, Noah Webster's blue-backed speller, Hudson River school)
4.12 Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848.
- Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions because of slave codes (prohibited slave movement & education) - Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. - Defined the black experience and resisted slavery through maintaining unique culture (ex. keeping African names, folktales, Black preachers combined American & African elements into service) and revolting (ex. Nat Turner's Rebellion, The US vs. The Amistad)
4. 13 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.
- In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. (Thomas Dew's "positive good") - Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity (white supremacy) - As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow
4.6 Explain how and why (the MARKET REVOLUTION) innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time.
- Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing Northern cities (Irish in NE industries & German in NW farms) , while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. (ex. Cleveland, Chicago) - The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. (wealth gap) - Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets - Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. (ex. cult of domesticity, Lowell system)
4.2 Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic.
- National political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. (ex. barbary pirates, Federalist vs. Democratic Republicans, Jefferson abolished whiskey tax, war hawks, Hartford Convention) - Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. (ex. judicial review in Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland) - Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. government sought influence and control over North America through a variety of means, including exploration and diplomatic efforts. (ex. Lewis & Clark expedition)
4.8 Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.
- New political parties (Democrats (Jackson) v. Whigs (Clay)) disagreed about the roles and power of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. (ex. Tariff of 1828 or Tariff of "Abominations", nullification crisis in South Carolina, Jackson's veto on bank recharter) - Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations (ex. Indian Removal Act, Worcester v. Georgia, Treaty of New Echota)
4.3 Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic.
- Political leaders' based their position on slavery and economic policy on regional issues, not national concerns. - Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country - Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery
NOW TRY: Explain the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800 to 1848
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