PERIOD 6 TEST!
AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION (1887)
- a political party that pursued nativist goals and voted against Catholic candidates for office - The organization created by American nativists that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. - American nativists, who disliked Catholics and minority groups, organized the American Protective Association in 1887. It tried to limit immigration and block the upward mobility of newly arrived "new" immigrants.
Wounded Knee Massacre
150 men, women, and children killed Last battle of American Indian Wars In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed
Reapers
1837, Invented by Cyrus McCormick a device that cuts grain. Farmers could double crop size and cut grain quickly. McCormick's invention vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer.
Ex Parte Crow Dog
1883 Supreme court recognized that Native American Nations have authority regarding criminal jurisdiction on their lands Court ruled that no Indian was a citizen unless Congress designated him so. Major Crimes Act of 1885 - which takes away Indian Sovereignty Wards of the government
Battle of Little Bighorn
2nd Sioux War led by Crazy Horse and Chief Sitting Bull Sioux upset with: - Reservation policy - Prospectors in Black Hills - Sitting Bull refused to sell Black Hills and move to a reservation - Custer attacks near Little Bighorn River (1876) - Sioux and Cheyenne warriors win - Last major military victory for Plains Indians - Custer's Last Stand In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died → sioux are upset with people looking for gold in the black hills → refuse to sell land → start war against US troops → Custer at the top of the hill (led to the US army gathering more troops to wipe out the natives)
Andrew Carnegie (BESSEMER STEEL)
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. - By 1900 America was producing as much steel as Britain and Germany combined. The ___ process, a method of making cheap steal, made in the 1850s, caused this increase production of steel. It was named after a derided British inventor, although an American had stumbled on it a few years earlier. William __, a Kentucky manufacturer of iron kettles, discovered that cold air blown on red-hot iron caused the metal to become white-hot by igniting the carbon and thus eliminating impurities. He tried to apply the "air boiling" technique to his own product, but his customers decried "___'s fool steel," and his his business declined. Gradually the ____ process won acceptance, and these two "crazy men" ultimately made possible the present steel civilization.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry. - Stiff-necked President Cleveland did not look kindly on effective regulation. But Congress ignored his grumbling indifference and passed the epochal ___ in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. Most important, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to administer and enforce new legislation.
Grandfather Clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor Mark Twain The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today Satire of graft, materialism, and corruption
"NEW IMMIGRATION" FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE
A new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty. They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from both Southern and Eastern Europe, and also from the Middle East. In the 1890s, their numbers first began to increase, and the numbers continued to increase for the next three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and boosted America's foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated against.
Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads)
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron". - Sold his ferry business - Invested in Railroads - Bought up smaller companies and created choke points to force others to sell to him ---- Railroads need iron, so spurred iron production and in turn other industries that were needed - coal, oil, steel, machine parts, etc - The success of the western lines was facilitated by welding together and expanding the older eastern networks, notably the _____. The genius in this enterprise was "Commodore" ___. Having made his millions in steamboating, he daringly turned, in his late sixties, to a new career in railroading. Offering superior railway service at a lower rates, he amassed a fortune of $100 million.
Chinatown
A section of an urban area with a large Chinese population; Sections of cities like San Francisco with large Chinese populations. They had organizations in charge of unions, social services, and festivals, as well as thongs, which were secret and violent societies. An immigrant community for the Chinese. Functioned as benevolent societies, filled many roles that political machines often served in immigrant communities in eastern cities. Led by prominent merchants (Six Companies). Organizations became brokers, unions, arbitrators of disputes, defenders against outside persecution, dispensers of social service.
Granger Laws
A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates; a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. The main goal of the Grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. When a company acquires other companies in the same industry to grow the company, decrease competition, diversify, or reach new markets and customers
Advertising
Advertising came of age following the wartime propaganda of WWI. Advertisers sought to associate products with different lifestyles, glamor, prestige.
George Washington Carver
African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts. Some southern farmers sought to diversify their farming to escape the trap of depending entirely on cotton. George, an African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. His work played an important role in shifting southern agriculture toward a more diversified base.
New South
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role. The New South ideology was an important force behind ending Presidential Reconstruction (Radical Reconstruction had already ended by this point) and bringing about the Compromise of 1877, which gave the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the removal of United States troops from the South. This effectively ended any legal protections African Americans had received after being emancipated. The new south was supposed to be industrial, thriving middle class and democratic. Economically, although the South did develop some textile mills, the majority of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of capitalists, not spread out among white workers to create a middle class. Socially, racial violence flourished. Lynchings and other forms of racial violence were routinized into the fabric of southern life, as was Jim Crow segregation. - Southern industrial lag Physically devastated, lack of capital, illiteracy, lack internal improvements, scarcity - New South Advocates Plenty of natural resources, cheap labor, southern textile mills Bottom line: Expansion of Southern industry
Cyrus Field (TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH)
American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.
Frederick Jackson Turner
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
American troops captured Manila on August 13, 1898, allowing the focus to turn to Hawaii, the "Crossroad of the Pacific." An annexation resolution of Hawaii was rushed through Congress and approved by McKinley on July, 7, 1898. By 1900, residents of Hawaii were granted US citizenship and received full territorial status. (stepping stones across the Pacific). Although independent, Hawaii already had close economic ties with the U.S. in the late 19th century, and its economy was dominated by American-owned sugar plantations that employed native islanders and Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino laborers. In 1893, a group of American planters organized a rebellion that overthrew the Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani, and in 1898, the U.S. annexed the Hawaiian island, reflecting its growing empire during the Age of Imperialism.
Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process. Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Ellis Island
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy. Immigration station for European immigrants located in the New York Harbor 1892-1954, Many European immigrants passed through Ellis Island, while many Asian immigrants passed through Angel Island., Opened in 1892 as an immigration center. New arrivals had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.
J.P. Morgan (Banking)
An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901. Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Homestead Act (benefits & drawbacks)
Any citizen or prospective citizen can purchase 160 acres of public land for $30 yearly after living on it for five years; 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years; 160 acres, $30, 5 years Had to occupy and improve the land Advertised BENEFITS: Built new farms using technology such as steel plows and barbed wire New markets, Incorporate West into U.S. DRAWBACKS: Lifestyle not sustainable - bank loans, railroad dependency, climate, crop specialization, arid land, harsh conditions Clashes with Native Americans Marketplace rewarded economies of scale
"Kill the Indian, Save the Man"
Beginning in 1887, the federal government attempted to "Americanize" Native Americans, largely through the education of Native youth. By 1900 thousands of Native Americans were studying at almost 150 boarding schools around the United States. The U.S. Training and Industrial School founded in 1879 at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, was the model for most of these schools. Boarding schools like Carlisle provided vocational and manual training and sought to systematically strip away tribal culture. They insisted that students drop their Indian names, forbade the speaking of native languages, and cut off their long hair
Dawes Severalty Act
Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes. The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land. Break up tribal land into individual homesteads Land not used for allotment sold to non-Indians 15 million "surplus" acres → Oklahoma Land Rush '89 - Promised Native Americans citizenship and American status if "civilized"
Steel Industry - leaders - examples - methods used in industry - inventions - impact
Captains: Andrew Carnegie, JP Morgan Example: Carnegie Steel, U.S. Steel Corp First billion dollar company Method: Vertical integration (Gustavus Swift) technology, predatory pricing Inventions: Bessemer process Impact: steel allows for larger construction (b/c steel is stronger than iron)
Railroad Industry - leaders - examples - methods used in industry - invention - impact
Captains: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, JP Morgan Examples: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Pennsylvania RR, NY Central RR Methods: Merge, sell stock (investments), corporate kickbacks, "acquire large scale corporations" Inventions: Steam engine, refrigerated cars, telegram Impact: the driver of economy (huge impact on all economies)
Chinese Immigration
Chinese immigrants pour in after 1848. By 1880, 200,000 were living in the U.S. They were too industrious, causing hostile treatment from white Americans, later becoming racism from white Americans competing for jobs on the west coast. Mostly between 1848 and 1880. Fleeing their poverty-stricken land, Chinese people immigrated across the Pacific, mainly in California. They were seen as a hard-working, valuable class. However, Americans felt as if they were threatening their job opportunities s they became racist towards them. Almost all Chinese immigrants came as free laborers. Whites became hostile towards them in part because the Chinese were so industrious and successful and were seen as rivals. In the early 1850s, large numbers of Chinese immigrants worked in the gold mines. A series of laws in the 1850s were designed to discourage Chinese immigration into the territory. Many Chinese were driven out of prospecting. Beginning in 1865, railroad employment rose for the Chinese. Conditions for this job were very unpleasant.
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west; Pacific Railway Act 1862 Union Pacific East to West Central Pacific West to East Federal government helped Land grants, loans, subsidies
Morrill Land Grant Act
Congress set aside 140 million acres of federal land to be sold by the states to raise money for public universities, fostering technical expertise and scientific research
Union Pacific Railroad
Deadlock in the 1850s over the proposed transcontinental railroad was broken when the South seceded, leaving the field to the North. In 1862, Congress made provisions for starting the long-awaited line. (One argument for actions was the urgency of bolstering the Union by binding the Pacific Coast more securely to the rest of the Republic). The ____ was thus commissioned by Congress to thrust westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The laying of rails began in earnest after the Civil War ended in 1865, and with juicy loans and land grants available, the "groundhog" promoters made all possible haste. Sweaty construction gangs, containing many Irish "Paddies" (Patricks) who had fought in the Union armies, worked at a frantic pace. When hostile Indians attacked in futile efforts to protect what once rightfully had been their land, the laborers would drop their picks and seize their rifles. Scores of men - both Indians and workers - lost their lives as the rails stretched ever westward. IRISH LABOR!!!!!!
SOUTHERN FARMERS' ALLIANCE (1875)
During the 1870s, farmers in the West and South were afflicted by falling prices, mounting debt and climbing interest rates. A response to these conditions was found in 1877 with the creation of the Southern Farmers' Alliance (formally the national Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union). The SFA grew when the Grange movement was declining as a force for reform. During the 1880s, the SFA claimed more than three million members, many of them involved in cotton production. Only whites were accepted for membership; the blacks would form a similar, but separate group. The primary concerns of the Southern Farmers' alliance were twofold: - Purchasing Issues. Southern farmers attempted to band together to purchase equipment and supplies in bulk for price breaks. - Marketing Issues. Farm prices had been declining since the early 1870s, which provoked farmers' increasing resentment of middlemen's fees. Impetus grew to discover ways to bypass them. Tension developed over the question of affiliation with a political party. Some members believed that cooperative ventures were less beneficial than an expansion of the currency, creating support for the greenback movement and later the free silver cause. The Alliance proved to be incapable of confronting the farm overproduction issue. The Alliance supported the Populist Party in the Election of 1892, but declined rapidly in its aftermath.
Henry Grady
Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world. Henry Grady, an Atlanta journalist, is credited with coining the term "The New South" in his editorials. Instead of building a society that had at its foundation slavery and agriculture, "The new South presents a perfect democracy...a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core; a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace; and a diversified industry that meets the complex needs of this complex age".
COLORED FARMERS' ALLIANCE (1886)
Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farmworkers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.
PAP SINGLETON AND THE EXODUSTERS (1879)
Exodusters were blacks who left the South after the collapse of Radical Republican rule in search of a haven from racism and poverty in the West. Their movement sparked much criticism from prominent black civil rights advocates such as Frederick Douglass who believed it set a precedent for the black race to flee from its problems rather than stand and fight them. Southern whites, fearing loss of labor supply, eventually blocked access to Mississippi River=attempt to maintain power and old hierarchy. Pap Singelton was born a slave, led 200 followers to Kansas where he bout 75000 acres of Indian land and established Dunlop community in response to Jim Crow Laws.
Standard Oil Trust (1882)
FIRST IN ITS FIELD, Founded by Rockefeller, ORIGIN OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM OF MODERN ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION, *REVOLUTIONIZED THE WAY OF DOING BUSINESS ALL OVER THE WORLD* (553). Rockefeller received significant rebates from the railroads and made his own oil barrels, built pipelines and oil storage facilities, and bought tank cars to reduce expenses. These methods of vertical integration allowed Standard Oil to cut prices and drive competitors out of business. The company also led the way in horizontal integration, controlling businesses in the same industry. In 1882, Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Trust, which controlled upward of 95 percent of the refining capacity in the United States. As gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared, and he is often regarded as the richest person in history. His method of philanthropy targeted giving; he gave to education, medicine, and scientific research. - Rockefeller perfected a device for controlling bothersome rivals - the "__." Stockholders in various small oil companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of his ____ Company, formed in 1870. It then consolidated and concerted the operations of the previously competing enterprises. Ruthlessly wielding vast power, ____ soon cornered virtually the entire world petroleum market. Weaker competitors, left out of the __ agreement, were forced to the wall.
FARM MECHANIZATION LED TO INCREASED MIGRATION TO CITIES
Farm Mechanization was caused by the introduction of new technology into the farming business and decreased the number of jobs for the "people" and increased the indebtedness of farmers (all wanted to buy machines they could not afford) this caused farmers to move to cities to get new jobs in factories. - Economic miracles wrought during the decades after the Civil War enormously increased the wealth of the Republic. The standard of living rose sharply, and well-fed American workers enjoyed more physical comforts than their counterparts in any other industrial nation. Urban centers mushroomed as the insatiable factories demanded more American labor and as immigrants swarmed like honeybees to the new jobs.
Grange 1867
Farming cooperatives, farmers share supplies; Organization that brought farmers together to promote their economic and political interests.
Pacific Railway Act
Federal governmental support to build the first transcontinental railroad; 1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
National Bank Act
Forced banks to buy U.S. Treasury bonds financing the War; It raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.
Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889
Former Indian territory was opened to white settlement in 1889. Possession was through a land run - whoever could stake their claim first. - Some 50,000 settlers competed in the race and it marked the last of the government lands being opened for settlement in the West. Followed on from Dawes Act by giving free land to white settlers on a first-come-first-served basis, causing thousands travelling to Oklahoma to claim land the Indians did not want.
poll taxes and literacy tests
How Southern states got around the 15th Amendment, guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote. these were 2 methods used by southern politicians to prevent African-Americans from voting
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN (1896)
In the 1880s, black reformers began organizing their own groups. In 1896, they founded the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), which became the largest federation of local black women's clubs. Suffragist Mary Church Terrell became the first president of the NACW. Suffrage was an important goal for black female reformers. Unlike predominantly white suffrage organizations, however, the NACW advocated for a wide range of reforms to improve life for African Americans. Jim Crow laws in the South enforced segregation. Black students had fewer opportunities to receive a good education, much less go to an elite college, than white students. The 1896 Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson supported Jim Crow laws as long as segregated facilities were "separate but equal." But, as the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case ruled, separate facilities were never equal. The NACW's motto was "Lifting as We Climb." They advocated for women's rights as well as to "uplift" and improve the status of African Americans. For example, black men officially had won the right to vote in 1870. Since then, impossible literacy tests, high poll taxes, and grandfather clauses prevented many of them from casting their ballots. NACW suffragists wanted the vote for women and to ensure that black men could vote too. Racism persisted even in the most socially progressive movements of the era. The National American Woman Suffrage Association, the dominant white suffrage organization, held conventions that excluded black women. Black women were forced to march separately in suffrage parades. Furthermore, the History of Woman Suffrage volumes by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in the 1880s largely overlooked the contributions of black suffragists in favor of a history that featured white suffragists. The significance of black women in the movement was overlooked in the first suffrage histories, and is often overlooked today.
Alexander Graham Bell (TELEPHONE)
Invented the telephone - One of the most ingenious inventions was the ___, introduced by ______ in 1876. A teacher of the deaf who was given a dead man's ear to experiment with, he remarked that if he could make the mute talk, he could make the iron speak. America was speedily turning into a nation of "telephoniacs," as a gigantic communications network was built on his invention. The social impact of this instrument was further revealed when an additional army of "number please" women was attracted from the stove to the switchboard. ___ boys were at first employed as operators, but their profanity shocked patrons.
Reasons for Industrial Revolution
It made production a lot easier and more efficient and also the advancements of technology. Inventions, labor, capital, and government involvement
Chief Joseph and Nez Perce
Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations. Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tried to flee to the Canadian border Rebelling against federal reservation policy Surrendered 1877 just short of the border, Yellowstone General Howard, Captain Miles impressed with Nez Perce fighting skill "I will fight no more forever" --> surrender: He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. His people didn't want gold hunters to trespass on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people, Chief Joseph tried retreating to Canada. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in 1877.
CITY BEAUTIFUL" MOVEMENT
Led by National Municipal League, fought to make city gov. non-partisan, brought administrative techniques of large corporations to cities, expanded use of apptd administrators and career civil servants. It failed because it did not provide social services and did not help immigrants and even verbally attacked them.
Impact of Plessy v Ferguson
Led to more discriminatory laws being enacted Set a precedent; allowed 'separate but equal,' also known as segregation, to become law in the United States. After this, Jim Crow laws, which were a system of laws meant to discriminate against African Americans, spread across the U.S.
Jim Crow Laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights; Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites. The Jim Crow Laws were sets of laws that segregated African Americans from the Whites. The legitimacy of such laws was validated by Plessy v. Ferguson. Some of these laws effectively banned blacks from voting, and allowed violence against blacks.
Cattle Trails
Longhorns from Texas were driven along these to railheads in the Great Plains where they were shipped east. This was a booming business until people began to close in their land. The cattle drives were the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East
Women's Suffrage in West
Many people went out west for gold and women found new rights there. Gained suffrage in Wyoming in 1869 (first place to allow women to vote); Wyoming 1869, Utah 1870 Elected officials Women's role in West = Critical Female employment outside the home WOMEN = STABILITY!
railroad effect on industrialization, mining, agriculture
More than any other single factor, the railroad network spurred the amazing industrialization of the post-Civl War years. The puffing locomotives opened up fresh markets for manufactured goods and sped raw materials to factories. The forging of rails themselves generated the largest single source of orders for the adolescent steel industry. The screeching iron horse likewise stimulated mining and agriculture, esp. in the West. It took farmers out to their land, carried the fruits of their toil to market, and brought them their manufactured necessities. Clusters of farm settlements paralleled the railroads, just as earlier they had followed rivers.
Anti-Lynching Crusade
Movement against the illegal mob execution of African Americans in the South, led by Ida B. Wells. - movement by the NAACP and women to end lynching in the south (shocker there). Wished for a federal law to make lynching illegal. Ida Wells Barnett was an avid crusader against it.
Benefits and Drawbacks of the Transcontinental Railroad
National economy Govern more easily "Settle" West Settled CW debt DRAWBACKS: Fighting with the natives/destruction of their territory More fraud in government Extinction of the Buffalo
Reasons for Growth of Industry
New technologies Discovery of new materials Productive processes Manufacturing surpassed agriculture by 1820, 1) Mechanical inventions 2) Corporations- Stock, limited liability 3) Factory System- Samuel Slater (Father of American Factory System), New England- had most b/c waterpower for driving machines/ easy port access factories 4)Labor- 5) Unions- trade/ craft unions in major cities obsticles- cheap immigrant labor taking their jobs, eco depressions w/ high unemployment From an agricultural, artisanal society to an industrialized, urbanized society. Raw materials (lumber, coal, iron, oil, etc.) Rapid population increase and expansion West Immigrant labor supply Large market for industrial goods Capital (European and wealthy American investors) Labor saving technology (Steam engine, kerosene, electric power) Government policies (Protective tariffs, RR subsidies, loans, land grants)
Carlisle Indian School
Off reservation schools Assimilation Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught Engilsh and white values/customs. Motto of founder: "Kill the Indian and save the man."
James Duke
Owner of an American Tobacco Company, which established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials. Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.
HORATIO ALGER'S "RAGS TO RICHES" DIME NOVELS
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work Horatio Alger wrote a series of dime novels that often features a poor boy who achieves success in the world. That success is usually the result of a bit of luck and a bit of pluck.Perpetrated the myth that anyone could make it in Gilded Age America Ragged Dick 1867 rags to riches success story - He was a Puritan-reared New Englander, who in 1866 forsook the pulpit for the pen. Deeply interested in NY newsboys, he wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction that sold over 100 million copies. His stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor - a kind of survival of the purest, esp. nonsmokers, nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars. Although his own bachelor life was criticized, he implanted morality and the conviction that there is always room at the top (esp. if one is lucky enough to save the life of the boss's daughter and marry her).
Native Americans in the Frontier
Prior contact: Explorers, conquerors, settlers Antebellum Congress reserved the Great Plains for nomadic peoples Great diversity among Plains Indian tribes Northern Plains - Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho Southern Plains - Pawnee, Comanche The buffalo Life revolved around migration 1872-1875 9 million killed
Central Pacific Railroad
Rail laying at the California end was undertaken by the ____. This line pushed boldly eastward from boomtown Sacramento, over and through the towering, snow-clogged Sierra Nevada. For farseeing men - the so-called Big Four (ex-governor Leland Stanford and Collis P. Huntington) - were the chief financial bankers of the enterprise. The railway, which was granted the same princely subsidies as the Union Pacific, had the same incentive to haste. Some ten thousand Chinese laborers, sweating from dawn to dusk under their basket hats, proved to be cheap, efficient, and expendable (hundred lost their lives in premature explosions and other mishaps). CHINESE LABOR!!!!!!!!
FEDERAL AND STATE LOANS AND LAND GRANTS TO TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADS
Recognizing that western railroads would lead the way to settlement, the federal government provided railroad companies with huge subsidies in the form of loans and land grants. The government expected that the railroad would make every effort to sell the land to new settlers to finance construction. Furthermore, it was hoped that the completed railroad would both increase the value of government lands and provide preferred rates for carrying the mails and transporting troops. However, the land grants and cash loans (1) promoted hasty and poor construction and (2) led to widespread corruption in all levels of government - gov't gave alternating squares of land to the railroad. Gov't benefited with westward expansion (railroad attracted people), railroad benefited with more land. - Land grants to railroads were made in broad belts along the proposed route. Within these belts the railroads were allowed to chose alternative mile-square sections in checkerboard fashion. But until they determined the precise location of their tracks and decided which sections were the choicest selections, the railroads withheld all the land from the other users. President Cleveland put an end to this foot-dragging practice in 1887 and threw open to settlement the still-unclaimed public portions of the land-granted areas. Granting land was a "cheap" way to subsidize a much-desired transportation system, because it avoided new taxes for direct cash grants.
Ghost Dance Movement
Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion. It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could, through sacred dances, resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic. The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement. - Resurrect the bison - Create a storm to drive Whites back across the Atlantic - Last Resort, Pan-Indian identity and cooperation - Federal government sent 7th Cavalry to stop Ghost Dance Movement, disarm the Lakota, and capture Sitting Bull the Sioux turned to Prophet Wovoka, a Paiute who inspired an ecstatic spiritual awakening that began in Nevada and spread quickly to the plains. The new revival emphasized the coming of the messiah; its most conspicuous feature was the "Ghost Dance", which inspired ecstatic visions that many participants believed were genuinely mystical.
Purchase of Alaska, 1867
Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with Britain. Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mixed, with opponents calling it "Seward's Folly", feeling that U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, the primary American negotiator, got the worst of the bargain. After rich oil and mineral reserves were found it is now seen as a great bargain. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1959. Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States in 1859, believing the United States would off-set the designs of Russia's greatest rival in the Pacific, Great Britain. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. For three decades after its purchase, the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly," but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike goldfields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959.
Normal Schools
Schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers.
Hull House
Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.
Homesteaders Motivation
Settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act; To better themselves economically and African American Exodusters (Arrived as families)
Textile Mills in the South
Souths cheap labor force, need for new economic boom, and new technologies created new mills which were automatic and required little skill - women were cheap labor and usually worked in textile mills and food processing plants - over 18% of all children between the ages of 10 to 15 were employed in textile and shoe factories - In manufacturing cotton textiles, the South fared considerably better (than in steel). Southerners had long resented shipping their fiber to New England, and now their cry was "Bring the mills to the cotton." Beginning about 1880, northern capital began to erect cotton mills in the South, largely in response to tax benefits and the prospect of cheap and non-unionized labor. The textile mills proved a mixed blessing to the economically blighted South. They slowly wove an industrial thread into the fabric of southern life, but at a considerable human cost. Cheap labor was the South's major attraction for potential investors, and keeping labor cheap became almost a religion among southern industrialists. Rural southerners - virtually all of them white, for blacks were excluded from all but the most menial jobs in the mills - poured out of the hills and hollows to seek employment in the hastily erected company mill towns.
Atlanta Compromise (1895)
Speech made by Booker T Washington in which he urged African Americans to accept disenfranchisement and segregation for the time being, working for economic advancement instead. A speech by Booker T. Washington that called for the black community to strive for economic prosperity before attempting political and social equality.
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans were "an ignorant and dependent race" and "wards of the state" so therefore had no rights and the government was able to revoke all treaties; A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties. - Congress can make whatever Indian policies it chose Ignoring previous treaties
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Social Darwinism, advocated by much of the upper class in the post Civil War era, is a theory comparing the studies of Charles Darwin to the social and economic class of humans. Essentially, it was a belief that encompasses the idea that those that were rich were rich and those that were poor were poor due to the natural selection of the social class and society. This theory of Social Darwinism allowed the formation of a basis for many people who supported the laissez-faire style of economy. Application of Darwin's theory of evolution, the fittest and wealthiest survive, the weak and poor parish, and government action is unable to alter this "natural" process. - Most defenders of wide-open capitalism relied more heavily on the ____ theories of English philosopher Herbert Spencer and Yale professor William Graham Sumner. Later mislabeled "______," Spencer and Sumner owed less to English evolutionary naturalist Charles Darwin than to British laissez-faire economists David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus. In fact, Spencer, not Darwin, coined the phrase "______." Whereas Darwin stressed adaption, these social thinkers emphasized the rigidity of natural law, while occasionally borrowing evolutionary jargon to engage contemporary audiences. = The idea that millionaires were the fittest and naturally selected; individuals were successful or not because of their innate "fitness" - society benefited from the elimination of the unfit and the survival of the strong and talented. Later evolves to Eugenics
TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH CABLE (1866)
The first transatlantic telegraph cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Foilhommerum, Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Heart's Content, in eastern Newfoundland. The transatlantic cable bridged North America and Europe, and expedited communication between the two. Whereas it would normally take at least ten days to deliver a message by ship, it now took a matter of minutes by telegraph
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York. The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.
PAUL LAWRENCE DUNBAR'S LYRICS OF LOWLY LIFE (1896),
The poems written in standard English in Lyrics of Lowly Life cover conventional topics, including the poet, nature in all its moods, love requited and unrequited, youth, aging, birth, and death. Born in Dayton, Ohio, on June 27, 1872, Paul Laurence Dunbar was one of the first African American literary figures to garner critical acclaim on a national scale. Although he lived just thirty-three years, Dunbar's contributions in a variety of genres left a legacy that endures today. In 1975, Mr. William Shepard presented Special Collection and Archives with a nearly complete, inscribed collection of Dunbar's first edition books. The collection originally belonged to Dr. Henry Tobey, Mr. Shepard's grandfather and Dunbar's frequent patron. Mr. Shepard's gift honors Paul Laurence Dunbar's literary legacy and connection to Dayton.
Treaty of Paris 1898
The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president. a scandal that formed when a group of union pacific railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves to build the railroad with inflated wages. they bribed several congressmen and the vice president to keep the scandal from going public.
RUSSELL CONWELL'S ACRES OF DIAMONDS SERMON
This was a lecture written by Russell Conwell that advocated Social Darwinism It justified the rich being rich and the poor being poor and, it called people not to help the poor since it was their fault, thus promoting a laissez faire ideal.
Montgomery Ward
United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913). sent its first catalog out in 1872. These catalogs were for people that desired an item that wasn't at the local general store, so the farmers would buy stuff over the mail-order catalogs.
barbed wire
Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier; Invented in 1874 by Joseph Glidden. Helped farmers to fence in their land when lumber was scarce on the Great Plains. Helped close the cattle frontier when the open range was cut off by homesteaders (settlers of the West) who used barbed wire.
Transformation of Native American Life
War and conquest Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Ineffective, costly, brutal christian reformers Reservation policy Reservation wars Bad land Bureau of Indian Affairs Encroachment Land, disease, cultural imperialism Loss of buffalo → most battles ended up being massacres because of where the end up → bureau of indian affairs is meant to manage the american indians → they do not want to be on that land and there are not economic means (no buffalo) → substance abuse become prevalent for natives
John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Rockefeller was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by its large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger. - He came to dominate the oil industry. Born to a family of precarious income, he became a successful businessman at age 19. In 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, nucleus of the great trust formed in 1882. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the country.
holding company
a company created to buy and possess the shares of other companies, which it then controls. a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies
Near Monopoly
a single firm that has the bulk of sales in a specific market - Railroad kings were, for a time, virtual industrial monarchs. As manipulators of a huge natural monopoly, they exercised more direct control over the lives of more people than did the president of the US - and their terms were not limited to four years. They increasingly shunned the crude bloodletting of cutthroat competition and began to cooperate with one another to rule the railroad dominion. Sorely pressed to show at least some returns on their bloated investments, they entered into defensive alliances to protect precious profits. The earliest form of combination was the "___" - an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
combines
agricultural machines that cut, thresh, and clean a grain crop in one operation
dry farming
farming method used in dry regions in which land is plowed and planted deeply to hold water in the soil; a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
Buffalo Extinction
herds of these that sustained native Americans for thousands of years disappeared by 1890s; along with passenger pigeons
Settlement Houses
institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people. Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent. A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, the instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle-class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.
Bonanza Farming
large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory); very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period
Open Door Notes
message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.
Little Italy
one of the oldest immigrant neighborhoods in New York City of italian immigrants. Between 1860 and 1880, 68,500 Italians moved to New York. By 1920, 391,000 Italians lived in the city. Hometown loyalties divided Little Italy into regionally-specific neighborhoods. The Northern Italians settled along Bleeker Street while the Genoese claimed Baxter Street. Those from Western Sicily grouped themselves together along Elizabeth Street. One of the oldest immigrant neighborhoods in New York City of Italian immigrants where they lived together to escape discrimination and to experience their culture.
NATIONAL FARMERS' ALLIANCE (1877)
organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads. - Largest farmer-based movements - Causes: drought, plunging prices (no crops or too many crops), corruption of wealth and power
Cow Towns
places where the cattle was herded to to be loaded onto a train and shipped back east. "cowboys" wanted a place to stay or something to eat so towns were built around these railroad stops.
Morril Tariff
reversed the years of declining tariffs. By the end of the Civil War, tariff had nearly tripled. Congress also gave vast tracts of western land and nearly 65 million in loans to western railroad; Signed into law by Buchanan to protect infant northern industries and promote domestic economic growth
Robber Baron vs. Captain of Industry
robber baron: Someone in business who uses questionable means for making money and running their business while getting rich. Captain of industry: An industrialist who contributed to the country positively through increased productivity, providing more jobs, and philanthropy.
Frontier Thesis
stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over Turner's idea; The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.
Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864
the gov. gave large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads. The railroads sold portions of their land to arriving settlers for large profits; were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) was the original act that approved the construction of the railroad. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (12 Stat. 807), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (13 Stat. 356), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (13 Stat. 504), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866.
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Business Pool
union of different companies in the same/similar area of business; Agreement between companies to share profits and control companies to fix prices
Laissez-faire policies
which allowed businesses to work under minimal government regulation; Laissez Faire Capitalism. "Laissez Faire" is French for "leave alone" which means that the government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities. It is the separation of economy and state. There are two ways that a government typically is tempted to interfere with the economy. In economics, this means allowing the industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.
