PERIOD 7-A 1890-1945 Study Exam Review
What was the American Indian Citizenship Act (1924)?
-Made all American Indians citizens of the United States with full voting rights
What were the American opinions of the Rebellion in Cuba?
-Many favored the Cubans, reminded them of Americas own struggle for democracy/freedom against Great Britain -Brutality of Spanish forces encouraged Sympathy -Business people worried about US economic interests in Cuba and hoped that Spain would put down the rebellion quickly
Who were the ones who generally joined Progressivism?
-Many leaders arose from the middle class whos power and influence was rapidly spreading -Dissatisfied industrial workers -came from all social and political parties, ethnic groups and religions
What were the affects of Plessy V. Ferguson (1896)?
-Many progressives shared the same prejudice against non whites that others held at the time -Agreed on the idea that darker skinned peoples had less intelligence than whites -Used this ideal to justify the passage of laws that kept African Americans from Voting
Why was the progressive era not so progressive for others?
-Most progressives were Anglo-Saxon Protestant reformers who were indifferent or hostile to minorities -Tried to make the US a model place to follow white middle class ways of life
What was the Federal Trade Commission?
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. -monitor things that might lead to a monopoly
What were the Rough Riders?
A group of men Teddy Roosevelt put together to fight in Cuba. Included Harvard Polo players and Cowboys from the West.
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?
Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling -Called for the FDA-Food and Drug Administration
How did mass media influence the public's dislike of the Spanish Government?
Publications called the Yellow Press made by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer that exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared the Cuban rebels to the Rebels in the American Revolution.
How was Hawaii annexed?
Queen Liliuokalani, was overthrown by party of businessmen in 1893, who then imposed a provisional government
How did modernism contrast with rural americans?
Tended to embrace a more traditional view on religion, science and culture as they missed out on leisure and did not fully participate in the new consumer frenzies
What were eugenics?
That the human race can be improved by controlling which people have children -That intelligence and other favorable social traits were inheritable characteristics passed on from ones parents, and were more prominent in some races than others
What was Wilsons peace without victory?
That there should be peace with no one ups on one another
What was the prosperity of the 1920s boosted by?
The free enterprise system, scientific advances, inventive technologies
What was the battle of San Juan Hill?
The main battle of the Spanish-American war. Roosevelt's Rough Riders took the lead but African-American regiments bore the brunt of the fighting. Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor tried to run through and American blockade and was destroyed. Spain surrendered days later.
What were German U-boats?
submarines used against Allied supply ships and non-military ships from neutral nations
What was the 18th amendment about?
Prohibition of alcohol
How did Harding die?
heart attack
What was guerrilla warfare?
hit and run tactics
What were some reforms that needed to be made in the workplace?
-Long hours, poor ventilation, hazardous fumes, and unsafe machinery -Workers died on the job, many were injured
What were the similarities between the Populist (late 1800s) and Progressivism movements?
--Both wanted to get rid of corrupt government officials and make government more responsive to people's needs -sought to eliminate the perceived abuses of big business
Was the Russo-Japanese War solved?
--Theodore President who is now president, intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty --For his efforts he won a Nobel Peace Prize -Displayed Americas growing role in world affairs
Who was Jane Addams?
-A leading figure in the settlement house movement -Founded the Hull House, made significant social and economic contributions to the poor
What was the economic problem of the US that caused imperialism?
-A surplus of goods, Americans were making more than they could consume -excess production caused a drop in prices for farmers -Industrialists urged for the expanding of trade overseas markets where American commodities could be sold
What was Calvin Coolidge views on businesses?
-Admired productive business leaders, creation of wealth benefited the nation as a whole -reduced national debt, trimming federal budget, and lowering taxes to give incentives for businesses -increased tax revenues and had the economy booming for 6 years
What was the Inflation and Labor unrest after WW1?
-After the war, Americans rushed to buy consumer goods vs war bonds, which caused inflation -Prices for crops fell, made it harder for farmers to live and pay rent -Wages did not buy as much as it did before war , went on strike for shorter working days and rewards for wartime patriosim along with higher pay
How did alliances lead to WWI?
-Alliances emboldened nations to act recklessly -if they declared war their allies were obligated to fight along with them -the possible benefits of war -hoped that a foreign war would smooth over domestic problems
What were the benefits of William Seward buying Alaska?
-Almost doubled the country's size, Alaska was rich in timber, oil and other natural resources -Also greatly expanded Americas reach across the Pacific -Gold found in areas near Alaska
How were the Hawaiian Island economically linked to the US?
-American Merchant ships stopped there -Missionaries established Christian Schools and Churches -Americans also had sugar plantations there
Why did Roosevelt step in for the Consent of the Colombian government for the Panama Canal?
-American efforts for the Panama Canal to negotiate a purchase of land across the isthmus stalled when Colombia demanded more than the US was willing to provide
How is Christianity connected to Manifest Destiny?
-American embraced Social Darwinism because they had believed God had granted and responsibility to settle the frontier -Americans had to responsibility to spread their western values
What was the populist call on political reform that the progressives won?
-Americans could now choose their own senators vs the legislature
How did some Americans face challenges in the roaring 1920s?
-Americas wealthy poorly distributed, industrial wages grew slower than corporate ones -Farm incomes declined, poorer as they were outside the economic boom in urban places -suffered from debt and failing farm prices
Who was Jacob Riis?
-Another muckracker A photojournalist who published, "How the Other Half Lives", a series of photos about the lives in the slums of New York.
How did Business leaders in contrast argue for trusts?
-Argued that big businesses produced more goods which in turn consumer could buy them for lower prices, which benefited everyone -
How did imperialists feel about taking the Philippines?
-Argued that the united states had the responsibility to govern and 'civilize' the Filipinos - thought the islands were an important step to trading with China
How did WW1 welcome new oppurtuties for women?
-As men went to war, women could move into the workforce -made Wilson support their suffrage efforts and in 1920 Congress passed the 19th amendment
What was the Western front in WW1?
-Battle front between the allies and Central powers in Western Europe during WW1
What was the prejudice against German Americans?
-Because of CPI efforts, German Americans were often treated harshly -Faced discrimination
How did Roosevelt respond to the differing policies of Taft?
-Began to travel the world and talk about New Nationalism -He promised to tackle the trusts in a third presidential term (He ran again against Taft)
How was taxing incomes controversial?
-Both Republicans and Conservative democrats strongly opposed ratification of the 16th amendment, and prominent business leaders
Why did the United States enter World War I?
-British blockade of Germany had stopped the flow of American to the Central Powers -Zimmerman Note
How was the women's suffrage movement connected to Progressive reform?
-By 1910, a new generation of leaders had emerged in the two groups -the movement called for improvements for education, reforms of corrupt government, and labor reform -This also portrayed the suffrage movement as a way to solve one of many societies ills
How did the suffrage movement grow?
-By appealing to working women -A large number of well educated women joined the movement as well -there were also women who were social activists
What was the communist ideology?
-Called for public ownership of property and an international workers revolution as a prelude to the death of capitalism
What were some religious and ethnic groups that created self help agencies?
-Catholic parishes provided services to immigrants -In Chicago a network of Catholic Polish groups grew very strong -Anti Defamation league
What was the National Reclamation act(1902)?
-Caused by the population growth in the southwest and bitter fights over water usage Gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed -create dams and reservoirs , generate power and direct water flow
How technological innovations lead to a longer and stalemate war?
-Defensive weapons were more devastating than offensive ones -Generals on each side threw their soldiers into battle without fully considering the new technology -charging towards trenches that were defended by machine guns, rifles and artillery was useless -ineffective offenses and effective defenses produced a deadly stale mate
When did Progressivism arise?
-Emerged in the 1890s -believed that new ideas, and honest efficient government could bring about Social Justice
Why did the Filipinos revolt against American rule after the Spanish-American rule?
-Emilio Aguinaldo thought the US were fighting with him for their independence, but after the US decided to take possession of the Philippines, he grew disillusioned with America. -He began a rebellion against the US
How did women and African Americans confront Pre War realities?
-End of the war meant end of wartime economic oppurtunities , they were pushed out of jobs
Why did Americans call for a more aggressive role in Latin America?
-Entrepreneurs and government officials wanted the region to be a sphere of influence from which other great powers were excluded
What was the Foraker Act of 1900?
-Established a Civil government in Puerto Rico -Whether if Puerto Ricans could share the same rights as American Citizens was unclear
What were the positive economic affects of the acquisitions of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines?
-Farmers and industrialists saw China and Asia as a way to market their goods -tropical agriculture (mostly sugar) became big business companies for the US in Cuba and Puerto Rico
Who was Ida B. Wells?
-Female black activist calling for more non-lynching laws, worked w/ NAACP and other organizations. -American teacher and Journalist helped form the NACW (National Association of Colored Women ) goals: was to help families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate
What was Roosevelt's "rational use" plan?
-Forests should be protected so they could mature into new lumber, then the protected areas would be used to make new homes under protection -The ideas of Gifford Pinchot
What was the Workingman's Compensation Act (1916)?
-Gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees
During the Spanish American War, how did the US secure the Philippines?
-George Dewey surprised the Spanish fleet that was stationed in Manila Bay, he won a victory over the Spanish Navy
What were the problems that Americans had with the Treaty of Versailles?
-German Americans thought the treaty was too harsh towards Germany -Irish Americans criticized the lack of a independent Ireland -The treaty would also have to be ratified by congress
What was the reality of trench warfare?
-Gruesome conditions -Trench Foot -lice from rats -lived in constant fear, knowing the next attack could be their last
What were the effects of the Treaty of Paris (1898) have towards the US?
-Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines became apart of US territory -US expands territory and becomes a new player in world politics
How did Harding economic policies encourage growth?
-He and Andrew Mellon worked to decrease government business regulation -disliked the new income tax, favored low taxes on individuals and corporations. Treasury showed a surplus -wanted a conservative government that benefited business
How did Roosevelt feel about wild areas?
-He thought that these lands had value resources, so he drew up a plan for both conserving and using the forests -he worked with congress to make five national parks -thought that the needs of the community outweighed the private property rights of individuals/industries
After Roosevelt did two terms, who did he pass the presidency to?
-His Secretary of war William Howard Taft, who seemed to not have any ideas of his own, therefore Roosevelt passed all his polices to him
What were the Insular Cases
-In which the Supreme courts determined the rights of Puerto Ricans
What were the effects of Settlement houses?
-Inspired other college educated, middle class women to become social workers -other religious organizations such as the YMCA came up
What were new ways of buying things during the consumer revolution?
-Installment buying, consumer could make a small down payment and then pay off the rest in monthly payments
How did the Dawes General Allotment Act fail Native Americans?
-It was said that the land was not allowed for public use, but most of the land had ended up in white hands -
How did the US try to over come the sphere of Influence barrier in China?
-John Hay issued a series of notes to leaders of imperialist nations that the US expected expected perfect equality of treatment for commerce
How did some Chinese respond to outsiders in their country>
-Joined secret societies such as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, called "Boxers" as they knew Martial arts -Celebrated Chinese culture and criticized Western Ways -Simmering anger overtime turned in rebellion
Who typically did not agree with women's suffrage?
-Liquor industry because of temperance -The textile industry who feared that women's suffrage would favor laws that would limit child labor -The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) (Faded away)
Who was William Jennings Bryan?
-Long time defender of rural values expert for the prosecution and was charged with defending fundamentalists.
How did Wilson prepare the US for war?
-National Defense Act expanded the army -Naval Construction Act- building of warships -1916 re election and said he would keep the US out of the war
What were the economic effects from WW1 is the US?
-National production from peace to wartime production -Council of National Defense, created an array of new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort -government determined what crops farmers grew, what products were to be produced. -and how supplies moved around the nations trains
How did Eugenics and Social Darwinism influence the perception of immigrants?
-Nativists argued that new arrivals of immigrants took jobs from native born workers and threatened American religious, cultural. and political values -The Red Scare fueled this even more, fear that community/socialists were traveling to the US with their doctrine to stir up trouble -believed that many immigrants had undesirable physical and social traits and would be unproductive members of society
What were the two crises that American planters faced in the early 1890s?
-New US Tariff law imposed duties on previously duty free Hawaiian Sugar (made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than sugar produced in the United States) -Kalakaua died and his successor was Queen Liliuokalani was a Hawaiian nationalist , abolished the power given to the white minority
What was the new revived Ku Klux Klan in 1915?
-Not only did it attack African Americans, it now targeted Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. -Klan opposed labor unions -It was very corrupt but began to become less significant in the late 1920s
Why did many Americans choose sides?
-One third of Americans were foreign born in 1914 -with relatives in Europe, many people supported the nation of which they were from -But most American sided with France and Britain as there were strong historic ties (Americans heritage was from Britain, the leading trading partner) -France had aided the American Revolution
How did Tafts agenda differ from Roosevelts?
-Payne-Aldrich Act-did not lower tariffs as much as Roosevelt wanted them to -the Man Elkins Act- gave the government control over telephone and telegraph rates -He encouraged congress to give an income tax -dropped Roosevelts distinction between good trusts and bad trusts
What was Wilson's program of New Freedom?
-Plan to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses -He was the first man born in the south to win the presidency in almost 60 years
What was the genre of the naturalist novel?
-Portrayed human misery and the struggles of common people -put a human face on social problems
How did settlement houses play a part in Americanization?
-Programs tried to change how immigrants lived and change what they believed were radical politics -advised immigrants how to dress like white middle class Americans and pushed them to replace the foods and customs of their homeland with protestant ones -basic assimilation -many progressives found immigrants using alcohol alarming
What were the biggest problems in the railroad companies?
-Railroad companies could often charge what they wanted when shipping freight on railroads -This was troublesome to farmers, had no way to move their products to the eastern markets
What were the economic causes of imperialism?
-Raw material and natural resources to provide for industries at home -gave nations an edge in the competition of the global economy
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
-Realized by closing off their ports to the rest of the world, they were falling behind the race in military technology -The US was pressuring them
How did Filipino insurgents fight during the rebellion against the US?
-Relied on Guerilla warfare
How did Galveston Texas react to the Massive hurricane in 1900?
-Replaced the mayor with a five person commission -was very efficient and carried out a very big rebuilding effort -Galveston permanently adopted this commission
Who was one of the best state progressive leaders?
-Robert Follette of Wisconsin -forced railroads to charge lower fees and to pay higher taxes -helped his state improve education, make factories safer and adopt a direct primary
How did the war end on the Eastern Front?
-Russia was torn up by revolutions and they stopped fighting -Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war between Russia and Germany
What was the effect of the Scopes trial?
-Scopes found guilty of breaking the law, had to pay a fine -trial was a public confrontation between fundamentalism and modernism, between a literal and a liberal interpretation of scripture -showed a major cultural and religious division
How did the US expand the army?
-Selective service Act, authorized a draft for young men for war in Europe
Why did the draft cause controversy?
-Some Americans felt that it was illegal for the United States government to intrude into their personal lives. -many refused against the Selective Service Process
How did Wilson feel about Trusts?
-Some are good and only wanted to bust the bad ones
What were the downsides to the ICC?
-Some found the independence from the government of it alarming -When the ICC exercised its power and limited railroad rates, it harmed the economy, value of railroad rates plummeted and this led to the panic of 1907
How did progressive reformers view the class system?
-Sought to reduce the gap between the rich and poor (often motivated by religious reasons) -They attacked hard work conditions, child labor, and the horrible conditions of workers -wanted social welfare
How did regions expand their regional influence in China?
-Spheres of influence -within its zone, each power had privileged access to Chinese ports and markets -US did not have a zone, these special privileges' threatened to limit American trade within China
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
-Substituted bullets with dollars Policy aimed to increase American investments in business and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean -American busily invested in plantations, mines, oil wells, railways, and other ventures in those regions -Sometimes dollar diplomacy did require big stick diplomacy
Who were the early reformers who fought for suffrage?
-Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton -felt betrayed by radical republicans who had only gave black men the right to vote and not women -Formed the National Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote
What was the common belief amongst all Progressives?
-That industrialization and urbanization had created troubling social and political problems -Wanted to use logic and reason to make society work in a more efficient and orderly way
How was the island of Cuba unstable?
-The Cubans repeatedly rebelled against Spanish Rule
What event swayed the American opinion against Germany?
-The German Invasion of Neutral Belgium committed numerous , committing numerous atrocities -British journalists stressed/sometimes exaggerated these action s
How did Ferdinand and Sophie's Assassination lead to a chain reaction?
-The German emperor promised that they would stand by Austria Hungary. Austria then sent a harsh ultimatum to Serbia for a total investigation. -Serbia did not agree and Austria declared war on 1914. -Russia rushed to aid Serbia in war -quickly other European nations found themselves being dragged into the conflict forced to declare war
What are some organizations that successfully popped up from the Settlement House Movement?
-The Hull House -The American Civil Liberties Union -The YMCA
What led to the Mexican Revolution?
-The Mexican dictator (Porfirio Diaz) had followed policies that only benefited the small upper class of wealthy landowners, clerics, and military men. -Foreign investors grew rich and Mexico's aristocracy grew rich, the large population of Mexico's farmers struggled in poverty
What was the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907?
-The US promised not to impose restrictions on Japanese immigrations and Japan promised not to further emigration to the US .
What was the monetary policy?
-The control of the supply of money in circulation at any given time -helps to influence and control interest rates with the goal of promoting economic growth an stability and controlling inflation and deflation
How did Roosevelts view on land irk some people?
-The idea of private property is protected by the fifth amendment -many business owners and people felt that restrictions to use their property imposed such right
How did European and Japanese Imperialists try to Justify taking over colonies?
-The ideas of Social Darwinism -Felt that certain races or nations were superior to others and therefore were destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures
How did the action of Roosevelt stepping in benefit the US?
-The new nation of Panama granted the US control over the Canal Zone, to secure this land America agreed to pay rent for it annually
How did Wilson intervene in Mexico in 1914?
-The president used the Mexican arrest of American Sailors as an oppurtunity help Carranza assume presidency -Huertas government collapsed and Carranza took the presidency
What did US investors see in Cuba?
-They had invested in sugar cane plantations and other ventures -They saw Cuba as a growing place for American goods
What did Wilson feel about WW1 for Americans?
-To be impartial in thought and in action -Wilson did not want the war to have Americans turn against each other
What was the job of the Committee on Public Information (CPI)?
-To educate the public about the causes and nature of the war -had to convince Americans to support the war cause
How did the British blockade German ports?
-To keep essential goods from reaching the other country -International law typically allowed contraband goods to be confiscated legally by any belligerent nation -Non-contraband goods could not be taken -As the war continued, Britain expanded its definition of contraband to virtually everything
What was the Society plan that Carrie had come up with?
-To recruit wealthy, well educated women -She signed on people of all backgrounds and races and all levels of society
What was the view of Booker T. Washington?
-Told blacks to move slowly towards racial progress -should be taught trade skill
What were similarities between Taft and Roosevelt?
-Trustbuster -Republican -Promoted Conservation
What were examples of American expansionism in Latin America?
-US business leaders saw Latin America as a natural place to expand their trade and investments
What was the explosion of the USS Maine?
-USS Ship Maine blew up in Havana Harbor -Yellow Press accused Spain -An investigation was done but most people blamed Spain
Why did Wilson refuse to recognize Huerta as the new leader of Mexico?
-Under moral diplomacy, he refused to recognize a government of butchers -instead Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza another reformer who had Anti-Huerta forces
What was an important social goal of progressive women?
-pushed for laws that would help mothers keep families safe and healthy -WCTU women's Christian's temperance movement
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
-Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of expansionism and economic influence -In the case of Chronic wrongdoing by Latin American Nation the kind that Europeans might use to justify military intervention, the united states would assume the role of police power, restoring order, depriving other creditors of the excuse to intervene
How did the NWP anger people?
-Used public protest marches -some went on hunger strikes, they would not eat until they could vote -they drew a lot of attention
How did American planters convince King Kalakaua to change Hawaii's voting rights?
-Voting rights were only limited to wealthy land owners who were white planters
How did other countries feel at the Paris peace conference?
-Wanted Germany to pay reparations and wanted to weaken it so they could never fight again
How did most Americans feel about the war?
-Wanted no part unless America's interests were directly threatened -Preferred American isolation from European disputes
How did Progressives view the big businesses?
-Wanted the government to busts the trusts in order to make more economic oppurtunities for small businesses -Complained that Sherman Anti trust act was a failure
What was the Springfield Riot?
-White mob attempted to lynch two black prisoners in jail, upon learning that the prisoners had been taken to safety, turned their anger towards the cities black residents. -killed 2 people burnt 40 homes -Got the attention of many white reformers
How did the Philippines begin self rule?
-William Howard Taft had big ambitions for the Philippines -helped them recover from the rebellion -Censored the press, placed dissidents in jail to maintain order and win support of the Filipino people --Extended self rule of the Philippines ordered the building of schools and infrastructure and put in place a health care system
Why did women fight for suffrage?
-Women participating in the democratic process through voting was the only way to make sure that the government would protect children, foster education and support family life
What was the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City?
-Workers in the factory could not escape from the fire as managers had locked all the exits -many jumped from the windows and there were burnt skeletons bending over sewing machines -after this tragedy, enraged progressives called for more reform
What was a settlement house?
-a center offering help to the urban poor -gave classes in child care and taught English to immigrants -Ran nurserys -mostly ran by women and those who funded and volunteered
What was the women's suffrage movement?
-a fight for women to have voting rights -women needed the right to vote to fight alcohol
What was the new Consumer Revolution in the 1920s?
-a flood of new affordable goods became avaliable to the public -electric technology such as washing machines irons etc, made house work less time consuming
Who was Margaret Sanger?
-an early advocate for women's access to birth control and contraception -Founded the American Birth Control League
What were the differences between the Populist (late 1800s) and Progressivism movements?
-at the forefront of the Progressivism movement were middle class people, for the Populists it was farmers and workers -Progressives believed that highly educated leaders should use their modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society
How did education help women?
-education prepared them for jobs like teachers /nurses and other middle class jobs -they attended college and expanded their own economic opportunities
What was the National Consumers League (NCL)(1899)?
-group organized to investigate the conditions in which goods were made and sold to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage
What were the troubling conditions for US soldiers in Cuba?
-issued obsolete heavy weapons -heavy wool uniforms that were unsuitable for the tropical environment -Corrupt generals and officials provided men with contaminated/rotten food
What were some of the economic/social issues for women?
-long hours of difficult jobs -expected to hand over their wages to the men of the family -many of them such as African American or immigrant women had no education, frequently bullied or cheated -could not vote , had little affects on politicians who could look after their interests
How did Wilson aim to prevent big manufacturers from possibly charging unfairly high prices to their customers?
-one way to do this was to lower tariffs on goods imported from foreign countries so consumers could buy from foreign companies if American ones charged to high
How did Progressive Reforms impact Political Process?
-pushed for election reforms -in Wisconsin reform governor Robert M. La Follette established a direct primary (an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.
What were the goals of the progressive movement?
-targeted officials who built corrupt organizations called political machines -for women is was the right to vote -political reform -needed to reform city problems: Ex: Safe drinking water, decent housing and adequate municipal services -others worried about big businesses -to improve the lives of poor people in the cities
In the early 1900s how did women begin to feel about their rolls in society?
-they wanted more role in their community -wanted to do more than fulfill their rolls as wives and mothers
How did Wilson try to change the banking system?
-tried to establish a new monetary policy -Federal Reserve Act (1913)
How did Progressives try to improve the lives of children?
-trying to ban Child labor -improvement of education -Educator John Dewey wanted children to be taught creative skills and not just to memorize facts
What were the 3 Cs of Roosevelt's Square Deal?
1. Control of Corporations 2. Consumer Protection 3. Conservation of Natural Resources
What were the 3 Opinions of Americans that solidified for WW1?
1.) Isolationists-believed the war was none of the US business and that they should stay out of worldly problems 2.) Interventionalists-the US should intervene on the side of the allies as the war did affect American interests 3.)Internationalists- middle ground, US should play an active role in worldly affairs but only to promote peace
What were the three political reforms that progressives wanted to make sure that elected officials followed the citizens wishes?
1.)initiative (gave people the right to propose a law through the ballot.) 2.) referendum (allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by legislatures 3.) recall (gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended)
When was the Spanish American War?
1898
When did Theodore Roosevelt become president?
1901 after the Assassination of McKinley -Charismatic figure who pushed for many progressive reforms
When was the NAACP founded?
1909
When did Woodrow Wilson become president?
1912
What was the Clayton Antitrust Act?
1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act -spelt out activities in which businesses could not engage in -labor unions could not be attacked by trusts, they could organize more freely
When was the Spanish flu?
1918
When was the 19th amendment ratified?
1920
What is imperialism?
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Who was John Muir?
A preservationist and an advocate for the national park system and the Sierra Club Founder
What was the Zimmerman Note?
A proposal by a German official that Mexico attack the United States in return for territory that was lost from the Mexican American War
What was the Square Deal?
A term for President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. -to keep big business owners from taking advantage of small businesses or the poor
What was the Red Scare?
A widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution in the United States -Caused by the fear of the Central and Eastern Europe that had communist revolts
What was the Espionage Act?
Allowing postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed material in the mail. -First amendment right the freedom of press was also compromised -severe penalties for anyone engaged in treasonous or disloyal activity
What is the 17th amendment about?
American citizens could now directly vote for the election of senators
What was the Open Door Policy?
American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there -argued for equal privileges among countries trading with China -Goal: To bring American Businesses the new foreign markets that they needed -To rebound from the depressions in the 1890
What was the Niagra Movement (1905)?
An AA group that called for immediate end to racial discrimination sought political and economic equality for blacks -denounced the idea of gradual progress -Should be taught other subjects other than trades
Who was Henry Ford?
An American manufacturer, made the automobile available to everyone -put his work into assembly lines which reduced the time spent to make the car
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
An agreement between nations not to use war to settle their differences -this was essentially useless though
What was the Social Gospel Movement?
An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. -lead by Walter Rauschenbusch -Urged the government to limit the powers of corporations and trusts -to call for the end of child labor and a shorter workweek
Why did some members of congress disagree with this?
Argues that direct election would weaken the state' power to block the actions of the federal government
What was a direct primary?
Asking voters rather than party members to choose nominees
What were the Palmer Raids?
Attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport radicals (immigrants)*who were simply from Southern or Eastern Europe); lead by attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer; FBI born from the raids.
What countries were in the Triple Entente?
Britain, France, Russia
Who was Harding successor?
Calvin Coolidge
How did allies counter the submarine and U-boat problem?
Convoys -merchant ships sailed together protected by warships provided mutual safety at sea
Who was Jose Marti?
Cuban Patriot who launched a war against spain -Rebel fighters used Guerilla war fare tactics of hit and run raids against Spanish forces
What was the Underwood Tariff Bill?
Cut Tariffs -to make up for it there was an income tax established
How did Roosevelt step in?
Dispatched US warships to the water off the Panama to support a Panamanian rebellion against Cuba -Appearance of the US navy convinced Colombia to not resist the uprising and soon Panama declared its independence
What was the Jones Shafroth Act?
Granted Puerto Ricans more citizenship more rights and gave the islanders more control over their legislature `
What was Moral Diplomacy?
Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace -Worked to promote human rights, national integrity, and oppurtunity -Still used the military though
How did nationalism cause WWI?
France longed to avenge its defeat by a collection of German states in 1871 wanted to regain Alsace-Lorraine, the territory it lost during the conflict -Nationalism threatened minority groups -spread of the theory of Social Darwinism -destabilized old multinational empires such as Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire -the race to expand and economic goals -militarism -forming alliances
Who led the Mexican Revolution in 1911?
Francisco Mandero -committed to reforms but was a weak administrator -was later killed by General Victoiano Huerta who seized power
What was the result of the Republican Discord?
Gave the Democrats and their candidates to take the white house -Woodrow Wilson
What countries were in the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (partially)
How did Theodore Roosevelt help the railroad problem?
Got congress to pass the Hepburn Act, gave the ICC even greater powers. -set the maximum price for ferries, toll bridges etc -gave the ICC the legal force of a court order
Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?
He lead the charge against the treaties inclusion of the League of Nations, he claimed it limited the US freedom in foreign policy and curtail expansion and interfere with domestic issues -he thought the idea of peace without victory was naive
Who was Alvin York and what did he do?
He started as a Pacifist, but he later fought in the war, killing 25 people and capturing 132; one of the greatest American war heroes of WWI
Who was Al Capone?
He was a 1925 gangster and illegal liquor distributor during prohibition.
Who was George Creel?
He was the director of CPI. He combined education and a widespread advertising campaign to "Sell America". -gave lectures and brief speeches on America's war aims and the nature of enemy -stressed the wickedness of Germany
Who was Clarence Darrow?
He was the most famous trial lawyer in the 1920's. He defended John Scopes in the monkey trial, well known for defending labor union leaders and revealed key issues to the public
Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
Historian who put forth the thesis that the frontier was the key to the American character -Encouraged overseas expansion as way to keep the safety valve open and avoid eternal conflict
How were relations with Spain enflamed during the Cuban rebellion?
In 1898, the Journal published a letter written by Spain's ambassador to Washington DC, called McKinley a weak and stupid politician -Fueled Jingoism very aggressive nationalism
Who were the conservationists?
In the early 1900s the conservation movement in America was split into two main groups: conservationists, like Pinchot and Roosevelt, who were utilitarian foresters and natural rights advocates who wanted to protect forests "for the greater good for the greatest length", and preservationists, such as John Muir, the
What were irreconcilables?
Isolationist senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had a League of Nations folded into it -Did not like article 10 of the League of Nations Covenant
What was the Platt Amendment?
It allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
What was the Platt Amendment?
It allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. -Gave the US the right to intervene into Cuba to keep peace
What was the quota system?
It established the maximum number of people who could enter the US from each foreign country' -Emergency quota act -National Origins act
What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?
Japan would limit emigration of its citizens to the US and in exchange the US would allow Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country
What were muckrakers?
Journalists/writers who exposed the atrocities and unfairness of urbanization at this time -dramatized the need for reform
Who was Alice Paul?
Leader of the National Women's Party
What was the Galveston plan?
Many other cities decided to take up the same commission -It limited the power of bosses and corrupt political systems -commission form of government
What was the Washington Naval Conference?
Meeting where multiple countries and nations met to regulate their navies
What were mutualistas?
Mexican American mutual aid groups. Members of a community pulled money together that would be used for medical needs, insurance and legal advice fees.
What were barrios?
Mexican American neighborhoods after Mexicans also migrated north
What was the Ludlow Massacre?
Miners in Southern Colorado went on strike until winter for working conditions reforms and higher pay. -National Guardsmen burned tents and killed men and women.
Who was Lincoln Steffens?
Muckraker, exposed political machines, boss rule, & corruption in gov't. Wrote for McClure's magazine -wrote the Shame of Cities -Exposed the government of Philadelphia let utility companies charge their customers excessively high fees -Exposed corrupt politicians
What was the NAACP?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
What was the purpose of the NAACP?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races -Physically free from Peonage, mentally free from ignorance, politically free, socially free from insult -typically helped middle class workers
What were doughboys?
Nickname for American soldiers
Was Wilson willing to compromise with the senators who opposed the United States' ratifying the Treaty of Versailles and opposed the United States' joining the League of Nations?
No -Then the US fails to pass the Treaty of Versailles and does not join the League of Nations -Wilson and his opponents refused to put aside personal opinions and differences for the good of the country
What were conscientious objectors?
People whose moral and religious beliefs forbade them to fight in wars. -treated badly by local draft boards, other humiliated in training camps
What was the Jones Act of 1916?
Pledged the Philippines would gain their independence
What was the Coal Strike of 1902?
President Theodore Roosevelt intervened on behalf of the Pennsylvania coal mine workers -He threatened to send federal troops to take control of the mines and to run them with federal employees -The company responded to this threat by paying the workers more and a nine hour work day
Who was Carrie Chapman Catt?
President of NAWSA -had a winning plan which called for two fronts to expand women's rights to participate in the democratic process -1.)Women lobbied congress to pass a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote 2.)Other teams used the referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws
What political party emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912?
Progressive Party
What party was Harding?
Republican -laissez-faire approach -had his administration plagued with corruption
What was the Sedition Act of 1918?
Restricted freedom of speech by making derogative language against the United States government, constitution. or military forces
How did the automobile change America?
Road construction and highways boomed, and new businesses opened along the routes such as motels, stations, diners Other car-related industries included steel, glass, rubber, asphalt, gasoline, and insurance. Workers could live farther away from their jobs. Families used cars for leisure trips and vacations. Fewer people traveled on trolleys or train
What was the Klondike Gold Rush?
Rush to the Yukon area to find gold (near Alaska)
Reminder: What was the Monroe Doctrine?
Said that no European countries could take over any new nations in the Western Hemisphere
What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
Secretary of Interior (Albert Fall) arranged to transfer oil reserves from the Navy Department to the Interior department -the oil reserves were meant for the Navy in times of emergency -Harding signed the transfer -once Fall had control of the oil he forgot about the Navy's needs and sold them to private oil companies for bribes
Who was Florence Kelley?
She was an advocate for improving the lives of women and children -women were hurt by unfair prices for goods they had to buy to run their homes
What are two ways Indians organized and asserted their own rights?
Society of the American Indians (1911) -to promote Indian rights and protest federal Indian Policy -To preserve culture and to avoid being dependent on the government The Mission Indian Federation Called for the Civil Rights and self determination of Indians
How did Roosevelt feel about trusts?
Some were good, when they were bad they had to be "busted" -big businesses were only bad when they bullied little ones or cheated consumers
What were the Wilson Democrats?
Supported the Treaty
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
Supreme Court case - made segregation legal -Upheld the Jim Crow laws
What were the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)?
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), commanded by General John Pershing, were the armed forces that the United States sent to Europe during World War I. -American troops made many contributions on the battle field under his leadership, weakening Germany
How did America enter troubling waters with Japan?
The Anti Asian Semitism on the West Coast of the United States -San Francisco banned Asian children from going to school with white children
What was a significant event that led to WWI?
The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie
What was the Elkins Act?
The Elkins Act strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by putting heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates and on shippers that accepted them.
What was the Federal Reserve Act?
The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. -prevents having too much money go to one person, bank, or region -some felt this gave the US government too much control
What was the Great White Fleet?
The Great White fleet was a US Naval Fleet that circumnavigated the world from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 by order of President Theodore Roosevelt. This Fleet was meant to demonstrate the growing American Military power.
What was the Meuse-Argonne campaign?
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the largest operations of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I, with over a million American soldiers participating. It was also the deadliest campaign in American history, resulting in over 26,000 soldiers being killed in action (KIA) and over 120,000 total casualties.
What was the Tulsa Race Massacre?
The Tulsa race massacre, also known as the Tulsa race riot or the Black Wall Street massacre,[12] was a two-day-long massacre[13] that took place between May 31 - June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, some of whom had been appointed as deputies and armed by city government officials,[14] attacked black residents and destroyed homes and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
What was the Panama Canal?
The United States built (finished) the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. -To create a passage from the Caribbean Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through Central America
What was militarism?
The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
How did the Spanish-American war start?
The sinking of the USS Maine caused the US to declare war on Spain in support of Cuban independence.
What was "no man's land"?
The space between opposing trenches -went over this when they attempted to attack the entrenched enemy -lots of casualties but really no progress
What was modernism?
The trend to emphasize science and secular values over traditional religious beliefs as Americans enjoyed new consumer products/leisure activities -This showed an openness toward social change and the new discoveries of science
What did President Wilson attack?
The triple wall of privilege
During WW1 what was the issue of Free Speech and CPI?
The work of the CPI did not really welcome open debate against the war -some felt the CPI stifled the free expression of controversial opinions
who made the big stick diplomacy
Theodore Roosevelt -Viewed the US as a special nation that had to uplift or 'civilize' weaker nations
After seeing European success in their Asia and Africa Imperialism, why did the US and the Japanese begin to consider the benefits of imperialism?
They began to extend their influence across the world, by extending their military, political influence and power over weaker territories.
What was the war industries Board (WIB)?
They coordinated the production of war materials and regulated all industries in the war effort and how much the products would cost
How did Latin America respond to Roosevelts police policy?
They did not agree that they could not police themselves -felt that the US threated their sovereignty and liberty
How did Americans react to the Volstead Act?
They pretty much. Ignored it
Why was Imperialism an awkward fit for the United States?
They too had once been under the ideas of Imperialism when they were under the control of Great Britain.
What was the American Civil Liberties Union?
This was a non-profit organization that it's main goal was "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."
What ended the Spanish-American War?
Treaty of Paris 1898
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Treaty that ended WWI
Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?
Two Italian immigrants and anarchists who were accused of murder. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed even though there was not much evidence. -Convictions based on their ethnicity and political beliefs than on facts of the crime
Who was Alfred T. Mahan?
U.S. Navy admiral; urged government officials to build up American naval power in order to compare with other powerful nations -The US modernized and expanded its navy by making new steel plated steam powered battleships
Who rejected his view?
W.E.B Du Bois -Both urged African Americans to demand immediately all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution
Who became president in 1919?
Warren G. Harding -He wanted to return the US to pre war times and back to normal
What was the sinking of the Lusitania (1915)?
When German submarines sunk an American passenger ship that carried war materials to support the allied powers. -people were not given a way to get off or were warned -Germany tried to promise that they would not do it anymore (Sussex pledge) but it did not last long as they sunk another unarmed French ship
who made the dollar diplomacy
William Howard Taft -wanted to ensure the open door policy in Asia and the ongoing stability in Latin America -pursued both goals with the aim of affecting economic issues such as expanding American Trade through foreign policy
What state was the "laboratory of democracy"?
Wisconsin
What was the 19th Amendment about?
Women's suffrage
Who made the moral diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
What was the Scopes Trial?
a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society
What were the Reservationists?
a group of Senators, led by Henry Cabot, who opposed the Treaty of Versailles, to end WWI, unless specific changes were included. -Felt article ten would strip the power from congress that said they could only declare war
What was the Dawes Plan?
a new system of war reparations for Germany, intended to ease the financial strain -war debt situation damaged Americas reputation, who insisted that France and Britain had to pay back their borrowed money debts
What was the bull market (1920s)?
a period of rising stock prices
What was New Nationalism?
a program to restore the government's trustbusting power
What was the Antiquities Act of 1906?
allows the president to create a national monument to protect a significant natural, cultural, or scientific feature
What was the League of Nations?
an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations, where countries could come and solve quarrels peacefully -Wilson wanted this to be apart of the treaty
What was scientific management?
approach to improving efficiency, in which experts looked at every step of a manufacturing process, trying to find ways to reduce time, effort, and expense
What was the Model T?
automobile manufactured by Henry Ford to be affordable on the mass market
What was prohibition?
banning of alcohol
What was a creditor nation?
country which is owed more money by other countries than it owed other countries -United States became the largest Creditor nation after WW1 as Europeans had to borrow money from America and obtain lines of credit with American Business firms
What was Big Stick Diplomacy?
depended on a strong military to achieve America's goals during a large age of Imperialism
What was the Paris Peace Conference?
discussed how to deal with the end of the war; established the Treaty of Versailles -skeptical of Wilsons peace without victory idealism
What were extractive economies
economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home to benefit its own economy
what was the 16th Amendment (1913)
established gradual federal income tax -wealthy people had to pay an higher income tax percentage -revenue for income tax made up for the lost revenue from the lost of tariffs
What was the Urban League?
group of local black clubs and churches that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work -focused on poorer workers -helped factory workers and domestic servants find jobs
What was Wilson's 14 points?
list of terms for resolving WW1 and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson -the idea of peace without victory
What is mass production?
making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
What was the temperance movement?
movement aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it -limit the drinking of alcohol
What was fundamentalism?
movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic religious principles -emphasized protestant teachings and that every teaching in the Christian Bible was true
What was Progressivism?
movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms
What was the Anti-Defamation League?
organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements -to defend from physical and verbal attacks
What was the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)? What were the problems?
oversees railroads allowing them to regulate railroad rates made in 1887 -Supreme court had stripped most of the ICC's power as they were supposed to make sure all shippers were charged the same
What was buying on margin?
paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest -as long as the stocks rised the buyer had no problem paying off the loan and make a profit, if the stock fell they would still have to pay off the loan
What were bootleggers?
people who smuggled alcohol
What was the 18th Amendment to the Constitution?
prohibited alcohol consumption; era of Prohibition
What was the Adamson Act of 1916?
reduced the workday for railroad workers from 10 hours to 8 hours
What was the 21st Amendment?
repealed prohibition
What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?
required inspection of meat shipped across state lines
Who was Matthew Perry?
sailed into Tokyo Harbor and forced Japan to sign a friendship treaty -Which opened up Japan to the US
What was the Triple Wall of Privilege?
tariffs, banks, and trusts -blocked businesses from being free -pushed for new laws that would bring down those walls and give the government more control over the economy
Who was Frances Willard?
temperance reformer led the WTCU -work contributed to the passage of the 18th amendment which outlawed the sale and production of alcohol -Fought for the suffrage movement and other public health reforms like social welfare
What was the Volstead Act?
the law that officially enforced Prohibition
What was the Great Migration ?
the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North (to the land of Hope) -Factors that pushed them out of the south were Jim Crow laws, lynching and other violence and few economic oppurtunities -Pull factors were the lure of war time economic opportunities
What was Schneck vs United States?
upheld the constitutionality of the Sedition Act
Who was Upton Sinclair?
wrote The Jungle -- about conditions in the meatpacking industry -eventually his account prompted regulations to protect food safety
