Personality Chapter 3

. When Cheung factor analyzed responses on questionnaires designed for Chinese society he found six factors: five from the five-factor model plus an indigenous personality factor he called a. Interpersonal Relatedness. b. Obligation. c. Somatic Anxiety. d. Fearful Extroversion.

A

In considering the actions of world leaders, the data from the longitudinal study of Harvard graduates would suggest that the decisions made past the age of 50 are more likely to be characterized by______________ than before. a. altruism b. aggression c. avoidance d. fear

A

In developmental research, changes that affect nearly everybody are referred to as _______________ changes. a. mean-level b. coherent c. baseline d. median

A

In the research correlating music preference with personality traits, people high on _____________ were more likely to engage with music in an emotional way to use it to change their mood. a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Openness d. Optimism

A

It is generally accepted in the field that children have differing ____________, or individual differences, that emerge during the first year of life. a. temperaments b. personalities c. phenotypes d. egos

A

Research suggests that men who marry or remarry in late middle age or old age also show signs of a decrease in ______________ with age. a. Neuroticism b. Angst c. Introversion d. Agreeableness

A

Rubinstsein and Strul, in a study of Israeli workers that Artists and lawyers were the highest in a. Neuroticism. b. Openness. c. Psychoticism. d. Introversion.

A

Schmitt and Buss discovered that sexuality factors overlap by almost ___% with the five factors suggesting that they ________ separate factors. a. 80; are not b. 60; are not c. 45; are d. 30; are

A

Studies of college students suggest that a. those who had experienced significant decreases in negative emotions had experienced fewer negative events. b. those who had increases in positive emotions also experienced more negative events and learned from their experiences. c. those who had experienced significant increases in negative emotions had experienced fewer positive events. d. there is no connection between negative events and negative emotions.

A

When data from men and women are combined the trait that has the most consistency over time is a. Extraversion. b. Agreeableness. c. Conscientiousness. d. Overall Personality.

A

William James believed that by age 30 our character a. was almost completely established and would change little in the future. b. was just beginning to firm up. c. had been stable for a decade or so, and was now beginning to change. d. was very changeable as it is throughout one's life span.

A

________ characterizes relationships between people of lower and higher status as well as between parents and children in Japan. a. Obligation b. Arigato c. Fility d. Amae

A

. All of the following are findings from research attempting to identify universals in personality EXCEPT a. Questionnaire measures of the Five-Factor Model reliably replicate across many cultures and languages. b. Openness does not vary significantly from culture to culture. c. In some cultures more than five factors are needed to fully describe personality. d. Adjectival measures of the Big Five reveal variations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness but not Openness in many different cultures.

B

. Data from the Harvard longitudinal study of personality suggests that if one had used personality variables measured in university to predict the accomplishments of these individuals, those predictions would have been a. no better than flipping a coin. b. quite accurate. c. almost the opposite of the result. d. there was no data in the study that could be used for such predictions.

B

. In a study using meta-analysis on 117 previous studies to lookat the correlation between personality traits and success among police officers, managers and professionals, only __________ was related to high performance ratings, productivity, low job turnover, and higher salaries. a. low Neuroticism b. high Conscientiousness c. low Anxiousness d. high Extraversion

B

A statistical procedure used to look at personality effects by combining the data from many different studies is known as ____________-analysis. a. multi factorial b. meta c. combinatorial d. factor

B

For your thesis you have decided to use multiple methods within a single research project. You are using a process referred to in the textbook as ______________ . a. multi phasic b. triangulation c. compound d. LOTS

B

Freud believed that an individual's personality was set by age _____. a. 1. b. 5. c. 12. d. 16.

B

Peak consistency for personality is around age a. 65. b. 50. c. 35. d. 20.

B

Perhaps the most famous longitudinal study of personality is the Grant Study of ________ Graduates begun in 1938. a. Mills b. Harvard c. Terman d. Wisconsin

B

Research on the personality traits associated with successful astronauts suggest that the two most highly correlated traits were a. low Psychoticism and high Extraversion. b. high Conscientiousness and high Agreeableness. c. low Conscientiousness and high Agreeableness. d. high Neuroticism and high Extraversion.

B

Research suggests that all of the following traits increase over time EXCEPT a. Conscientiousness. b. Introversion. c. Emotional Stability. d. Agreeableness.

B

There is evidence of individual differences in how people perceive and process information about the social world. Some psychologists refer to this as _____________ intelligence. a. perceptual b. emotional c. interpersonal d. social

B

When Schmitt and Buss factor-analyzed adjectives referring to sexuality they found several factors that they referred to as the a. Amorous Eight. b. Sexy Seven. c. Erotic Seven. d. Lascivious Nine.

B

. Because the Openness factor does not appear consistently in other languages it may be that this is a problem with a. research design. b. cultural sensitivity in the researchers. c. how different cultures define "openness" in their particular language. d. the types of statistical analysis being used in the studies. Answer: c: how different cultures define "openness" in their particular language.

C

. Caring for the mental and physical well-being of one's parents, continuing the family line, and bringing honor to one's family and ancestors is referred to as _________ in Chinese. a. amae b. Tai Chi c. filial piety d. family obligation

C

. In analyzing the data of the longitudinal study of Harvard graduates begun in 1938, psychiatrist George Vaillant discovered that as people matured their defense mechanisms a. stayed the same as when they were younger. b. deteriorated. c. matured also. d. became significantly more obvious.

C

. Meta-analysis of 92 longitudinal studies by Roberts, et al concluded all of the following EXCEPT a. All six traits studied showed changes pas the age of 30. b. Young adulthood (20-24) rather than adolescence appears to be the period in life when personality changes most. c. Another critical period for personality change is the years after retirement from a significant job. d. Except for Openness and Social Vitality all of the other traits became more positive with age.

C

According to one study presented in the textbook, the overall consistency in all five personality factors across 81 studies suggests that about ___% of the variance in one's personality at one point in time can be explained by one's personality at another point in time. a. 5 b. 15 c. 30 d. 50

C

According to research by Rubenzer, U.S. presidents tend to be all of the following compared to the U.S. population at large EXCEPT a. more conscientious. b. more extraverted. c. less open. d. less agreeable.

C

Cheung developed the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) by using a sort of lexical approach to identifying descriptions of Chinese personality. This research led to the identification of 10 trait clusters unique to the Chinese personality and not covered by Western personality inventories. All of the following are among these 10 unique Chinese traits EXCEPT a. Ren Qing (traditional relationship orientation emphasizing give and take and connectedness) b. Ah-Q or defensive mentality c. Ten Dai (careful, thriftiness) d. Face (reputation, social approval)

C

In the Harvard longitudinal study of personality, which variable was a good indicator of poor adjustment across various domains? a. Aggression b. Low Intelligence c. Neuroticism d. Introversion

C

Many studies suggest that the five factors start to become consistent at about age ___ and increase consistency until after age ____. a. 1; 25 b. 3; 35 c. 3; 50 d. 12; 65

C

McAdams suggests that trait models fall short when it comes to all of the following EXCEPT a. adequately describing the richness of person's life. b. accounting for personality functioning and personality differences between people beyond the surface level. c. predicting adult personality from observations of childhood personality. d. addressing the social context of human experience.

C

Research has found that both men and women who increased hostility as they developed from college age to about age 40 experienced all of the following EXCEPT a. obesity. b. social isolation. c. increased time spent in jail. d. greater risk of depression.

C

There are four kinds of data that a personality psychologist might collect. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as such in the textbook? a. self-report data b. test data c. genetic data d. observation data

C

What does the textbook suggest about the nature of "life-altering" major experiences in life? a. There is no real evidence that they exist. b. Life-altering events that produce a major change in one's life are very common. c. The impact of such events is real, but overblown. d. Negative life-altering events occur fairly regularly, but positive ones have very little long-term impact.

C

When an underlying personality trait stays the same but the way it is expressed changes, it is called personality ____________ by psychologists. a. stability b. stasis c. coherence d. consistency

C

You are helping conduct personality research by counting bottles and cans in garbage containers to measure alcohol consumption. What type of data are you gathering? a. life data b. observational data c. test data d. self-report data

C

A longitudinal study of male veterans aged 43 to 91 found that those who became more neurotic over time showed about a ________ in mortality over men whose level of Neuroticism decreased. a. 10 % decrease b. 10 % increase c. 30 % decrease d. 30 % increase

D

A meta-analytic study of personality traits suggests that two studies measuring the same traits in the same people will have he highest correlation if a. both tests are conducted while the individuals are relatively young. b. one set of tests are conducted while the individuals are young and one set when they over 50. c. the two procedures are done many years apart. d. the two procedures are done quite close together in time

D

Contemporary personality psychologists tend to believe that if an individual has personality problems that persist until age 30 a. they will be stuck with these or similar problems for the rest of their life. b. they will continue to have a hard time, but if they engage in therapy or similar life changing work they may be able to overcome their problems. c. there is no connection between personality at age 30 and at age 50 so we have no way of predicting if these or similar difficulties will remain. d. personality is consistent, but not unchanging. Personality can change as it is affected by events and environments. These problems could lessen or get worse depending on events.

D

In a cross-sectional study of personality stability over time, which of the following was concluded? a. Both men and women were less emotionally stable after age 20. b. Both men and women were more emotionally stable after age 20. c. Men, but not women, were more emotionally stable after age 30. d. Women, but not men, were more emotionally stable after age 30

D

One research study reported in the textbook found that people who blog tend to be higher on __________ and Openness than nonbloggers. a. Psychoticism b. Anxiety c. Extraversion d. Neuroticism

D

One study reported in the textbook found that the _______ of women in their college yearbook photos predicted their marital satisfaction and personal well-being 30 years later. a. hair style b. cloths c. weight d. facial expression

D

The longitudinal study of child from birth to 18 years old showed that children described as "confident" tended score ______ of scales of __________ at age 18. a. low; aggression b. high; danger seeking c. low; dominance d. high; impulsivity

D

The results of the Harvard longitudinal study of personality found that __________ in young adulthood drove career and monetary success, whereas _____________ was related to adjustment and the inability to quit smoking in adulthood. a. Extraversion;.Psychoticism b. Intelligence;.Introversion c. Openness; Neuroticism d. Extraversion; Neuroticism

D

The textbook defines __________ as the ability of individuals to "stand outside their immediate sense of time and place to view life from a larger, more objective perspective." a. self actualization b. Nirvana c. religiosity d. spiritual transcendence

D

The textbook suggests that women who continue to smoke marijuana into midlife, or people who continue to engage in stealing or fighting into midlife are exhibiting a. increases in Neuroticism. b. irregular changes. c. the effects of brain damage. d. nonnormative development.

D

When psychologists ask the question, "How much do people change in general?" they are discussing ______________ change. a. personal b. idiopathic c. normative d. average

D

Which of the following is most true? a. Neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal studies suggest that personality changes much after age 25. b. Cross-sectional studies show changes in personality over time, but longitudinal studies do not. c. Longitudinal studies show changes in personality over time, but cross-sectional studies do not d. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show similar and consistent personality changes over time.

D

Which of the following statements is true with regard to consistency of personality traits across the life-span? a. Adults are less consistent than teens. b. Teens are more consistent than adults. c. Children are more consistent than teens. d. Adults are more consistent than children

D

You want to actually observe people as they move through life. Your research project will gather information about the personality of individuals over several years. You will be conducting _____________ research. a. experimental b. behavioral c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal

D