Personality exam 1
what is triangulation?
Using different research methods to answer the same question
what is validity?
a scale measures what it is supposed to measure
what is met-analysis?
taking data from multiple studies and combining it together
what is self-esteem?
• A person's attitude toward himself or herself • Typically measured by Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (self-report scale) ▪ Very few people say they have low self-esteem • College students, on average, have pretty high self-esteem
what is convergent validity?
• Convergent validity=the scale correlates with similar scales ▪ Ex: leadership scale and dominance scale should correlate with each other
what are neurotransmitters? what traits are different neurotransmitters linked to?
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the brain's synapses • Low conscientiousness and openness to experience may be linked to higher levels of dopamine • Serotonin seems to lower impulsivity
what is self-concept? what are four main aspects of self-concept?
• Self-concept is the image you have of yourself ▪ You can watch yourself • Four main aspects of self-concept ▪ The material self ▪ The social self ▪ The spiritual health ▪ The true self
what is the sociometer theory? what is self-serving bias?
• Sociometer theory ▪ When belongingness is low, self-esteem drops • Self-serving bias ▪ Taking credit for success but denying responsibility for failure
what is test-retest reliability? why isn't this always perfect?
• When taking the test at two different times produces similar results • The correlation between the scores should be at least .70-very strong ▪ Aren't perfect because people change
what is the order of size of the big five traits?
▪ Extraversion ▪ Agreeableness ▪ Conscientiousness ▪ Neuroticism ▪ Openness to experience
what is self-compassion? what are three components about it?
◦ Self-Compassion • Being kind to yourself; treating yourself with compassion • Three components ▪ Self-kindness ▪ Common humanity ▪ Mindfulness • People high in self-compassion can experience negative events without becoming reactive, defensive, or depressed
what is self-discrepancy theory?
A model that relates our emotional state to the difference between our ideal or ought selves and our actual self
what are descriptive statistics? what kind of curve do scores usually fall on?
Descriptive statistics=enable the comparison of scores mean, median, mode • Usually scores fall on a normal distribution (bell curve) ▪ Most people score in the middle and fewer score at either extreme.
what is PANAS?
PANAS=Positive affect negative affect scale Positive and negative affect is on a continuum
how are the big five associated with different brain regions?
People high/low in certain Big 5 factors show high activation in areas related to the behavior associated with those behaviors because those behaviors are constantly repeated • High in agreeableness = more activation in the Frontal Lobeo Frontal Lobe: where we regulate emotion, have empathy, compassion, ect. • High in neuroticism = more activation in Amygdalao Amygdala: more primitive part of the brain where fear reactions come from • High openness = better short-term memory • Low conscientiousness leads to high activation in the Ventral Striatum: involved with impulse control, responds to rewards • People who are more creative have more working memory/short-term memory/can keep more information in their mind
what is personality shaped by?
Personality is shaped by genetics, parents, peers, birth order, and culture
what is self-enhancement?
The desire to maintain or increase a positive self-concept
what are alternatives to self-report questionnaires?
informant reports=When other people report on someone's personality clinical interviews-useful for assessing abnormal levels of personality traits such as personality disorders measuring behavior-observing samples of behavior throughout the day (often through self-report); using a controlled lab setting archival or life outcomes data-studying archival records, personal websites, Facebook, etc. projective tests-measures designed to elicit personality characteristics without directly asking physiological measures-assessing physical reactions such as heart rate or sweating
What is the neurotic belt? what are general trends we see with the big 5?
new york, west virgina, and rhode island are the three most neurotic states Extraversion and Agreeableness: Southern states; Conscientiousness: middle states; Openness: liberal states (new york, oregon, cali)
what is the barnam effect?
people have a tendency to believe vague, positive evaluations about ourselves
what is the most common form of personality assessment?
self-report techniques
what are the best practices for scientific research?
use large samples research should replicate findings are stronger when obtained in many different labs researchers should use open practices=high level of transparency
what is the acquiescence response set? what do psychologists do to offset this?
when some people agree with everything on the questionnaire ◦ Thus, many personality measures include some statements worded in the opposite direction. • These items are reverse scored. ◦ Can also account for random responses.
what are repressive copers?
when you score high on social desirability (you put yourself in a good light) and score low on self-repot ability, but score high on physiological measures (not aware of physiological things going on as you're saying the opposite).
what is narcissism? what two forms does it come in?
• A personality trait that involves a very positive and grandiose view of the self • Comes in two major forms: ▪ Grandiose • Extraverted, bold, self-centered, egotistical, vain, and cocky ▪ Vulnerable • Lower extraversion and assertiveness • More neuroticism, anxiety, and depression • More often seen in psychiatric settings
what are the characteristics of agreeable people? what are the characteristics of disagreeable people?
• Agreeable people ▪ Are trusting and sympathetic ▪ Prefer cooperation to competition ▪ Tend to be honest, forthright, humble, self-effacing, and compliant ▪ Tend to be good friends and caring romantic partners • Linked to better mental health • Disagreeableness (or antagonism) is the opposite of agreeableness • Disagreeable people are: ▪ Skeptical, cynical, dishonest, aggressive ▪ Grandiose, egocentric, manipulative, callous ▪ More likely to be involved with crime, risky sex, drug abuse, and other antisocial behavior ▪ Likely to have a hostile attribution bias • See others as hostile and aggressive
what is the imposter phenomenon?
• An idea of yourself that you're an imposter-one way of looking at yourself • Feeling like a phony, fraud, or fake • Typically occurs when shifting social roles (i.e. going to college, working for the first time)
how does circadian rhythm relate to personality?
• Circadian rhythm ▪ Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle • Morningness-eveningness ▪ Whether you are a morning person or a night person • Morning people are higher in conscientiousness and agreeableness • Evening people are higher in extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience
what are different reasons to explain why siblings are so different?
• Contrast effect ▪ Children try to be very different from their siblings • Birth order effects ▪ Each child experiences parents a bit differently ▪ Often a function of birth order • Genetics ▪ Siblings share only 50% of their genes
what do critics say about evolutionary psychology?
• Critics say ▪ Evolutionary psychology ignores the role of culture ▪ An evolutionary argument could be created for any finding ▪ It is impossible to prove that evolution caused these preferences • Some people worry that evolutionary psychology justifies bad behavior
what is sociosexuality? how do men view uncommitted sex? how do women view it?
• Describes attitudes toward uncommitted sex • Men report more desire for uncommitted sex than women • Having uncommitted sex does not differ between men and women • Some people pursue short-term mating strategies, wanting many partners • Others pursue long-term mating strategies, preferring one committed partner men are more attracted to younger women who have the attributes of looking fertile
how does personality affect other areas of psychology?
• Developmental psychology ▪ How early development shapes a personality ▪ Many personality theorists believe our personality is shaped early in life ▪ Child temperament is related to inborn traits that is shaped by our environment • Neuroscience ▪ Neurological bases for personality • Clinical psychology ▪ Looking outside the normal ranges of behavior; personality disorders ▪ Psychological assessment • Social psychology ▪ Closest to personality psychology ▪ Personality focuses on making predictions about a person and social deals with how a person responds to social situations (i.e. self-esteem and self-concept)-we form a sense of self based off of what others tell us • Industrial-organizational psychology ▪ Focused in the workplace ▪ Characteristics of leadership ▪ Assessment-job placement
what is discriminant validity?
• Discriminant validity=Correlates with the opposite scale of what it should correlate with ▪ Ex: the higher you are on the extraversion scale, the lower your score should be on the preference to be alone scale
what are genetic influences on personality
• Extraversion, neuroticism, sensation-seeking, and depression are linked to certain genes • We are a long way from knowing which specific genes are responsible for various traits
what are characteristics of extraverts? what are the characteristics of introverts?
• Extraverts ▪ Prefer to be with people ▪ Want to be leaders ▪ Are more active ▪ Experience more happiness and joy ▪ Are perceived as being more likable and popular ▪ Are more likely to emerge as leaders • Extraversion is linked to better mental health • Americans score above average on extraversion ▪ Introverts prefer quiet and solitude ▪ Introverts prefer to interact with close friends and family Most people are both extraverted and introverted in different settings
what is face validity? why isn't this necessarily a good thing?
• Face validity=the items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure; you know what a test is measuring when you look at it ▪ Not necessarily a good thing=when you're trying to asses unfavorable behaviors=don't want people to know what you're testing-won't help with the reliability of the scale because they could lie
what are commonly studies causes of differences in personality?
• Genetics ▪ The DNA inherited from one's biological mother and biological father ▪ One type of biological influence • Environment ▪ Experiences after birth • Shared environment ▪ The family environment that siblings share • Non-shared environment ▪ Experiences not shared by siblings • Much research has focuses on whether heredity or environment has more influence ▪ Called nature-nurture question • Cultural and generational influences have not been studied as much
what is a genotype, phenotype, epigenetic and gene expression?
• Genotype ▪ The genetic predisposition • Phenotype ▪ How the genotype actually appears in the organism • Epigenetics ▪ Environment can influence how much genetics will matter • Gene expression ▪ How much a gene influences traits or outcomes
how did the big five develop?
• Guided by the lexical hypothesis (Galton) ▪ The more words, the more important the trait • Researchers identified all words that refer to a trait • People were asked to rate themselves on each trait • Researchers did a factor analysis. ▪ Studying correlations among items to determine which ones cluster together • Factor analysis yielded five major clusters. In order of size:
what is research on grandiose narcissists?
• High levels of extraversion • Low levels of agreeableness • Positive self-concept ▪ Even when tested implicitly • Think they are better than they are • Think they are better than other people ▪ Actual performance may be lower than others • Have a pronounced self-serving bias • At risk for depression and anxiety after a failure=don't know how to deal with failure • In groups, they are more liked initially; later they are less liked
what's implicit self-esteem? what's explicit self-esteem?
• Implicit self-esteem ▪ Self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having ▪ Can be measured with the Implicit Association Test • Set of items will come up on a computer screen quickly (some positive, some negative) and you press which ones you identify with • The amount of time it takes you to choose which is you and which is not you will determine self-esteem (i.e. people with low-self esteem will take longer on the negative items) • Explicit self-esteem ▪ Self-esteem you are aware of having • These are usually similar, but not always
what does ostracism cause in the brain?
• Ostracism causes activation in brain region associated with physical pain • The need to belong could be a personality trait common to all
what are the characteristics of people high in conscientiousness? people low in conscientiousness?
• People high in conscientiousness ▪ Have high levels of willpower ▪ Are organized ▪ Are able to delay gratification ▪ Are able to consider potential consequences before acting ▪ Work hard toward goals despite distractions or boredom • People high in conscientiousness tend to have: ▪ Good mental and physical health ▪ Academic and professional success • People low in conscientiousness tend to be: ▪ Impulsive ▪ Easily distracted ▪ Less ambitious ▪ Unorganized ▪ More likely to give up easily • People low in conscientiousness tend to engage in: ▪ Drug and alcohol use ▪ Crime ▪ Risky sex ▪ Gambling
what do people high in neuroticism tend to experience? which mental health issues are they more prone to? and which physical health issues are they more prone to?
• People high in neuroticism tend to experience: ▪ Negative emotions like anger, depression, anxiety, shame, and self-consciousness ▪ Frequent and intense negative emotions • People high in neuroticism are more prone to mental health issues including: ▪ Depression ▪ Anxiety disorders ▪ Personality disorders ▪ Substance abuse disorders ▪ Eating disorders • People high in neuroticism are more prone to physical health issues including: ▪ Heart issues ▪ Obesity ▪ Irritable bowel syndrome
what are drawbacks of self-report measures
• People may not have accurate views of themselves. • People may not be honest.
what is predictive validity? what kind of research is this used in?
• Predictive validity=the measure is related to a specific behavior or outcome ▪ Used in a lot of medical research-are you prone to get certain diseases? ▪ If you score high on the cat scale, you like cats and will pet one if in a room with it
does the Big five apply to other cultures?
• Schmitt et al. (2007) ▪ Translated the Big Five Inventory into 28 languages ▪ Administered it to individuals from 56 nations ▪ Found the same five personality domains • Researchers have identified clusters of trait adjectives in other languages. ▪ In Spanish, there are seven. ▪ In Chinese there are five. ▪ Most languages have domains for extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
how is self-control like a mental muscle? what is ego-depletion?
• Self-control requires exertion • Self-control is limited • If you have recently exerted a lot of self-control, you temporarily have less left ▪ This is known as ego-depletion • If you exert significant self-control every day, it will become stronger over time
Is Self-Esteem Good or Bad?
• Self-esteem has two primary outcomes ▪ It feels good ▪ It leads people to initiate action • Self-esteem does not cause other positive outcomes • It is correlated with both positive and negative outcomes • Increasing self-esteem does not lead to higher grades ▪ In fact leads to lower grades because people get cocky
what is self-kindness? what is common humanity? what is mindfulness?
• Self-kindness ▪ Being kind to yourself, especially when you make mistakes • Common humanity ▪ Awareness that all humans make mistakes • Mindfulness ▪ Being aware of thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them ▪ Living in the present moment without dwelling on the past
how does the big five relate to other personality research?
• The Big Five can incorporate traits used in other models of personality. • A trait from another questionnaire ▪ Might be a mix of Big Five factors ▪ Might be a piece of a Big Five factor • Now most Big Five measures use statements instead of adjectives. • The decision to use five factors is not immutable. ▪ Some personality concepts use more or fewer factors.
are the big five on a continuum or distinct categories?
• The Big Five components are on a continuum • Some Big Five traits are weakly correlated with others
what does the big five tell us about our survival ability?
• The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive and reproduce. ▪ Extraversion helps people connect with others • Useful for both survival and reproduction ▪ Agreeableness helps in getting along with others • Was even more necessary in our evolutionary past ▪ Conscientiousness helps survival through careful planning and hard work • The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive and reproduce. ▪ Neuroticism may help people survive by making them wary of danger. ▪ Openness is linked to creativity • Useful for survival and mate attraction
what is self-efficacy? what is it good at predicting?
• The belief that one will be effective and will successfully work toward goals • In the classroom, self-efficacy predicts performance ▪ Mostly for low-achieving students and for basic skills • Self-efficacy predicts work performance ▪ Most for basic tasks=because more complex tasks depend on your training and learning • Self-efficacy is twice as good at predicting job performance as self-esteem; but doesn't cause high performance; just an attitude • Self-efficacy might not cause high performance • Self-efficacy is more likely to be an outcome of success
what is self-regulatoin?
• The process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state ▪ Goal setting ▪ Becoming the person you want to be
what are the different response modes of self-report questionnaires?
• True/false • Incremental scale from agree to disagree (like Likert scale) ▪ Ex: extremely like or extremely dislike ▪ People will usually be in the middle because it is hard to feel strongly about a lot of things=don't really think about how much we like something if we just like it ▪ Would lose variability if you only asked yes/no questions=force people to make choices that aren't effective to who they really are • Forced choice=when you give people two statements and make them pick which they would prefer ▪ Can typically be two negative statements=hard for people to admit their negative qualities so if you make them choose between two bad things, you can see a lot about their less desirable attributes
what do twin studies examine?
• Twin studies examine twins raised together or apart. • Often used to explore whether characteristics are more influenced by heredity or environment • If personality variation is due more to genetics, identical twins raised apart should be similar • If more personality variation is due to family environment, identical twins raised apart should be very different • Results yield percentage of variance explained by genetics or environment
what are limitations of twin studies?
• Twins are typically adopted into similar households • Usually confined to only one country • Always done within one generation • These are all restriction of range (not enough variability) problems • Haven't been able to identify the influential non-shared environmental factors • Can't rule out confounding variables like appearance • Can't eliminate shared prenatal influences
what are the characteristics of high openness people? low openness people?
• Vivid fantasy life • Artistic sensitivity • Deep feelings • Behavioral flexibility • Intellectual curiosity • Unconventional attitudes • High openness to people ▪ Enjoy trying new things ▪ Play with complex ideas ▪ Consider alternative perspectives and value systems ▪ Tend to be creative ▪ Tend to be politically liberal and interested in social activism • Low openness people ▪ Prefer routine ▪ Value the status quo ▪ Favor traditional and conventional activities ▪ Tend to be politically conservative
what is the idea of the I and me?
• William James believed that part of ourselves is observing and part is observed. • The observing part is the I • The part of the self we observe is the me ▪ Material self ▪ Social self ▪ Spiritual self ▪ True self • The person you really are
how do hormones affect behavior?
• Women's behavior is different on fertile days of menstrual cycle • Women are attracted to different types of men as a function of cycle • Testosterone is related to aggression=does not cause aggression ▪ However, experience can impact testosterone levels • Personality can influence hormonal reactions • Relationship status can influence hormone levels • People vary in degree of prenatal testosterone exposure • Baseline measure of testosterone is linked to personality and behavior • Your relative finger length is a rough guide to your prenatal exposure to testosterone • On average, people higher in testosterone have longer ring fingers relative to index fingers
what traits make up the big five?
• extraversion (E) ▪ Being outgoing and experiencing positive emotions • Agreeableness (A) ▪ Caring for others and getting along with others • Conscientiousness © ▪ Organized, ambitious, and self-controlled • Neuroticism (N) ▪ Experiencing negative emotions like worry and anger • Openness to Experience (O) ▪ Being interested in trying new activities ▪ Playing with new ideas, beliefs, and value systems
what is standard deviation?
• standard deviation=a statistic that indicates how far the score is from the average ▪ In a normal distribution, 2/3 of people score within one SD of the average ▪ Almost all (95%) score within two SDs of the average
what is self-monitoring?
▪ Adapting behavior to fit the situation's demands ▪ Some people do this more than others ▪ Was a scale to see how much people change their behavior to match the situation • People with low self-monitoring act in ways that are more authentic and respond more to their internal cues • High self-monitors have more short-term relationships whereas low self-monitors have more long-term relationships
If evolution is universal, why do people still differ?
▪ Environments are not consistent over time ▪ Evolution rewards species with enough variation to adapt to different environments
what does the theory of evolutionary psychology suggest?
▪ Evolution shaped human psychology ▪ People act in ways that maximize survival and reproduction ▪ Genes try to save themselves (the selfish gene) ▪ There are evolutionary-based gender differences in sex and attraction
what are facets of the big five?
▪ Extraversion • Friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, high activity level, excitement seeking, cheerfulness ▪ Agreeableness • Trust, morality, altruism, cooperation, modesty, sympathy ▪ Conscientiousness • Self-efficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, cautiousness ▪ Neuroticism • Anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness, immoderation, vulnerability ▪ Openness to Experience • Imagination, artistic interests, emotionality, adventurousness, intellect, liberalism
what is individualism? what is collectivism?
▪ Individualism • Values the needs of the self more than those of the group • Western cultures are more likely to have this self-concept ▪ Collectivism • Values the needs of the group more than the self • Eastern cultures emphasize this
how do genetics and environment work together to shape personality?
▪ People seek environments that suit them ▪ A child's personality may influence treatment by parents ▪ Environment can influence whether a gene is expressed ▪ Beliefs can impact whether behavior reflects genetic influence
what is percentage of variance?
▪ Percentage of variance=variation among a group, not within one individual • Genetics account for 50% of the variance in personality traits • The remaining 50% is mostly due to non-shared environmental factors • Shared environment has little influence on personality self-ratings ▪ More of an influence when others do the rating
what are types of projective tests?
▪ Rorschach inkblot • Response to ambiguous stimulus ▪ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Participants tell or write stories based on pictures • Allows the person to show their personality in an unstructured way=not clear what to do so personality comes out more
what are actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem?
▪ The actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem • Forming close relationships • Belonging to social groups • Experiencing success ▪ People do these things to feel better about themselves
what is a percentile score?
▪ The percentage of people that one scores higher than on a scale or test ▪ A score at the 90th percentile means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale
what are our possible selves? what are two types of them?
▪ The selves you imagine you could be • Ought self • The person you think you should be • Often based off of who others think you should be • Ideal self • The person you want to be
what are three forms of clinical interviews?
▪ Unstructured=interviewer has choice of questions and sequence ▪ Semi-structured=set questions must be asked but follow-up questions allowed ▪ Fully-structured=only certain questions asked
what do correlational studies do? what is a confounding variable?
◦ Correlational studies examine the relationship between two or more characteristics of people ◦ Correlational studies cannot prove that one variable causes another • Not possible to determine the direction of influence • An outside variable could be influencing both of the correlated variables. ▪ This outside variable is called a confounding variable (third variable)
what is an experiment?
◦ Experiment=a study in which people are randomly assigned to conditions • Only way to demonstrate cause and effect
what is extraversion? what is introversion?
◦ Extraversion=outgoing, assertive, talkative ◦ Introversion=shy and reserved
what is the independent variable? what is the dependent variable?
◦ Independent variable • Manipulated by the researcher • Experimental group is exposed to the IV • Control group is not exposed to the IV ◦ Dependent variable • Measured by the researcher ◦ If properly designed, confounding variables are eliminated
what is a longitudinal study?
◦ Longitudinal study=collects data from the same people at more than one time • Useful in helping to understand the direction of causality
what is random assignment?
◦ Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups (experimental and control) ◦ Random assignment-participants are equally likely to be placed in either group
what does personality psychology aim to do?
◦ Personality psychology aims to define and measure what it can, while acknowledging that there are many other influences on behavior • How do we act in different situations?
what is personality?
◦ Personality=someone's usual pattern of beliefs, feelings, and thoughts • Includes tendencies all humans share, but also individual differences. ▪ i.e. we all had caregivers but differ in how we are raised • Some personality differences are obvious, others less so ▪ Some might be more part of a situation, but not part of their personality
what do psychologists now believe about the person situation debate?
◦ Psychologists now believe that both personality and situation influence behavior • This also helped people to stop doing research that was correlational (i.e. your personality should correlate with how much you talk in a day; situation plays a role so the correlation could be weak if someone usually talks a lot, but they are studying for an exam one week). ◦ How the person and situation can work together to influence behavior • Personality can be impacted by experiences • People respond differently to the same situation • People choose their situations-can reinforce your personality because you will most likely choose the situation you are more comfortable in (stay the way you are) ▪ Personality comes out a lot more in situations that are ambiguous or new where people don't know what to do • People change the situations they enter
what are self-report questionnaires?
◦ Questionnaires asking people to report on their own personalities ◦ Raters indicate their identification with adjectives or agreement with statements
what is reliability? what is internal reliability? how is internal reliability reported? what alpha do most personality scales have?
◦ Reliability=a scale is consistent • Should have a similar score 6 months from now ◦ Internal reliability=when all the items on the scale measure the same concept • Often reported by means of Cronbach's alpha statistic ▪ Average of the correlation between items • Sometimes see which items relate to which items-see a cluster within your scale (i.e. liking to own cats, liking to pet cats) • In general, want all the items to be correlated with each other. ▪ Most personality scales have an alpha of at least .70
what is social desirability responding? how does this affect good scales?
◦ Social desirability responding=some people tend to make themselves look better than they actually are ◦ Measures of social desirability ask about very common human fallibilities • People who don't admit many shortcomings may be more concerned with looking good than being honest ◦ A good scale should not be correlated with social desirability responding • Can get around this by asking about specific beliefs (i.e. choosing between two negative things like which would you rather do)
what is correlation? what is a positive vs. negative correlation?
◦ The statistical relationship between two variables ◦ Positive and negative correlations. • Positive correlation=when one variable is high and the other is high ▪ Perfect correlation=1.00; never happens • Negative correlation=when one variable is high and the other is low ◦ Correlation does not equal causation
what is a null correlation? what is statistical significance? why does this make us want to have a large sample size?
◦ When two variables are not related, there is a null correlation. • Not statistically significant=null correlation ▪ Statistical significance=when there is a probability of less than 5% that the results are due to random chance ◦ Why we want our sample size to be very large=so we can say that a relationship really exists=want to ensure that when we do have a relationship we have random variability
what is the person and situation debate?
◦ When we see someone's behavior, how do we know if it's influenced by their personality or by the situation ◦ Personality can be measured accurately enough to predict behavior ◦ But people act differently in different situations • Situation includes other people and the physical environment ◦ 1968-Walter Mischel argued that the effect of personality on behavior is too small to matter. • This triggered the person-situation debate ▪ One side-stable personality traits predict behavior-Big 5 traits came out of this view ▪ Other side-situation is much more important and personality doesn't really exist
