Personality Final Exam review (Quizzes)
development; judgment
A ________ goal is one in which an individual is interested in self-improvement, and a ________ goal is one in which an individual seeks to validate a personal attribute.
cross-sectional
A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span. What type of developmental study is this?
borderline
A description such as "emotional hemophilia" applies most accurately to which personality disorder?
people are inconsistent
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
MAOA; childhood maltreatment
A gene that produces low levels of ________ activity in conjunction with ________ seems to increase the risk for developing antisocial behavior.
communion
A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.
for the person who has the disorder or for others
A major criteria for personality disorders is that they cause major problems ________.
tell stories about pictures that the psychologist shows them
A psychologist administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) asks respondents to ________.
.20
A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded that the situational effect was about ________.
stressful life events
A recent study indicates that a serotonin-related genetic allele seems to influence the development of depression in conjunction with ________.
evolutionary psychologists
A scientist who studies how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors is called ________.
as an example of a very small effect size
A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
extraversion
A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the fundamental feature of what trait?
mother and father
A study in China showed that information about one's ________ is remembered as well as information about the self.
the sexy son hypothesis
A woman who mates with an unstable but attractive man seems to follow a different reproductive strategy than most other women. This idea is called ________.
genome-wide association study
A(n) ________ searches for specific genes that are linked with particular personality attributes.
self-efficacy and self-concept
According to Bandura, what two components influence an individual's impression of what he or she is capable of doing?
phenomenal field
According to Carl Rogers, a person can only be understood from the perspective of the entire panorama of his or her conscious experience or what he called the ________.
culture of honor
According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the ________.
Because they assess people, they appreciate rich individual differences.
According to Funder, in what way do personality psychologists appreciate individual differences?
behavioral activation; seek rewards
According to Jeffrey Gray's theory, dopamine is associated with the ________ system, which he argues produces and reinforces the motivation to ________.
"like some other men"
According to Kluckhohn and Murray, "Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man." Which section of this quote most closely reflects what trait psychologists study?
The many systems of personality and cognition interact.
According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition?
operant
According to Skinner's terminology, behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental conditions to the organism's advantage is ________ behavior.
horizontal
According to Triandis, ________ societies assume that all persons are essentially equal.
tightness
According to Triandis, cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in ________.
he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting
According to evolutionary theory, a man's greatest worry is that ________.
conscientiousness
According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________.
facilitate approach behavior
According to one theory proposed by Australian psychologists, oxytocin is more than just a "love" hormone because it seems to ________.
they are more likely to do things that make good health more likely
According to previous research, people high on conscientiousness have especially good health because ________.
shift between short- and long-term goals
According to research and theory about goals, it is most advantageous to have the ability to ________.
a heart attack
According to research by modern health psychologists, the choleric, or chronically hostile, person seems to be at extra risk for ________.
exploring the world to having emotionally meaningful experiences
According to research on goals across the life span, individuals who are near the end of their lives typically shift goals from ________.
anxiety
According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?
.30 to .40
According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as ________.
Due to their superior strength, men typically hold positions of power and dominance in today's society.
According to the Eagly and Wood's social-structure theory, why are women more likely to value wealth and power in a mate over their physical appearance?
a strong situation
According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do.
culture
According to the text, ________ refers to the psychological attributes of groups.
how people act in their daily social environments
According to the text, biology will NEVER be able to explain ________.
implicit; self-report
According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism ad extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.
personality
According to the text, psychological remedies to improve health often focus on changing ________.
declarative self
According to the text, self-esteem is part of the ________.
to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known.
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
temperament
According to the text, the personality one begins with is known as one's ________.
complexity
According to the text, which characteristic of cultures might be the most difficult to judge?
because it is extremely ego-synotic
According to the text, why is narcissistic personality disorder difficult for psychologists to treat?
Biological processes and social behavior are both causes and effects of each other.
According to the textbook, which of the following is the best description of the causal link between biological processes and social behavior?
characteristic adaptations
According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are produced by the Big Five traits?
Once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop.
Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?
extraversion and openness
All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________.
intentionally hostile act; aggression
Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne's bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________.
is enjoyable for its own sake
An autotelic activity ________.
rewards and punishments in the physical and social world
An individual's environment, from a behaviorist perspective, includes his or her ________.
use larger chunks
As a person becomes an expert in an area, he or she will begin to ________ to help organize the information.
the result of an interaction between the genetic expression and the resulting social environment
As a result of Timothy's genes, he went through puberty later than his peers. Because he was much smaller than other boys, they tended to pick on him, and he fought back to protect himself. As a young adult, Timothy is more aggressive than his peers. This scenario illustrates that his aggression is ________.
random errors cancel each other out
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
what the person believes he or she is capable of doing
Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.
never eat that dish again
Bart eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. According to the process of classical conditioning, he will most likely ________.
who is focused on personal growth
Based on research related to self-determination theory, the individual ________ is likely to report the highest level of well-being.
stimulus-response associations
Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual's personality consists of a repertoire of learned ________.
decrease; stay the same
Between ages 10 and 20, levels of extraversion tend to ________ and then ________.
maintain and enhance life
Carl Rogers maintained that the one basic tendency for humans is to ________.
force himself to go to the party
Charles is reluctant to go to a party where he knows he won't know many people. Based on Bandura's prescription of self-change, Charles should ________ if he wants to change his level of social anxiety.
chronically accessible
Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality are said to be ________.
increases
Consistency of individual differences in personality ________ over the life span.
holistically
Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures.
the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________.
an optimal experience
Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to ________.
cognitive complexity
Cultural complexity is much like the individual personality trait of ________.
5
Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental personality traits.
continues to change throughout the life span
Erikson's view is distinct from Freudian theory in that he believed psychological development ________.
nomothetic
Essential goals that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.
learned helplessness
Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. This phenomenon is known as ________.
extraversion and openness
Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?
involve an interaction between the individual's mind and the environment
Following Bandura, many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________.
sociosexuality; sociosexuality
For both men and women, those who score high on ________ are especially concerned with finding attractive mating partners, whereas women and men who score low on ________ are concerned with traits related to parenting behaviors.
libido; Thanatos
Freud called the fundamental force that was necessary for creation, protection, and enjoyment of life ________. The idea that the basic tendency of ordered systems is toward disorder and chaos is similar to Freud's concept of ________.
basic trust vs. mistrust
Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.
archetype
From a Jungian perspective, a reoccurring image of a snake as the villain in myths and literature is an example of a(n) ________.
yourself
From a phenomenological perspective, to understand another person, you must understand ________.
They are basically good.
From an optimistic humanism perspective, what is true of every human being?
Participants were more relaxed at session 2 than session 1.
Funder and Colvin (1991) brought participants to the lab for two interactions with different people. Which of the following results shows the power of the situation?
underemphasize or ignore cognition
Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________.
easier to judge
Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring.
cortisol
Gordon is walking down his street, sees an angry dog running towards him, and begins to run in the opposite direction. In addition to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, he would also display an increase in which glucocorticoid hormone?
extraversion
Henry and Adam are identical twins. According to a study conducted by Bokenau and colleagues, similar levels of which trait are NOT likely to be influenced by their shared environment?
lack of power and control in society
Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________.
We will get about the same grades on the test.
I am preparing for a test in psychology, and I tell you, "I'm sure that I'm going to fail. I'm going to study all night, and I'll just be happy with anything higher than a C." You are preparing for the same test and you say, "Oh, come on. We've been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading—we just need to review everything tonight and I'm sure we'll do well on the test." What would research concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes?
your reputation
I data essentially measure ________.
associationism
If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other, then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind ________.
identical twins; fraternal twins
If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________.
0
If there is no phenotypic variation in a trait, then the heritability of that trait will be approximately ________.
Do your best to relate the material to something that is personally relevant.
Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam. What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?
empirical
Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction.
amygdala; motivation
In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed that a tumor affecting Whitman's ________ was likely the cause for the ________behind his killing spree.
behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________.
understand everything about a person all at once
In observing human behavior, it is impossible to ________.
have feelings of inferiority as a child
In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must ________.
low socioeconomic status twins
In which sample would you expect the heritability of IQ to be the lowest?
United States
Individuals from which country would be the LEAST willing to describe themselves in contradictory terms?
conduct research using participants from around the world
It has been suggested that the only way psychologists can address the generalizability issue is to ________.
identity crisis
Jamal is entering his freshman year of high school. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jamal is likely to face a(n) ________.
reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.
different strategies, leading to the same behavior
Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have ________.
become a fully functioning person
Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin, attractive, and cheerful. Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will ________.
Germany
Members from which country would be most likely to self-enhance?
sex; ego
Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because it focuses less on ________ and more on ________.
100; 50
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals.
shaping
On the first day of kindergarten, Terry's teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry's teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior.
all interpretations of reality are equally valid
One possible interpretation of the basic phenomenological philosophy is that ________.
brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas
One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________.
the predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than is sometimes acknowledged
One response to Mischel's critique asserts that a fair review of the research on the predictability of behavior from personality traits indicates that ________.
active learning; passive learning
Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________.
external factors; their own personality
People tend to blame negative experiences on ________ rather than recognizing the role of ________.
self-centered and narcissistic
Personality psychologists are currently debating whether young adults in the 21st century are more ________ than previous generations.
explicit self-knowledge
Procedural self-knowledge does NOT include ________.
opportunities for success
Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.
introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior
Punishment involves ________.
questionable analytic techniques
Recent feedback regarding fMRI research suggests that results from such studies might be misleading and exaggerated due to ________.
use different strategies but obtain similar ends
Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and eternal optimists likely ________.
be obsessed with their romantic partners
Research suggests that anxious-ambivalent children are relatively likely to become adults who tend to ________.
personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
a true interaction
Sally found that neither caffeine nor extraversion individually predicted problem solving; however, she found that they both worked together to predict problem solving. This is an example of what kind of an effect?
cold and aloof
Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. They are typically perceived by others as ________.
the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited
Situationism is the position that ________.
emotional reserve
Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that Chinese participants generally described themselves as higher on ________ when compared to an American sample.
Tell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately.
Someone who frequently attributes hostility to other people might be able to change this aspect of his or her personality. According to the material on priming, what should such a person try to do?
hedonia
Stephen seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. He pursues ________.
seven
Studies of endogenous personality descriptors in China and Spain seem to suggest that there are ________ factors in each lexicon.
avoidant
Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother?
learning can occur vicariously through observation
The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.
B (behavioral)
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
conscientiousness
The avoidance of drug abuse is associated with what trait?
the acquisition of gender identity
The basic developmental task of the phallic stage is ________.
rational
The basis of the ________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.
identify groups of test items that seem to be alike
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________.
direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________.
people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better
The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________.
ALL OF THE ABOVE ~your chances of getting a job ~your opportunities ~expectancies of your behavior
The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________.
higher your score is on neuroticism
The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________.
bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
The main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to ________.
manipulated; measured
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other
The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________.
the correlation coefficient
The number between -1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called ________.
personality-environment transactions
The processes by which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with their personalities are called ________.
dendrites; axons
The projections from nerves that receive stimulation are called ________ and ________ pass this message on to the next neuron.
feel secure
The psychological goal of attachment is to ________.
trait
The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences.
outgroup homogeneity bias
The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the ________.
individual differences
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
explain whole, functioning persons and real life concerns
The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to ________.
unconditional positive regard
To avoid developing conditions of worth, a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.
attempt to overcompensate
Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless. According to Adler, as an adult Tom will probably ________.
is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work ________.
eudaimonia
What dimension is NOT typically included in the definition of happiness used by contemporary researchers?
First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions?
measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
What is a primary goal of the trait approach to personality?
Although types add little for psychometric purposes of measurement and prediction, they still may have value as aids in education and theorizing.
What is the best summary of the current state of knowledge about personality types?
Personality is the result of a complex interaction between one's genes and environment.
What is the biggest reason that cloning will NEVER be feasible?
Gather lots of items.
What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction?
electroencephalography (EEG)
What is the oldest brain-imaging technique?
an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?
transcranial magnetic stimulation
What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions?
synapse
What term describes the junction between two neurons?
omnibus inventories
What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits?
conscious and unconscious
What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
causal force
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have ________.
hypothalamus
Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth?
hippocampus
Which brain structure is responsible for an individual's capacity to remember large amounts of information in preparation for an exam?
Behaviors in one situation strongly predict behaviors in another situation.
Which definition best describes the meaning of a cross-situational consistency coefficient of r = .70?
experimental
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
the relatively few number of trait-related words in Chinese
Which finding has been used to support the argument that personality itself has no meaning in collectivist societies?
epinephrine
Which hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response?
hedonia
Which is NOT one of the central, intrinsic goals featured in self-determination theory?
The Oedipal crisis occurs in the phallic stage.
Which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research?
preference for consistency
Which of the following characteristics seems to predict increased consistency?
No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.
Which of the following is NOT a concern with the typical strategy used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy?
harm/care
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives?
hallucinations
Which of the following is NOT a major characteristic for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
The differences provide support for genetic explanations for personality.
Which of the following is NOT an important reason for identifying cross-cultural differences in experience, personality, and behavior?
learning
Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of goals that emerge repeatedly in studies of nomothetic goals?
visibility
Which of the following is an aspect of the "good" trait?
practicing the "talking cure"
Which of the following is evidence for Freud's lasting influence on the practice of psychotherapy?
emotional stability
Which of the following traits would be hardest to judge?
impaired language abilities
Which of the following would NOT be a pronounced symptom in a patient who suffers frontal lobe damage?
disinhibition
Which of the maladaptive personality traits in the DSM-5 bears the closest resemblance to low conscientiousness in the Big Five?
detachment
Which of the maladaptive personality traits in the new section of the DSM-5 bears the closest resemblance to low extraversion in the Big Five?
thoughts
Which part of the psychological triad corresponds to cognitions about the self?
Random variations tend to cancel out when aggregated.
Which reason describes why averaged (aggregated) behaviors are more strongly related to personality traits than individual behaviors?
Maslow
Which theorist would most likely make the statement that above all else, individuals are driven to fulfill all that meets their basic needs of survival?
narcissism
Which trait is associated with obsessive effort into hairstyles and clothing?
Enculturation
________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.
