Personality Psych- All Practice Questions

13. Explain convergent validation (think about ducks)

"If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck"

The controversy around the DSM revolved around different viewpoints from ________ and ________.

"old guard" clinicians; scientifically oriented psychologists

Improving Self-Knowledge

-introspection -seek feedback -observe own behavior

four parts of the psychological self

-self regulation - keep on whats important and ignore impulses -information processing filter -help us relate to others -identity

I data are ________

.judgments made by knowledgeable observers

The bad five

1. negative affectivity - feel negative 2. detachment 3. antagonism 4. disinhibition 5. psychoticism

Describe a cross-sectional study.

A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span.

Describe the perspective of an Evolutionary psychologists

A scientist who studies how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors.

I data

A therapist's description of her client

Social learning theory

Albert Bandura

People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.

Alfred Adler

Cluster C

Anxious, fearful avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

Biological

Are there differences in neurotransmitter expression between people?

An IQ test and a projective test yield what kind of data?

B data

Implicit is to ___ as explicit is to ___

B, S

Operant conditioning model

B.F. Skinner

Which personality approach: Are there differences in neurotransmitter expression between people?

Biological

Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns

Biological approach

The differences between men and women in mate selection and other behaviors are built-in through biological evolution.

Biological determinism

Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images

Carl Jung

Describe a time when labeling a patient would be appropriate

Clinical psychologist Dr. Powell has just seen a new patient and needs to diagnose him to appease the insurance company.

Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation

Cognitive approach

Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation

Cognitive approach's goal

What are chronically accessible concepts?

Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality

What trait is most clearly associated with positive health outcomes?

Concientiousness

Evolutionary psychologists are not concerned with the moral justification or condemnation of any one aspect of the human psyche.

Conservative bias

What is a key difference between the declarative self and the procedural self?

Declarative self contains information about who we are, whereas the procedural self contains information about what you do

Goals to improve oneself

Development goals

Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.

Drew Westen

Which the best way to get information into long-term memory?

Elaboration

People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans

Erik Erikson

What would happen to your emotional response if zombies ate you amygdala (assume, of course, you lived and didn't turn into a zombie).

Flattening out of emotional responses

Anthony just won the lottery. What advice would a positive psychologist give him to secure his happiness?

Focus on being grateful for the things that he can now afford.

What explanation might an evolutionary psychologist give for an individual giving a large amount of money to charity? a. In our current social environment, people who give money to charity are regarded as noble and are therefore attractive. b. People are basically selfless people who give for the sake of giving. c. Giving to charity increases our self-esteem, which is an indicator of our social acceptance. d. Giving to charity satisfies our basic instinct to balance the social scales

Giving to charity increases our self-esteem, which is an indicator of our social acceptance

Nomothetic goals

Goals that everyone has

8. A salesperson has been married for 10 years, but her husband has never seen her do her job. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during her work? a. Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work. b. Her husband will be much more accurate than her customers in predicting her behavior at work. c. Her customers will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior at work. d. None of the above are true.

Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work.

People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________.

High self-monitors, Low self-monitors

Phenomenological

How do people from individualist cultures differ from others?

Learning

How do rewards affect social behavior?

Psychoanalytic

How does unconscious conflict affect well-being?

Evolution of a cerebral cortex enables humans to have the ability to overcome innate urges

Human flexibility

________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality. a. Existential b. Cultural c. Humanistic d. Psychoanalytic

Humanistic

Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will

Humanistic approach

Who cares about self-awareness (generally, not a specific person)?

Humanistic psychologists

Father's report on his daughter's talkativeness is what kind of data

I data

Goals that are specific to the individual

Ideographic goals

What is NOT a challenge associated with the advancement of neural imaging technology? a. It is sensitive to outside interference. b. It is extremely expensive to acquire and operate. c. It introduces trace amounts of harmful chemicals into the human body. d. It requires expert attention in its operation and statistical analysis.

It introduces trace amounts of harmful chemicals into the human body.

Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work ________.

It is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction

Describe someone high in self-enhancement.

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent.

Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.

Jane Loevinger

Describe someone with avoidant personaliiy disorder

Janet consistently expects criticism, contempt, and rejection from others.

Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people

John Bowlby

S-R association theory

John Watson

Goals to validate an attribute in oneself

Judgment goals

Expectancy value theory

Julian Rotter

Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women

Karen Horney

procedural knowledge

Knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike; expressed in behaviors rather than in words.

A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt?

Many-Trait

________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker. a. Responsibility b. Consistency c. Maturity d. Generativity

Maturity

People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds

Melanie Klein

For any theoretical proposal in science, alternative explanations are always possible.

Methodology

The I

Mysterious, does the observing and describing. The part of the self that that does the living.

Who uses the same research methods Freud used (Patient histories and introspeciton)?

Neo-Freudians.

Josie works constantly yet never seems to get anything done. What personality disorder is Josie likely to have?

OCPD

How are OCPD and OCD distinct?

OCPD and obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD are distinct in that OCPD generally doesn't include specific compulsions like obsessive hand-washing.

Why is labeling at times dangerous?

Once a person is labeled, other people may only view the person as the label and not as an individual.

Funder writes that there are good reasons why personality psychologists have distinct theories versus One Big Theory. Which is NOT one of those reasons? a. One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories. b. There is a trade-off between breadth and depth in theories. c. There is, for now, no accepted One Big Theory. d. Each theory offers a different perspective on personality.

One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories

Explain the difference between Operant vs Classical Conditioning?

Operant conditioning emphasizes active learning whereas classical conditioning emphasizes passive.

21. According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development? a. People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group. b. People's personality changes both across their entire lives and in response to specific events. c. People develop their personalities according to both nature and nurture. d. Some people's personalities change dramatically over the life span, and some people don't change at all.

People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group.

Goals that are long-term and can organize broad areas of a person's life

Personal strivings

What are omnibus inventories?

Personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits

Which personality approach: How do people from individualist cultures differ from others?

Phenomenological

Which personality approach: How does unconscious conflict affect well-being?

Psychoanalytic

Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of

Psychoanalytic approach

B data

Reaction times to photographs

It is not necessary for people to be consciously aware of what evolutionary theory says is required for reproductive success

Reproductive instinct

To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ____ data.

S

__ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.

S

2. In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be __ data, whereas the arrest records would be __ data.

S, L

Explain expectancy effects

Self-fulfilling prophecies. In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year

Laura always scores extremely high on conscientiousness. According to what we know about the trait of conscientiousness, what is a possible explanation for why Laura will likely live longer than her peers?

She doesn't smoke and exercises regularly.

Running a factor on data does what to the data?

Splits data into different groups (factors) based on ones that score similarly.

Why did Freud believe that psychotherapy was beneficial?

Talking about problems helps bring those issues into conscious awareness.

Gloria is at a job interview and is asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself. Gloria says that she is friendly, hardworking, and reliable. What self is she describing?

The ME

Describe behavioral genetics

The field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives

What do Personality Psychologists mean when they say people are inconsistent?

The notion that people act differently in different situations

L data

The number of times someone has been arrested

What are personality-envrionment transactions?

The processes by which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with their personalities.

What is Developmental Personality Psychology?

The study of personality consistency and stability.

What is Funder's Second law?

There are no perfect indicatiors of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous

What is the common first impression someone has when they meet a person with narcissistic personality disorder?

They are charming and extraverted.

Explain fixation

Too much libido becomes invested in a given stage of psychosexual development

Which personality approach: What characteristics of individuals predict health?

Trait

Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique

Trait approach

if ... then contingency model

Walter Mischel

Trait

What characteristics of individuals predict health?

What is a key difference between the ideal self and the ought self?

Your ideal self is your view of what you could do and your ought self is your view of what you should do.

S data

Your own responses to the statement, "I consider myself a nervous person"

What is your Constual

Your particular experience of the world

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

. A projective test yields ________ data. a. B b. I c. L d. S

a. B

What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions? a. First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity. b. First impressions based on the size of the target's nose have a surprising amount of validity. c. First impressions based on the shape of the target's mouth have a surprising amount of validity. d. First impressions based on face judgments have no validity.

a. First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.

Which theorist developed the concept of personal constructs? a. George Kelly b. Gordon Allport c. B. F. Skinner d. Walter Mischel

a. George Kelly

Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child's openness to experience might fail? a. Important cues for openness are not displayed. b. The situation doesn't allow for the display of openness. c. A judge sees the tantrum and recognizes that the information isn't relevant. d. A judge is highly intelligent and notices important cues.

a. Important cues for openness are not displayed.

Which of the following is an objective test? a. MMPI b. TAT c. Rorschach inkblots d. Picture Story Exercise

a. MMPI

Which of the following psychologists was NOT considered a social learning theorist? a. Thorndike b. Rotter c. Bandura d. Dollard

a. Thorndike

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. correlational

a. Type I

Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life story, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent. a. absolutely b. smart c. positivity d. mindfully

a. absolutely

Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which Nima became Americanized is known as ________. a. acculturation b. assimilation c. enculturation d. accommodation

a. acculturation

The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called ________. a. active person-environmental transaction b. reactive personal-environment transaction c. evocative person-environment transaction d. heterotypic continuity

a. active person-environmental transaction

Behaviorism is concerned with ________, whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with ________. a. actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment b. operant conditioning; respondent conditioning c. classical conditioning; observational learning d. general behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies

a. actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment

Ashley has just graduated from law school and in the next few weeks will begin working as a junior partner at a national law firm. Ashley is beginning to see herself as an ________. a. agent b. artist c. author d. actor

a. agent

Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother? a. avoidant b. anxious-ambivalent c. depressive d. rejecting

a. avoidant

The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________. a. correlational studies b. experimental studies c. case studies d. all of the above

a. correlational studies

Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________. a. experiencing the masculine protest b. reacting to her social interest c. developing a persona d. expressing her animus

a. experiencing the masculine protest

. Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. psychoticism d. neuroticism

a. extraversion

. The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ________. a. functional analysis b. empiricism c. associationism d. behavioral linking

a. functional analysis

Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne's bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________. a. intentionally hostile act; aggression b. accident; aggression c. accident; an apology d. intentionally hostile act; an apology

a. intentionally hostile act; aggression

. Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________. a. learning b. behavioral traits c. IQ d. phenomenological processes

a. learning

Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development? a. oral, anal, genital, phallic b. anal, oral, genital, phallic c. anal, oral, phallic, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, genital

a. oral, anal, genital, phallic

According to Freud, individuals focus on enhancing society during the ________ stage. a. phallic b. genital c. Oedipal d. latancy

a. phallic

The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that ________. a. respond to reward b. generate acute feelings of anxiety c. block the effects of opiates d. generate vertigo

a. respond to reward

The highest need proposed by Maslow was ________. a. self-esteem b. self-actualization c. self-transcendence d. self-determination

a. self-esteem b. self-actualization

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures ________. a. the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking b. aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development c. the Big Five traits d. prototypical images of women and men

a. the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking

Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality? a. the dictionary b. by observing the personalities of nonhuman animals c. Eysenck's theories d. ancient Greek medical texts

a. the dictionary

In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________. a. the power of expectancies b. that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance c. the accuracy of lay judgments of personality d. the good target moderator of accuracy

a. the power of expectancies

Psychological self

abilities and personalities

Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item

aggregation

self-schema

all the ideas about ones self organized -can be assessed in s or b data (reaction time to traits about to self)

Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards? a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. ventromedial cortex d. neocortex

amygdala

The Me is

an object that can be observed and described. Self statements. Everything we hold dear

Confused, delusional, and even self-destructive thinking is NOT typically associated with which of the following personality disorders?

antisocial

Which disorder seems to be linked with economic status and urban settings?

antisocial

Which type of parenting style produces children who are the most psychologically healthy? a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. ambivalent

authoritative

Janet consistently expects criticism, contempt, and rejection from others. Which disorder is she most likely to have?

avoidant

. Which of the following is NOT an example of interactionism? a. An extraverted person chooses to live in a bigger, faster paced city. b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player. c. A neurotic person expects to be socially excluded, which makes others stay away from him. d. A conscientious person reacts differently to feedback from her boss.

b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player.

Which statement is most true regarding the influence of Freud? a. Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support. b. Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today. c. Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis. d. Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.

b. Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.

What learning process may explain why some addicts are more likely to overdose in new settings as opposed to familiar settings? a. The addict was habituated to the effects of the drug in familiar settings, but this was not true of the new setting. b. Opponent processes that were classically conditioned in the familiar setting were not triggered in the new setting. c. The addict had learned to control stimulus-response associations in the familiar setting, but this learning did not generalize. d. The addict had failed to generalize his or her drug-taking script to the new setting.

b. Opponent processes that were classically conditioned in the familiar setting were not triggered in the new setting.

What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect? a. Your acquaintances are more accurate than you are when judging your personality. b. The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality. c. The longer you have known someone, the less accurate your judgment of his or her personality. d. People judge their friends more favorably than they judge their enemies.

b. The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality.

What does Freud mean by fixation? a. All of the conflicts at all stages have been resolved. b. Too much libido becomes invested in a given stage of psychosexual development. c. Excessive attention is paid to the penis during the genital stage of development. d. The individual has successfully resolved ("fixed") the conflict that is present at a particular stage.

b. Too much libido becomes invested in a given stage of psychosexual development.

Reliability is ________ for validity. a. a necessary and sufficient condition b. a necessary but not sufficient condition c. a sufficient condition d. not at all relevant

b. a necessary but not sufficient condition

. According to the text, the purpose of personality traits is to predict ________. a. specific behavioral manifestations b. behavior in the long term c. I data but not B data d. S data but not I data

b. behavior in the long term

Stephen's apartment is exceptionally neat and clean, whereas Mary Anne's house is always messy. According to Freud, ________. a. both Stephen and Mary Anne have developed fixations in the phallic stage b. both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types c. Stephen is an anal character, and Mary Anne is an oral character d. Stephen is an oral character, and Mary Anne has regressed to the latency period

b. both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types

Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________. a. social interests b. collective unconscious c. anima d. animus

b. collective unconscious

. A culture that stresses "tall poppies are cut first" or that "the nail that stands out gets pounded down" might be high in which cultural dimension? a. toughness b. collectivism c. tightness d. heart

b. collectivism

Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design. a. experimental b. correlational c. case study d. repeated measures

b. correlational

A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span. What type of developmental study is this? a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. informant d. experimental

b. cross-sectional

Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests. a. factor analytically b. empirically c. rationally d. nomothetically

b. empirically

Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________. a. the causal force of I data b. expectancy effects c. the effects of low self-monitoring d. an internal locus of control

b. expectancy effects

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler? a. masculine protest b. feminine protest c. inferiority complex d. organ inferiority

b. feminine protest

The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called ________. a. reaction formation b. free association c. systematic regression d. repressed memory recovery

b. free association

Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience? a. industry vs. inferiority b. generativity vs. stagnation c. intimacy vs. isolation d. integrity vs. despair

b. generativity vs. stagnation

Factor analysis can ________. a. give psychological meaning to groups of traits b. identify groups of items that go together c. unquestionably determine the basic dimensions of personality d. tell which items best differentiate normal and abnormal populations

b. identify groups of items that go together

Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. a. industry vs. inferiority b. initiative vs. guilt c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. basic trust vs. mistrust

b. initiative vs. guilt

Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________. a. desire to actually possess a penis b. lack of power and control in society c. rejection of motherhood d. dissatisfaction with their own bodies

b. lack of power and control in society

A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach. a. single-trait b. many-trait c. essential-trait d. typological

b. many-trait

What is a primary goal of the trait approach to personality? a. understanding mental conflicts b. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences c. understanding the mind in terms of biological mechanisms d. applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

b. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences

The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the ________. a. ethnocentric error b. outgroup homogeneity bias c. bicultural contrast error d. in-group favoritism bias

b. outgroup homogeneity bias

Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic? a. personality processes b. personality disorders c. personality development d. none of the above

b. personality disorders

What marks the end of the latency stage? a. the selection of a career b. puberty c. the start of formal education d. marriage

b. puberty

In high school Jane was made fun of for being a geek. As an adult, she is a molecular biologist who now proudly wears the "geek" badge of honor. Jane's experience is an example of which of the principles of personality development? a. plasticity principle b. role continuity principle c. identity development principle d. maturity principle

b. role continuity principle

. Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because it focuses less on ________ and more on ________. a. adults; children b. sex; ego c. mothers; fathers d. attachment; development

b. sex; ego

. Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________. a. behavior; thoughts or cognitions b. strengths; faults c. potential; behavior d. nature; social constructions

b. strengths; faults

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________. a. test scores and anxiety are positively correlated b. test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated c. test scores and anxiety are unrelated d. the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

b. test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated

Also known as Geworfenheit, ________ refers to the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born. a. era b. thrown-ness c. ethos d. niche

b. thrown-ness

Molly had a self-proclaimed "perfect childhood." According to the text, what might Molly face later in life? a. a perfect family and career b. unpreparedness for difficult times c. a life riddled with stress d. a strong emotional reaction to imperfection

b. unpreparedness for difficult times

relational self-schema

based on past experiences that direct how we relate with each of the important people in our lives. -hard to change as they are self early on

implicit tests

based on the assumption that people form automatic associations between certain concepts based on their previous experience and behavior. measure without knowing

According to the text, behavioral consistency is limited in the sense that ________.

behavior surely changes from one situation to the next

relational self

beliefs about our identities in specific relationships

Individuals with this personality disorder are prone to "splitting" the ways that they view other people in their lives.

borderline

Emotional instability is the hallmark of which personality disorder?

borderline personality disorder

What are the frontal lobes responsible for? both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing

both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing

What differentiates secondary process thinking from primary process thinking? a. Primary process thinking is rational, whereas secondary process thinking is impulsive. b. Primary process thinking develops during the oral stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage. c. Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational. d. Primary process thinking develops during the anal stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage.

c. Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational.

If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean? a. The result is important. b. The result is large and dramatic. c. The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. d. The result will likely revolutionize the field.

c. The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate? a. Gordon Allport b. Sigmund Freud c. Walter Mischel d. Henry Murray

c. Walter Mischel

Rosie has recently been rejected from several graduate school programs. In response, she works on the weak aspects of her application and intends to gain experience and reapply the following year. Rosie is high in ________. a. affiliation motivation b. power motivation c. achievement motivation d. developmental motivation

c. achievement motivation

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________. a. is consistent and stable b. provides the same result if repeated c. actually reflects or measures what you think it does d. is reliable

c. actually reflects or measures what you think it does

The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________. a. use the smallest possible number of items b. measure something that is important c. aggregate your measurements d. maximize error variance

c. aggregate your measurements

. Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle? a. construct validation b. operational definition c. aggregation d. incremental validation

c. aggregation

When individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ________ other people the same age. a. are the same as b. change from c. are different from d. are liked by

c. are different from

According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow. a. change their mindset b. change the relevant environmental factors c. change the relevant behaviors d. change their life goals

c. change the relevant behaviors

. Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality are said to be ________. a. hypoactivated b. individuated c. chronically accessible d. praxes

c. chronically accessible

Allen has just begun his first professional job. Allen will most likely display an increase in which trait? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

c. conscientiousness

Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________. a. all humans share; differ from one individual to another b. vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals c. differ from one individual to another; all humans share d. are species-specific; are individual-specific

c. differ from one individual to another; all humans share

All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________. a. self-actualization b. safety and security c. extraversion and openness d. status and esteem

c. extraversion and openness

. Shannon has lived in Wisconsin her whole life. According to a recent study conducted by Rentrow et al., which type of person is Shannon likely to be? a. temperamental and uninhibited b. extraverted and agreeable c. friendly and conventional d. relaxed and creative

c. friendly and conventional

What brain region is responsible for both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing? a. basal ganglia b. amygdala c. frontal lobes d. hippocampus

c. frontal lobes

A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior. a. mastery-oriented b. pessimistic c. helpless d. anxiety-driven

c. helpless

People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________. a. ego resilient; ego controlled b. low self-monitors; high self-monitors c. high self-monitors; low self-monitors d. ego controlled; ego resilient

c. high self-monitors; low self-monitors

. If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________. a. genetic siblings; fraternal twins b. fraternal twins; identical twins c. identical twins; fraternal twins d. adoptive siblings; genetic siblings

c. identical twins; fraternal twins

One problem researchers experience when attempting to directly link testosterone to aggression and sexuality is that ________. a. the relationships have never been studied in women b. testosterone seems to affect sexual desire in men but not in women c. it is difficult to determine the causal direction because aggression and sex can affect testosterone levels d. both sex and especially aggression are difficult to study in the lab

c. it is difficult to determine the causal direction because aggression and sex can affect testosterone levels

The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to ________. a. expand the range of data you consider b. integrate diverse perspectives c. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns d. resolve contradictions in data

c. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns

. The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________. a. externally derived; internally derived b. significant; important c. manipulated; measured d. reliable; valid

c. manipulated; measured

. Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships? a. conscientiousness b. self-monitoring c. narcissism d. authoritarianism

c. narcissism

. What basic approach do humanistic, Rogerian psychotherapists use when treating their patients? a. offer harsh advice and criticism b. utilize the talking cure c. offer them unconditional positive regard d. relate the patient's issues to those of their own

c. offer them unconditional positive regard

40. What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? a. big bandwidth inventories b. high-fidelity inventories c. omnibus inventories d. Big Seven inventories

c. omnibus inventories

. Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas. a. controlled experiments b. Freud's original case descriptions c. patient histories and introspection d. archival and field studies

c. patient histories and introspection

A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________. a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably b. situations do not affect behavior c. people are inconsistent d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size

c. people are inconsistent

What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person's life? a. personal projects b. development goals c. personal strivings d. current concerns

c. personal strivings

. Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? a. behavior b. thoughts c. psychological health d. feelings

c. psychological health

. Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction. a. empirical b. factor analytic c. rational d. projective

c. rational

Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________. a. valid measure of intelligence b. valid but unreliable measure of intelligence c. reliable but not valid measure of intelligence d. more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS

c. reliable but not valid measure of intelligence

Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of __ to. a. approach; avoidance b. stress; eustress c. skills; challenges d. effort; reward

c. skills; challenges

Which of the following describes someone high in sociosexuality? a. someone who consistently follows sex role norms b. a man who women would describe as "husband material" c. someone who buys flashy jewelry in order to attract a mate d. a very sensitive and even effeminate man

c. someone who buys flashy jewelry in order to attract a mate

Tracy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study for the test but she really wants to go to Greg's party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party she feels guilty. Tracy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tracy's ________. a. ego won out over her id b. ego won out over her superego c. superego won out over her id d. id won out over her superego

c. superego won out over her id

Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________. a. the same Big Five are found in all cultures that have been studied to date b. none of the factors appears to replicate cross-culturally c. the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences d. some of the U.S. factors are found in studies using European samples, but none of the U.S. factors are found in studies of Asian samples

c. the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences

. Personality assessment refers to ________. a. a treatment for personality disorders b. the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality c. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion d. the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments

c. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion

What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? a. electroencephalography b. magnetoencephalography c. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. encephalographic stimulation

c. transcranial magnetic stimulation

Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment. a. detection b. availability c. utilization d. judgment

c. utilization

William James

came up with the I and Me

empirical testing

collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; hypothesis testing

Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual

collectivism

37. What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?

conscious and unconscious

Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals. a. 50; 25 b. 90; 10 c. 50; 100 d. 100; 50

d. 100; 50

What is the big disadvantage of the case study method? a. It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon. b. It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses. c. It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups. d. It is not generalizable.

d. It is not generalizable.

According to previous research, when does personality stop developing? a. There's no way to know for sure; the evidence is inconclusive. b. Somewhere between childhood and adolescence. c. By the time someone turns 30. d. Personality continues to develop throughout the entire life span.

d. Personality continues to develop throughout the entire life span

. Your responses to the personality test item "I am an intelligent person" would be ________ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be ________ data. a. B; L b. S; L c. I; B d. S; B

d. S; B

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that must hold for an S data personality test to accurately measure an attribute of personality? a. The test taker must be able to make an accurate self-assessment. b. All of the items must be valid indicators of the construct. c. The test taker must be willing to report the self-assessment accurately. d. The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items.

d. The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items.

Which of the following is an example of predictive validity in the context of accuracy judgments? a. Your own ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your parents' ratings. b. Your friend's ratings of your openness does not predict your timeliness. c. Your own ratings of your agreeableness correlate with a clinician's ratings. d. Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with messiness of your room.

d. Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with messiness of your room.

According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction? a. the rational method b. the factor analytic method c. the empirical method d. a combination of all three approaches

d. a combination of all three approaches

Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________. a. an animal's learning ability; a human's learning ability b. punishment; reward c. effects on one's physical world; effects on one's social world d. active learning; passive learning

d. active learning; passive learning

The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach ________. a. are irreconcilable and contradictory views of human psychology b. are all part of the One Big Theory (OBT) c. all address the biological basis of human psychology d. address different sets of questions about human psychology

d. address different sets of questions about human psychology

Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________. a. behavior b. emotion c. thought d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The situationist argument holds that ________. a. a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality b. situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior c. our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process? a. how research findings are used b. which research topics are studied c. how truthful researchers are when describing their work d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________. a. Intelligence b. Agreeableness c. emotional intelligence d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of ________. a. moderator variables b. constructivist accuracy c. procedural judgment d. convergent validation

d. convergent validation

. What are essential traits according to Jack Block? a. neuroticism/extraversion b. negative emotionality/positive emotionality c. stability/plasticity d. ego control/ego resiliency

d. ego control/ego resiliency

Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________. a. cultures; values b. etics; emics c. individualisms; collectivisms d. emics; etics

d. emics; etics

Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction. a. factor analytic b. rational c. projective d. empirical

d. empirical

What part of Phineas Gage's brain was damaged in his accident? a. hippocampus b. brain stem c. cerebellum d. frontal lobes

d. frontal lobes

According the central ideas of behaviorism, what are the three main types of learning? a. empiricism, hedonism, associationism b. learned helplessness, stimulus- response associations, if ... then associations c. reinforcement, punishment, empiricism d. habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning

d. habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning

The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________. a. the measurement of absolute levels of traits b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people c. physical dimensions d. individual differences

d. individual differences

According to the text, the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory are ________. a. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and unconscious motives b. internal structure, mental energy, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives c. mental energy, psychic conflict, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives d. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism

d. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism

Becoming an author enables you to form a(n)________. a. sense of purpose b. well-rounded personality c. intellectual identity d. narrative identity

d. narrative identity

The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________. a. people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity b. to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology c. only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality d. people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better

d. people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better

According to Mischel, every individual's if ... then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises his ________. a. personal goals b. behavioral signature c. life narrative d. personality

d. personality

33. Which of the following is one of the basic approaches to personality? a. applied b. psychological triad c. ethnographical assessment d. psychoanalytic

d. psychoanalytic

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability? a. randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students b. randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students c. recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate d. selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

d. selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ________ are better for describing how people act in general. a. S data; I data b. S data; B data c. personality traits; situational variables d. situational variables; personality traits

d. situational variables; personality traits

According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species. a. social intelligence b. self-esteem c. sociability d. sociosexuality

d. sociosexuality

Generally speaking, what is the function of a parapraxis? a. to comfort, guide, and support the patient through the difficult healing process b. to help one talk through psychological issues c. a means to present explanations in their simplest form d. to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior

d. to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior

John is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ________ in openness to experience. a. increased b. stayed pretty much the same c. decreased d. increased and then decreased

decreased

Which of the maladaptive personality traits in the new section of the DSM-5 bears the closest resemblance to low extraversion in the Big Five?

detatchment

Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions

dignity

Cluster B

dramatic, impulsive, erratic antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Explain the three philosophical principles behaviorism is rooted

empiricism, associationism, and hedonism

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem? a. experimental b. correlational c. case study d. repeated measures

experimental

Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony

face

A result applies behind the context of the current study

generalizable

Emphasis on attaining goals

head

self-discrepancy theory

holds that we have 2 selves: 2) ideal self: person we would like to be. Pleasure and rewards. 3) ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be. Wants to avoid bad punishments - the closer these 3 are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be

High sensitivity to threats to reputation

honor

IAT requires that users rapidly categorize two target concepts with an attribute (e.g. the concepts "male" and "female" with the attribute "logical"), such that easier pairings (faster responses) are interpreted as more strongly associated in memory than more difficult pairings (slower responses). The IAT is an example of a/an...

implicit test

Decades of research has shown that John Locke's idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth is ________.

inaccurate

The ________ approach focuses on rewards and punishment and how behavior is a function of the situation.

learning

Which personality approach: How do rewards affect social behavior

learning

According to the textbook, one purpose of the DSM is to ________, and a second is to ________.

make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing

The cumulative effect random influences have on the outcome of interest

measurement error

According to the text, it is important to keep in mind that people often belong to ________.

more than one culture at a time

Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles

need for achievement

Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons are called ________. a. synapses b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. inhibitory communicators

neurotransmitters

If a test consists of a list of True/False questions and is graded using a computer-scored answer sheet, then it is a(n)

objective test

Expalin Enculturation

occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.

Explain Acculturation

occurs when someone moves to a new place and gradually picks up the culture of the new location.

Cluster A

odd, eccentric

According to the textbook what are the two purposes of the DSM

one purpose of the DSM is to make psychiatric diagnosis more objective, and a second is to facilitate insurance billing.

The procedural self

patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual. learn by doing, unconcious

According to the text, everyone has personality characteristics that, at their extreme, would be labeled as ________.

personality disorders

What is culture?

psychological attributes of groups

According to research on the science of well-being, one should strive to achieve a life with ________.

reasonable and meaningful challenges

declaritive knowledge

refers to facts or information stored in the memory, that is considered static in nature ( referred to as conceptual, propositional or descriptive knowledge), describes things, events, or processes, their attributes, and their relation to each other. -self esteem

What is priming?

refers to the idea that the concepts recently activated in the mind influence one's perceptions of the world

self-reference

relating material to your own experience. Increases accessibility. Various with cultures

Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)

relevance, availability, detection, utilization

A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

reliable

Sensitivity to success and failure

self regard

Lizzie has just graduated from college and is in the job market. According to the text, after taking this personality course and reading The Personality Puzzle, what skills does she have that will aid her in her job search

technical and analytical skills

What is self-schema.

the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self

Explain the internal structure of the mind according to Freud.

the id, ego, and superego

Personality assessment is

the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion

Explain perceptual defenses?

the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed.

sociometer theory

the theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interactions and sends us signals as to whether our behavior is acceptable to others

What is the most important criteria for personality disorders?

they cause major problems for the person who has the disorder or for others

Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms

tightness

Availability of goals and the ways to achieve them are limited

toughness

During therapy, Bob feels the same hostility toward his therapist that he feels toward his father. What term describes Bob's experience? a. countertransference b. transference c. displacement d. regression

transference

According to what we know about memory, most of the brain's activity is ________.

unconscious

implicit self

unconscious self-knowledge; we are not aware of these characteristics, but they influence our behavior

According to the text, you should judge an approach to studying personality by its ________.

usefulness

An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

valid

Belief that people are unique

vertical

The most effective way to learn about a person is to ________ and ________.

watch what s/he does; listen what s/he says