Pharmacology Chapter 105

Ustekinumab is supplied in solution of 45 mg/0.5 mL. Prescribed is 90 mg. What is the correct dosage?

1 mL

_ determines skin color and protects the skin from damage from ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Melanin

A patient who was admitted for a knee replacement asks the nurse to get an order for "cortisone cream" because she has an irritated area of skin under her breast. It is most important for the nurse to do what? a. Explain that cortisone cream should not used in moist areas b. Apply the cream. c. Keep the area covered with a dressing d. Assess the area and communicate findings to the prescriber.

d. Assess the area and communicate findings to the prescriber.

A patient asks the nurse why he should not use a high-potency glucocorticoid on his face. The basis of the nurse's response is that the face is especially prone to what effect of topical glucocorticoids? a. Acne-Iike eruptions b. Changes in pigmentation c. Sensitivity to sunlight d. Atrophy of the skin

d. Atrophy of the skin

What is the primary action of deodorant? a. Cover odor with a pleasant fragrance b. Decrease flow of apocrine but not eccrine sweat glands c. Inhibit release of acetylcholine d. Inhibit the growth of surface bacteria

d. Inhibit the growth of surface bacteria

Blood vessels and nerves are found in the _.

dermis

The _ is the outermost layer of the skin.

epidermis

Subcutaneous tissue is primarily composed of _.

fat

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Good choices for oily skin and large or hair areas.

foams

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Liquefy on contact and often have cooling effect as they dry.

gels

The cytoplasm of dead epidermal cells is converted to _.

keratin

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Some may contain acids, which can cause burning.

lotions

Infliximab 150 mg is prescribed. The drug is diluted in 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl to be infused over 3 hours. What is the rate of infusion in mL/h?

83 mL/hr

Which instruction should the nurse give a patient who is prescribed a topical glucocorticoid for a dermatologic disorder? (Select all that apply.) A. "You may note some local irritation when using this product." B. "Avoid using any tight-fitting bandages or dressings after applying." C. "Apply in a thin film and gently rub into the affected area." D. "Topical glucocorticoids pose a risk of local infection." E. "Topical glucocorticoids can lead to thickening of the skin at the application site."

A. "You may note some local irritation when using this product." B. "Avoid using any tight-fitting bandages or dressings after applying." C. "Apply in a thin film and gently rub into the affected area." D. "Topical glucocorticoids pose a risk of local infection." It is most important that a patient understand the proper application of a topical glucocorticoid, because they vary in intensity and duration. Topical glucocorticoids can lead to local irritation and an increased risk for local infection. The medication should be applied in a thin layer to the affected area and rubbed into the skin. The medication should not be covered with a dressing or bandage, because this increases the intensity. Use of topical agents can lead to atrophy (thinning) of the epidermis and dermis.

A nurse teaches a patient who has multiple areas of actinic keratoses on the face and scalp about the use of which medication? A. Fluorouracil [Efudex] B. Podophyllin [Podocon-25] C. Tacrolimus [Protopic] D. None of the above

A. Fluorouracil [Efudex] Actinic keratoses are rough, scaly skin papules caused by long-term exposure to sunlight. The lesions are treated topically with fluorouracil, a cytotoxic agent. Podophyllin is used to treat perianal and venereal warts. Tacrolimus is a topical immunosuppressant used for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (eczema).

A nurse is planning care for an 18-year-old woman who has acne and is scheduled to start taking isotretinoin. The nurse should establish which outcomes on the plan of care? (Select all that apply.) A. Use of two effective forms of birth control B. Registration with the iPLEDGE program C. Negative pregnancy test result before refills D. Reports of depressed mood, suicidal thoughts E. No elevation in blood triglyceride levels

A. Use of two effective forms of birth control B. Registration with the iPLEDGE program C. Negative pregnancy test result before refills D. Reports of depressed mood, suicidal thoughts E. No elevation in blood triglyceride levels Isotretinoin has demonstrated teratogenic effects and must not be used during pregnancy. All female patients must use two effective forms of birth control and have one negative pregnancy test result before monthly refills. iPLEDGE is a risk-management program used by the prescriber, pharmacist, and patient to ensure that the patient will not become pregnant while taking isotretinoin. Triglyceride levels should be measured periodically, because they may become elevated with the treatment. Depression and suicide are rare effects without direct causal links to isotretinoin, but patients should still be taught to report any signs of depression to a clinician.

The nurse identifies that body image is a priority concern when collecting data from a 46-year-old female patient who is being seen in the dermatology practice. The patient has heard of using tretinoin to prevent aging of the skin. She asks if this drug really works. What teaching should the nurse provide about use of tretinoin products?

Avoid abrasive soaps. Apply a sunscreen of at least SPF 15 every morning to the affected area and reapply as needed during sun exposure. Wear hats that shade the face when out in the sun. Do not use other products that can be irritating unless approved by the prescriber. Apply the cream at bedtime because exposure to light affects the drug. Wash face before applying. Gently pat the skin dry and wait a few minutes for complete drying before applying the drug. Apply a thin film, avoiding the eyes, nose, mouth, and any open areas or areas affected by sunburn or windburn.

Which statement by a patient being started on tretinoin [Retin-A] for acne treatment indicates a need for further teaching? A. "I'll avoid using abrasive soaps on the areas where I'm applying the Retin-A." B. "I'll apply the Retin-A after washing my face and while it is still slightly damp." C. "I'll need to apply sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher to my face and wear a hat." D. "I'll apply the cream daily at bedtime."

B. "I'll apply the Retin-A after washing my face and while it is still slightly damp." Before applying Retin-A, the patient should wash the skin, towel it dry, and then allow it to dry fully for 15 to 20 minutes. Abrasive soaps can intensify blistering, peeling, crusting, burning, and edema and should be avoided. Treated skin has an increased susceptibility to sunburn and should be protected with sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher) and protective clothing. Retin-A typically is applied daily at bedtime.

Which laboratory value does not require monitoring for a patient receiving treatment with methotrexate [Rheumatrex] for psoriasis? A. White blood cell (WBC) count B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels C. Platelet count and hemoglobin/hematocrit level D. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels

B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels TSH levels do not require monitoring. However, because of the potential for adverse effects, such as anemia (hemoglobin and hematocrit), leukopenia (WBC count), thrombocytopenia (platelet count), and liver impairment (ALT and AST), these laboratory tests should be monitored.

An 18-year-old female high school senior is being seen at the dermatology office after treatment with antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and adapalene over the past 2 years have failed to provide acceptable results. How should the nurse respond to the patient's question of how isotretinoin therapy differs from tretinoin?

Both are derivatives of vitamin A. Tretinoin is topical and is not well-absorbed, so adverse effects are usually limited to the skin. Both drugs can cause sensitivity to sunlight and uncomfortably dry skin. Isotretinoin is an oral drug that can produce skin effects and systemic effects, including undesirable adverse effects. Isotretinoin is teratogenic and should not be used if there is a chance of being or becoming pregnant.

Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet radiation through which layer of the skin? A. Dermis B. Subcutaneous tissue C. Basal layer of the epidermis D. Cornified layer of the epidermis

C. Basal layer of the epidermis Melanin is produced by the melanocytes, which are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. The dermis underlies the epidermis and is mostly connective with collagen tissue. The subcutaneous tissue provides a layer of insulation and is mostly fat. The cornified layer of the epidermis has a high keratin content and is continuously shed.

Which topical antimicrobial does not promote resistance in Propionibacterium acnes when used to treat acne? A. Clindamycin [Cleocin] B. Erythromycin [Eryderm] C. Benzoyl peroxide D. Minocycline

C. Benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide does not promote resistance in P. acnes.Monotherapy with either clindamycin or erythromycin quickly leads to resistance in P. acnes; therefore, to protect against the development of resistance, these drugs should be combined with benzoyl peroxide (eg, clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide, or erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide). Minocycline is an oral, not a topical, antimicrobial.

A nurse teaches a patient to consider which factors when purchasing a sunscreen to protect against a photosensitivity reaction from a medication?(Select all that apply.) A. Provides UVB protection B. Contains para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) C. Provides UVA protection D. Contains titanium dioxide E. Has a sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 15

C. Provides UVA protection D. Contains titanium dioxide E. Has a sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 15 UVA and UVB radiation effects are both damaging. However, UVA penetrates both the epidermis and dermis of the skin and is the sole cause of photosensitivity drug reactions. UVB penetrates only the epidermis and is the major cause of sunburn. Titanium dioxide is a physical screen to both UVA and UVB and is used to protect areas such as the nose and lips. Products that contain PABA provide protection against UVB and should be avoided by those who have allergies to benzocaine, sulfonamides, or thiazides. The SPF is an index of protection against UVB radiation, not UVA; a product with at least a 15 should be used to protect against UVB radiation.

A nurse teaches a patient to consider which factors when purchasing a sunscreen to protect against a photosensitivity reaction from a medication? (Select all that apply.) A. Provides UVB protection B. Contains para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) C. Provides UVA protection D. Contains titanium dioxide E. Has a sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 15

C. Provides UVA protection D. Contains titanium dioxide E. Has a sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 15 UVA and UVB radiation effects are both damaging. However, UVA penetrates the epidermis and dermis of the skin and is the sole cause of photosensitivity drug reactions. UVB penetrates only the epidermis and is the major cause of sunburn. Titanium dioxide is a physical screen to UVA and UVB and is used to protect areas such as the nose and lips. Products that contain PABA provide protection against UVB and should be avoided by those who have allergies to benzocaine, sulfonamides, or thiazides. The SPF is an index of protection against UVB radiation, not UVA; a product with at least a 15 should be used to protect against UVB radiation.

A female patient is being treated for acne with Ortho Tri-Cyclen. Adequate effectiveness has not been achieved, so spironolactone [Aldactone] is added to the treatment plan. Why is spironolactone added only after a trial of Ortho Tri-Cyclen? A. Spironolactone reduces the menstrual irregularities and breast tenderness often experienced by those taking Ortho Tri-Cyclen. B. Spironolactone increases fluid retention, because body fluid often is decreased during treatment with Ortho Tri-Cyclen. C. Spironolactone is teratogenic, and contraception must be implemented before the drug is added to the treatment plan. D. Spironolactone further increases androgen activity, thereby reducing sebum production.

C. Spironolactone is teratogenic, and contraception must be implemented before the drug is added to the treatment plan. Spironolactone is added to the treatment plan only after an oral contraceptive, such as Ortho Tri-Cyclen, has proved inadequate, because spironolactone is teratogenic and pregnancy must be avoided. Oral contraceptives can cause menstrual changes (reduced flow, breakthrough bleeding), breast tenderness, and fluid retention. Adverse effects of spironolactone include menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, and hyperkalemia. Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors and has a diuretic effect. Addition of spironolactone intensifies the effect of reducing (not increasing) androgen activity, resulting in a further decrease in sebum production.

A patient is scheduled to start using tretinoin [Retin-A] topically for acne. The nurse instructs the patient also to begin using which product? A. Folic acid B. Stool softener C. Sunscreen D. Vitamin D

C. Sunscreen Tretinoin, a derivative of vitamin A, is a cornerstone topical treatment of acne. However, it increases susceptibility to sunburn, and patients should be taught to apply sunscreen products and wear protective clothing. It is not necessary to use a stool softener or take vitamin D or folic acid when using topical tretinoin.

A patient is disturbed by the social implications of severe axillary hyperhidrosis. Which agent may reduce the problem? A. Topical minoxidil B. Oral doxycycline C. Topical ketoconazole D. Botulinum toxin A injections

D. Botulinum toxin A injections Axillary hyperhidrosis is severe underarm sweating. Botulinum toxin A [Botox] intradermal injections are used to treat this condition. A series of 10 to 15 injections is given under each axilla. Topical minoxidil [Rogaine] is used to promote hair growth. Oral doxycycline is used to treat acne and other systemic conditions. Topical ketoconazole is an antifungal used to treat yeast infection.

A nurse applies mupirocin [Bactroban] topically 3 times a day to several small vesicle lesions on the feet and legs of a patient with which medical condition? A. Common warts B. Eczema C. Actinic keratoses D. Impetigo

D. Impetigo Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic used to treat impetigo caused by susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Lesions initially manifest as small macules or papules that evolve into oozing vesicles, which then dry into a brownish crust. Common warts, eczema, or actinic keratoses are not treated with mupirocin.

A nurse teaches a patient who is applying salicylic acid for acne to report which finding as a manifestation of systemic toxicity? A. Nausea and vomiting B. Diarrhea C. Hypoglycemia D. Tinnitus

D. Tinnitus Salicylic acid is readily absorbed through the skin, and systemic toxicity (salicylism) can result. Symptoms include tinnitus, hyperpnea, and psychologic disturbances. Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and hypoglycemia are not associated adverse effects of salicylic acid.

An 18-year-old female high school senior is being seen at the dermatology office after treatment with antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and adapalene over the past 2 years have failed to provide acceptable results. What data needs to be collected when the prescriber is considering treatment with isotretinoin?

Data to be collected include the severity of the acne and the presence of nodulocystic lesions, the patient's ability to understand directions and adhere to all aspects of therapy, the risk of pregnancy and current sexual behaviors and/or pregnancy status, the patient's triglyceride levels, and the patient's history of depression and suicidal thoughts.

The nurse identifies that body image is a priority concern when collecting data from a 46-year-old female patient who is being seen in the dermatology practice. The patient has heard of using tretinoin to prevent aging of the skin. She asks if this drug really works. The patient is concerned about cost and asks if tretinoin is better than face creams that you can buy in the drugstore. What does research suggest on this topic?

Many patients obtained the same result with comprehensive skin care, including regular use of a sunscreen.

An 18-year-old female high school senior is being seen at the dermatology office after treatment with antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and adapalene over the past 2 years have failed to provide acceptable results. The dermatologist has decided to prescribe isotretinoin and has asked the office nurse to reinforce teaching regarding this drug. What are some nursing diagnoses that should be included when planning teaching relating to this patient, diagnosis, and treatment?

Nursing diagnoses to be considered include altered thought processes (depression), body image disturbance, nonadherence to pregnancy-prevention measures, pain, risk for impaired tissue integrity and infection, risk for situational low self-esteem, and safety (visual changes, suicidal ideation).

The nurse identifies that body image is a priority concern when collecting data from a 46-year-old female patient who is being seen in the dermatology practice. The patient has heard of using tretinoin to prevent aging of the skin. She asks if this drug really works. The patient reports that she has always used a sunscreen of at least SPF 30 and reapplies it regularly because she enjoys activities out in the sun. What teaching about skin protection should the nurse provide to this patient?

Sunscreens do not provide protection from basal cell carcinoma or melanoma and only reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma by 40%. Continue to use the sunscreen daily, even on cloudy days. Use sunscreen that indicates protection against ultraviolet A (UVA) and UVB radiation. Wear sunglasses, light clothing, and hats with wide brims and neck shields when in the sun, in addition to sunscreen. Apply the sunscreen at least 30 minutes before going out in the sun to permit absorption. Reapply the sunscreen after getting wet, including after swimming and sweating. Try to avoid exposure to the sun between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm.

The nurse identifies that body image is a priority concern when collecting data from a 46-year-old female patient who is being seen in the dermatology practice. The patient has heard of using tretinoin to prevent aging of the skin. She asks if this drug really works. The patient and prescriber agree that tretinoin is appropriate for this patient. What information can the nurse provide when the patient asks how this differs from the tretinoin prescribed for her son's acne?

The concentration is different. Topical retinoids have been formulated to produce less intense effects on sensitive skin.

An 18-year-old female high school senior is being seen at the dermatology office after treatment with antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and adapalene over the past 2 years have failed to provide acceptable results. What teaching must the nurse provide this patient regarding the PLEDGE program?

The nurse should inform the patient that patient information will be registered with iPLEDGE. Oral and written warnings about possible fetal damage if taking isotretinoin at any time during pregnancy, even early in the pregnancy before having missed a period, must be provided. Limit the prescription amount to 1 month's supply, and inform the patient of the need for two negative pregnancy tests supervised by the prescriber before each monthly prescription. Review information on contraception, and confirm by email or phone the use of two reliable forms of contraception before each monthly supply of treatment is supplied and for 1 month after stopping treatment.

The nurse identifies that body image is a priority concern when collecting data from a 46-year-old female patient who is being seen in the dermatology practice. The patient has heard of using tretinoin to prevent aging of the skin. She asks if this drug really works. What information can the nurse provide?

Tretinoin can reduce fine wrinkles, make the skin feel softer, and decrease the appearance of age spots on the face. Tretinoin does not improve deep wrinkles and sun damage. It takes up to 6 months to obtain a response. The effects reverse when the product is no longer used. It is not known if the benefits occur in patients older than 50 years.

An 18-year-old female high school senior is being seen at the dermatology office after treatment with antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and adapalene over the past 2 years have failed to provide acceptable results. Because patients do not a always remember what is explained to them, what teaching methods besides oral explanation should the nurse provide to this patient?

Written directions should be provided, and a follow-up call should be made to reinforce teaching. Emphasize the importance of reading the literature provided and answer any questions.

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 2½-year-old child about administration of topical glucocorticoid therapy prescribed for their son's eczema. Which statement, if made by a parent, would suggest the need for further teaching? a. "I should apply a thick film when using the cream on his chin." b. "I should not cover the area of the skin where the cream was applied unless the doctor tells me to." c. "It is important that I only apply the cream to areas with the rash." d. "The cream can help stop itching so my child won't scratch it and get infected."

a. "I should apply a thick film when using the cream on his chin."

Recent research suggests that psoriasis is caused by what? a. An autoimmune inflammatory disorder b. Excessive production of sebum c. Excessive reproduction of keratinocytes d. Poor hygiene

a. An autoimmune inflammatory disorder

A patient has been prescribed adapalene for acne. Which statement(s) would the nurse include in teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. An increase in acne lesions is common early in therapy. b. Apply a sunscreen, such as zinc oxide, before applying the cream. c. Expect a decrease in blackheads, whiteheads, and inflamed lesions. d. Stop the drug if a burning sensation or peeling of the skin occurs. e. Use a sunscreen and wear protective clothing.

a. An increase in acne lesions is common early in therapy. c. Expect a decrease in blackheads, whiteheads, and inflamed lesions. e. Use a sunscreen and wear protective clothing.

What is an important teaching point for patients using diclofenac gel or imiquimod cream? a. Minimize exposure to sunlight. b. Cover the treated area with an occlusive dressing. c. Discontinue treatment if redness or itching occurs. d. Be aware that the medications may stain clothing.

a. Minimize exposure to sunlight.

The nurse is teaching an adolescent about expected and adverse effects of applying prescribed salicylic acid. The priority teaching would be instructing the patient to report which symptom? a. Ringing in the ears b. Flaking skin c. Headache d. Itching in the area where the drug was applied

a. Ringing in the ears

A patient has been prescribed an oral contraceptive and spironolactone for treatment of acne that has been resistant to topical treatments. It is important to instruct the patient to report which symptom that suggests hyperkalemia related to this therapy? a. Weakness and nausea b. Bone pain and constipation c. Cool, clammy skin d. Thirst and flushed skin

a. Weakness and nausea

It is important to teach patients who have been prescribed azelaic acid to apply the cream (Select all that apply.) a. after washing and patting dry. b. evenly, avoiding contact with the eyes, nose, and mouth. c. in a thin film but only to affected areas. d. to every area that is red.

a. after washing and patting dry. b. evenly, avoiding contact with the eyes, nose, and mouth. c. in a thin film but only to affected areas.

When taking a history from a new patient being seen for acne, it is a priority to alert the prescriber that the adolescent has a history of a. asthma. b. ear infections. c. Hashimoto thyroiditis. d. tendonitis.

a. asthma.

The priority nursing intervention to prevent squamous cell carcinoma is teaching patients to a. avoid chronic exposure of the skin to sunlight. b. examine moles for irregular borders. c. report rough, scaly, red-brown papules to the primary care provider. d. use sunscreen.

a. avoid chronic exposure of the skin to sunlight.

A 56-year-old patient asks what the nurse can tell her about using tretinoin to prevent wrinkles. The nurse could share the research that suggests that tretinoin a. benefits in patients over 50 have not been established. b. eliminates deep wrinkles. c. prevents sunburn. d. repairs sun-damaged skin.

a. benefits in patients over 50 have not been established.

A patient is admitted with fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Lab test results include Na+ 136 mEq/L, K+ 3.5 mEq/L, and Ca++ 12 mg/dL. The nurse notes red patches with silvery, flaking scales on a patient's knees, elbows, and scalp. It is important for the nurse to determine the dose and frequency of medication if this patient is being treated for psoriasis with which drug? a. Anthralin b. Calcipotriene c. Tars d. Tazarotene

b. Calcipotriene

Which laboratory result for a 27-year-old patient, who has an appointment to receive podophyllum for genital warts, would be most important for the nurse to report to the gynecologist administering the treatment? a. ALT 35 IU/L b. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) positive c. Hb 14 g/dL d. WBC count 5000/mm3

b. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) positive

Why does the nurse teach patients to use sunscreens that contain avobenzone? a. It is effective on prominent body parts such as the nose. b. It is the only ingredient that absorbs UVA1 rays. c. It is currently available in a clear formula. d. It is most efficient in reflecting the sun's rays.

b. It is the only ingredient that absorbs UVA1 rays.

The principle of treatment for seborrheic dermatitis is suppression of a. cellular reproduction. b. growth of yeasts. c. histamine release. d. scalp oil production

b. growth of yeasts.

A patient who has recently been prescribed benzoyl peroxide calls the telephone triage nurse in a dermatology office because she has been experiencing scaling and swelling at the site of application. What would an expected protocol tor the nurse's response normally include? a. Continue to use the benzoyl peroxide and try an oil-based moisturizer to relieve the severe dryness b. Continue to use the benzoyl peroxide as prescribed because this is an expected therapeutic effect. c. Continue to use the benzoyl peroxide, but use it less often. d. Stop using the benzoyl peroxide.

c. Continue to use the benzoyl peroxide, but use it less often.

The nurse in a long-term care facility is administering topical fluorouracil to actinic keratosis lesions. Which assessment suggests that therapy has achieved the desired effect and treatment can be stopped? a. Burning and vesicle formation b. Complete healing of lesion c. Erosion, ulceration, and necrosis d. Severe inflammation and stinging

c. Erosion, ulceration, and necrosis

Which laboratory result for a 57-year-old female patient who is receiving methotrexate for psoriasis would be of most concern to the nurse? a. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 35 IU/L b. Hemoglobin (Hb) 12 g/dL c. Platelet count 2000/mm3 d. White blood cell (WBC) count 9000/mm3

c. Platelet count 2000/mm3

The outer layer of the epidermis is called the stratum _.

corneum

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Good for inflamed or dry skin.

creams

A 28-year-old patient is prescribed anthralin. Which statement, if made by the patient, suggests a need for additional teaching? a. "I need to be especially careful to wash my hands alter applying the cream." b. "It is best if I put the cream on at bedtime." c. "I need to cover the cream so that it does not stain my clothing." d. "I need to contact my prescriber if the area around mv psoriasis becomes red."

d. "I need to contact my prescriber if the area around mv psoriasis becomes red."

A history of which condition would be a contraindication for treatment of psoriasis with adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab? a. Bipolar disorder b. Gastroesophageal reflux disease c. Hypothyroidism d. Active tuberculosis

d. Active tuberculosis

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Provide highest medication absorption.

ointments

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Can be used safely in areas that are occluded.

pastes

Match the topical drug vehicle with its description. Reduce friction between surfaces.

powders

Sebaceous glands excrete an oily composite known as _.

sebum

All cells of the epidermis arise from the _____.

stratum germinatiuum or basal layer.