Pharmacology Quizzes
acetominaphen toxicity
Aside from respiratory conditions acetylcholine is also indicated for ____________________.
calcium
Digoxin increases the availability ______________ ions in contractile filaments.
CHF
Digoxin is used to manage ________ in horses but rarely in small animals due to the availability of safer drugs.
beta adrenergic
Dobutamine is a direct _____________ ____________________ stimulant.
calcium
In young animals, what does tetracycline bind irreversibly to?
slower heart rate
One pharmacodynamical effect of digoxin is to decrease AV conduction, resulting in what?
gentamicin
The antagonist drug to cephalosporins is _________________.
thin and water permeable; thick and water impermeable
The ascending arm of the Loop of Henle is _______________ while the descending arm is ______________.
bioavailability
The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches general circulation is called ________________.
doxapram
The general CNS stimulant that activates the respiratory system is ___________________________.
dextromethorphan
Name the antitussive that is similar to codeine in chemical structure but is non-narcotic.
True
True or False: Controlled substances can be kept in a portable lockbox as long as it is safely secured in an immoveable cabinet when not in use.
False
True or False: Macrolides are bactericidal at normal therapeutic doses.
True
True or False: Macrolides have an immunomodulation effect that may be helpful in treating diseases like FIP.
False
True or False: Most antiparasitic drugs are "-static" drugs rather than "-cidal" drugs.
True
True or False: Osmotic diuretics are used more effectively to treat acute kidney failure rather than chronic kidney disease.
False
True or False: Passive transport requires energy, whereas active transport does not.
false
True or False: Pimobendan shows an equal efficacy as ACE inhibitors alone with equal rate of side effects.
False
True or False: SDMA is less sensitive to changes in kidney function due to the higher impact of extrarenal functions such as body condition and hydration status.
True
True or False: Some tetracyclines can pass the blood brain barrier to achieve a concentration in the CSF.
false
True or False: Speed of drug distribution is often faster than speed of absorption.
False
True or False: Sulfonamide drugs are narrow spectrum and bacteriostatic.
False
True or False: Tetracyclines are bactericidal.
True
True or False: Topical agents with antifungal properties can be used in conjunction with systemic antifungals to treat fungal disease.
extralabel
Use of a drug for a species or purpose other than what is listed on the label is known as ______________.
ascites; pulmonary edema
Valvular insufficiency of the tricuspid valve can lead to ______________, whereas insufficiency of the mitral valve can lead to ______________ _____________.
Veterinary Feed Directive
What act made it so farmers must have a relationship with a vet for antibiotics?
weight loss, nausea, PU/PD
What are 3 common early symptoms of chronic kidney disease?
decrease myocardial activity, increase conduction times, and prolong refractory period
What are 3 common results of giving a class IA antiarrhythmic drug?
exercise intolerance, weak pulse, and pulmonary edema
What are 3 indications for the use of digoxin.
patient drug dose route time and frequency
What are the "5 Rights" of drug administration?
ranitidine and nizatidine
What are the 2 generic H2 receptor antagonist drugs that are currently unavailable due to increased levels of NDMA in the drug?
calcium, aluminum, and magnesium
What are the 3 non-absorbable salts found in antacids?
aluminum and calcium may cause constipation magnesium may cause diarrhea
What are the possible side effects of antacids?
ACE inhibitors
What class of drugs stops the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, thereby decreasing pressure in the systemic arteries and glomerular capillaries.
cardiac glycosides
What class of positive inotropic cardiac drugs contains digoxin, digitalis, and digitoxin?
chemical name
What describes the chemical structures of a drug?
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
What does MIC stand for in relation to antibiotic susceptibility tests?
thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
What does TSH stand for and what is the name of it?
cimetidine
What drug can inhibit microsomal enzymes in the liver and alter the metabolism of other drugs given concurrently?
sucralfate
What drug creates a barrier over a gastric ulcer to protect it from further damage and promote healing?
guaifenesin
What expectorant can also be a part of an anesthetic protocol in horsess?
keratoconjunctivitis sicca
What irreversible ophthalmic condition is a potential adverse effect of long-term sulfonamide use? do NOT abbreviate.
GI disturbances that may be fatal
What is a possible adverse effect of macrolide usage in hind gut fermenters such as horses?
4050ml/min
What is the cardiac output of a dog with a heart rate of 90 bpm and stroke volume of 45ml?
efficacy
What is the degree to which a drug produces the desired effect?
bactericidal kills the bacteria whereas bacteriostatic inhibits the growth of bacteria
What is the difference between a bactericidal antibiotic and a bacteriostatic antibiotic?
endogenous hormones are produced within the body, while exogenous hormones are produced outside of the body and given/administered to the patient
What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous hormones?
omeprazole
What is the generic name for the veterinary approved proton pump inhibitor?
Pharmacotherapeutics
What is the study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs?
generic name
What is the term for the common name of a drug that can be used by anyone?
trade name
What is the term for the name chosen by a drug company and protected by a trademark?
affinity
What is the term for the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor?
code name
What is use by researchers to keep drug development secret?
protein
What nutrient should be reduced in quantity (but not in quality) in a diet designed to manage CKD?
Veterinary feed directive
What regulation took effect in January 2017 to roll back the overuse of antibiotics in production animals?
Beta lactamase
What substance created by certain bacteria will inactivate penicillin?
generations
What term is used to identify the classes of cephalosporins?
pregnant animals
What type of animal should misoprostol not be used in?
intermediate acting
What type of insulin is often prescribed for dogs due to its frequency of dosing?
cough center in the brain
Where do centrally acting antitussives have their effect?
loop of henle
Where is the point of action of loop diuretics?
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
Where is the vomiting center located in the medulla?
atropine
Which drug is used as an antidote for organophosphate toxicity?
A. isoproterenol
Which of the following beta-2 adrenergic drugs are less frequently used due to the simultaneous stimulation of beta-1? A. Isoproterenol B. Albuterol C. Clenbuterol D. Metaproterenol
D. propranolol
Which of the following is not a class IA or IB antiarrhythmic drug? A. procainamide B. lidocaine C. quinidine D. propranolol
B. tricuspid valve disease
Which of the following is not considered to be among the most prevalent cardiac disease in veterinary medicine? A. mitral valve disease B. tricuspid valve disease C. boxer cardiomyopathy D. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
D. decrease stroke volume
Which of the following is not considered to be an objective of cardiac therapy? A. relieve fluid accumulation B. increase oxygenation of blood C. maintain effective cardiac output D. decrease stroke volume
B. indicated for a non-productive cough
Which of the following is not true about expectorants? A. reduce adhesiveness of mucus B. indicated for a non-productive cough C. Can be given by inhalation therapy D. Liquify and dilute mucoid secretions
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Which system is responsible for controlling blood pressure?
fructosamine
Which test will differentiate stress-induced hyperglycemia from diabetes-mellitus induced hyperglycemia?
chronic non-productive
Which type of cough is butorphanol indicated for?
cholinergic agonist/parasympathomimetic
Which type of drug mimics the parasympathetic nervous system to contract the detrusor muscle and help void the bladder?
causes tachycardia and hypertension
Whis is epinephrine only used as a bronchodilator in life threatening situations?
USDA
Who regulates biologics?
DEA
Who regulates controlled substances?
EPA
Who regulates topical pesticides?
usually comes as drops or lozenges
Why aren't peripherally acting antitussives commonly used in veterinary medicine?
many penicillins will cause severe fatal diarrhea in pocket pets
Why should penicillins be used with caution in pocket pets?
It is excreted mostly unchanged and still has therapeutic doses in the urine.
Why would penicillin be a useful drug for treating UTIs?
uric acid
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors decrease the production of what?
Dopamine
______________________ is the drug of choice for cardiac failure resuscitation due to its positive inotropic, positive chronotropic, and blood pressure increasing properties.
therapeutic use risk of abuse
Controlled substances are scheduled according to their ________________ as compared to their _______________.
symptoms; cause
Corticosteroids address the __________________ of a respiratory disease but not the ________________.
False
True or False: Carbapenem antibiotics are derived from the Streptococcus organism.
False
True or False: Cardiac muscle has an absolute refractory state.
False
True or False: Catecholamines act on adrenergic receptors with similar effects across drug formulations.
HCl
H2 receptor antagonists prevent the secretion of _____________.
I-VI; VI
Heart murmurs are graded on a scale of _______________ with grade __________ being the most severe.
filtration; reabsorption
High pressure renal circulation favors ____________ while low pressure circulation assists with ______________.
conjunctival sac
How is the pill form of apomorphine most commonly administered to a vomiting patient?
cats; dogs
Hyperthyroidism is more often found in ______________, whereas hypothyroidism is more often found in _____________.
edema; blood pressure
Hypoproteinuria can lead to __________ and low __________ _______________.
ergosterol synthesis
Imidazole antifungal drugs inhibit ______________________.
Doberman Pinschers
In which breed should sulfonamides be used with caution?
A. II B. III C. V
Indicate the controlled substance class for codeine in each of the following: A. Codeine alone: B. Combined with aspirin or acetaminophen C. Combined with other drug agents
sympathetic
Inhibition of norepinephrine will result in decreased effects of which part of the nervous system?
strength of contractions
Inotropy refers to which aspect of cardiac function?
potentiated
What type of sulfonamide is bactericidal?
nebulizer
When treating a respiratory condition, acetylcholine can only be given by _________________.
epinephrine
When using lidocaine as an antiarrhythmic agent, which drug should not be combined with it?
herding breeds (collies)
Ivermectin should never be given to _____________.
1. muscle 2. subcutaneous 3. adipose
Label the following body tissues/spaces in order of shortest (1) to longest (3) absorption time.
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation GI tract Emesis (vomiting)
List the "sludge" toxicities associated with organophosphates.
hyperosmotic agents, bulk-producing agents, lubricants, surfactants/stool softeners, and irritants
List the types of laxatives.
sodium
Loop diuretics inhibit the tubular reabsorption of which electrolyte?
diabetes insipidus
Low levels of antidiuretic hormone leads to which disease?
lactone ring size
Macrolide antibiotic classes are based onwhat?
inhibit protein synthesis
Macrolides and lincosamides have/use what method of action against bacteria?
CSF
Macrolides reach high concentrations in all except which of the following? A. macrophages B. lungs C. CSF D. liver
potassium
Many types of diuretics require the supplementation of what electrolyte?
phosphodiesterase
Methylxanthines inhibit ____________________________ which allows cAMP to accumulate and cause bronchodilation.
kidney
Most drugs are primarily excreted by which organ?
Wolbachia treatment
Name a specific disease (not type of general infection) for which tetracycline is the drug of choice.
tetracycline, chloramphenicol, paromomycin
Name an antagonist of penicllin.
drug toxicity
Name one cause of acute kidney disease.
bacterial and parasitic
Name one type of infection against which metronidazole is effective.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Name the cardiomyopathy in cats for which propranolol can be beneficial.
Penicillin G sodium and potassium
Name the only two formulations of Penicillin that can be given IV.
alveoli and capillaries
Name the two structures that form the respiratory membrane for gas exchange.
dehydration pharynx or laryngeal spasms alkaline or acidic stomach contents
Name three patient presentations or situations that would require cautious use of emetics.
sneezing, coughing, and bronchospasm
Name three protective reflexes of the respiratory system:
blood flow fat vs. muscle
Name to factors that affect absorption of a drug in the body.
chitin on the cell wall and sterrols
Name two characteristics of fungi that can influence the effectiveness of an antifungal drug.
lincosamides and tetracyclines
Name two drug classes that can cause esophageal strictures in cats if given in pill form.
3% hydrogen peroxide syrup of ipecac
Name two peripheral or local acting emetics.
neurotoxicity hepatotoxicity
Name two potential adverse effects of long-term metronidazole use:
gram negative; resistant
Newer cephalosporins for veterinary use are more likely to be active against __________________ bacteria and __________________ to beta-lactamase.
topically
Nystatin has a high risk tissue toxicity and should therefore only be used ___________.
False
True or False: Class IB antiarrhythmic drugs stabilize myocardial cell membranes and block the efflux of sodium to the cell.
yellow
Tetracycline binding in young animals will turn the teeth and bones what color?
residue
The amount of a drug that remains in a tissue or product after use is _____________.
acidifiers
The availability of prescription diets to dissolve struvite stones and crystals has lead to a decrease in the use of urinary [ alkalizers / acidifiers ]
biotransformation
The body's ability to change a drug chemically into a form that can be eliminated from the body is called _________________________.
empirical
The method of choosing a drug based on clinical experience and common sense is _____________.
glucagon; insulin
The pancreas produces ___________ from alpha cells and __________ from beta cells.
hyperadrenocorticism; hypoadrenocorticism
The proper name for Cushing's is _____________________, whereas the proper name for Addison's is ____________________.
toxicology
The study of the nature, effects, and detection of poisons and treatment of poisoning is called:
False
True or False: A dysfunctional GAG layer of the urinary tract allows the reabsorption of ions and prevents adherence of bacteria and crystals.
False
True or False: A high therapeutic index means a higher risk drug.
False
True or False: A precordial thrill associated with a heart murmur can be heard with a stethoscope.
False
True or False: Abruptly ending treatment with propranolol can result in bradycardia and hypotension.
autoantibodies
When treating cats long-term for CKD-related anemia, there is a 25-40% chance that they will develop _________________.
intestine
Where do enteric coated drugs have their effect?
cerenia/maropitant
Which antiemetic blocks the binding of substance P on the NK-1 receptor in the CRTZ?
diuretics, ACE inhibitors, nitroglycerin
Which cardiac drugs reduce preload and afterload?
thiazide diuretics
Which class of diuretics has a similar mechanism of action to loop diuretics but has a longer duration of activity?
xylazine
Which drug, while not classified as an emetic, has emetic effects in cats?
C. subcutaneous
Which form of drug administration has the slowest rate of absorption? A. oral B. intramuscular C. subcutaneous D. intravenous
erythropoietin
Which hormone must be supplemented to treat CKD-related anemia?
vagus nerve
Which nerve controls parasympathetic nervous system?
increase gastric contraction, speed up gastric emptying, and strengthen cardiac sphincter tone
What are 3 effects of metoclopramide?
ACE inhibitor
What class drug is enalapril?
thyroxine
What does T4 stand for?
radioactive iodine
What is the gold standard treatment for hyperthyroidism?
atenolol
What is the safest antiarrhythmic drug to use for animals that are prone to bronchospasm?
Pharmacognosy
What is the study of medicinal substances of biological origin?
pharmacodynamics
What is the study of the actions of drugs on living organisms?
pharmokinetics
What is the study of the movement of drugs over a period of time?
epinephrine
The preferred drug agent for cardiac arrest is ___________________.
False
True or False: Adverse effects of ketoconazole use such as decreased cortisol and testosterone levels are irreversible after discontinuing treatment.
living organism
A biologic is a therapeutic agent derived from a/an _______________.
partial agonist
A drug with less affinity and less efficacy...
upper urethral sphincter
Adrenergic agonists increase the tone of which muscle?
Methylxanthine
Aminophylline and theophylline are in what class of bronchodilators?
ergosterol, topical
Amphotericin B binds to ____________________ is effective against _____________________ infections.
kidney
Amphotericin B can damage which organ and therefore requires careful monitoring?
True
True or False: As nephrons become nonfunctional in kidney disease, body fluids and electrolytes are depleted and toxins accumulate.
True
True or False: At least 30% of human prescriptions for antibiotics are unnecessary.
beta adrenergic
Class II antiarrhythmic drugs affect which class of cell receptors?
narcotic
Antidiarrheals such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are _____________ analgesics.
fluid balances
Antidiuretic hormone regulates which body function?
treat the underlying cause
Antiemetics treat or control vomiting but do not ___________________________________________________________.
preventing; treating
Antihistamines are more effective at [ treating / preventing ] symptoms than [ treating / preventing ] symptoms.
motion sickness or inner ear disease
Antihistamines are most effective as emetics when controlling emesis due to __________________________ or _______________________________________.
respiratory
Appropriate diagnosis of a ______________ condition is crucial because the treatment for one condition may be contraindicated in another condition.
metabolized by liver into bile, enters small intestine and is absorbed by enterocytes then transported back to the liver
Briefly describe enterohepatic cycling.
Mrs. Winslow's soothing syrup that was given to babies despite the fact 1 tsp was enough to kill them.
Briefly describe one incident in the history of pharmacology that led to modern laws and regulations.
The therapeutic index is the amount of drug needed to be effective but not overly toxic. The therapeutic window is the dosage range that provides effective treatment with minimal side effects.
Briefly describe the window between the therapeutic index and the therapeutic window.
decrease
Calcium channel blockers _________________ cardiac automaticity and slow impulse transmission.
C. miconazole
Cardiotoxicity is a potential adverse effect of: A. Flucytosine B. Griseofulvin C. Miconazole D. Fluconazole
Conjugation
Cats have a poor ability to perform which method of converting a drug into metabolites?
bronchconstriction
Cholinergic blockers combine with ACH receptors to prevent ________________________________.
heart rate
Chronotropy refers to which aspect of cardiac function?
calcium
Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs block the passage of what ion through the cell membrane?
it means that one drug is mixed with another to increase the effectiveness
Clavamox (amoxicillin/clavulanate) is a potentiated penicillin. What does it mean for a drug to be potentiated?
vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels
Decongestants reduce swelling of nasal membranes through what method of action?
it is the amount of which the drug is distributed into the tissues
Define Volume of Distribution (VoD).
There is an opening between the ventricles which allows for the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Define a ventricular septal defect.
a drug reaction that is unusual or unexpected
Define an idiosyncratic drug reaction.
bacteria resistant to one form of drug in a class will most likely also be resistant to other forms of that drug.
Define cross resistance in bacteria.
lack/loss of motility in the intestines, specifically the ileum
Define ileus.
A. antinematodal B. antinematodal C. antinematodal D. anticestodal E. antinematodal F. anticestodal
Determine whether the following drugs are anticestodal or antinematodal: A. Benzimidazole B. Tetrahydropyrimidine C. Avermectin D. Epsiquantal E. Organophosphate F. Praziquannal
inotropic; vasodilation
Dobutamine produces positive _________________ without _________________.
norepinephrine
Dopamine is the immediate precursor to ________________.
antagonist
Drug that binds to a receptor to prevent another drug binding...
agonist
Drug with high affinity and high efficacy....
more potent and longer lasting
Famotidine is the most frequently prescribed H2 receptor antagonist because it is...
parasympathomimetic
GI motility drugs are [ parasympatholytic / parasympathomimetic ]
both the symptoms and the underlying cause
Gastric ulcer treatment requires the treatment of what?
Malassezia
Give the scientific name of the fungal organism most commonly found in the ears.
Microsporum canis
Give the scientific name of the fungal organism most commonly found on the skin.
treatment is stopped too soon resistance or dose not high enough
Give two reasons antifungal therapy may fail.
inhibit cell wall synthesis
Glycopeptides fight bacterial infection through which process?
felines
Permethrins are highly toxic to which species?
vasoconstriction
Pimobendan inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme, which is responsible for...
inodilator
Pimobendan is a positive inotrope that is also classed as a ______________ due to its vasodilator properties.
hydrogen
Proton pump inhibitors stop the pumping of ___________________ ions into the stomach.
asthma;panting/hyperventilation
Respiratory acidosis is likely to result from the respiratory condition ________________, whereas respiratory alkalosis is more likely to result from _________________________.
folic acid
Sulfonamides work by replacing PABA in the pathway that forms ________ ______.
