PHEP 341- Practice Final Exam Questions

Coronary heart disease is defined as: a.A narrowing or complete blockage of a coronary artery or arteries b.High blood pressure c.A lack of adequate cerebral perfusion d.Disease of the one of the heart valves (i.e. mitral value, pulmonic valve)

a.A narrowing or complete blockage of a coronary artery or arteries

A type of statistical analysis that includes only study participants that kept with study protocol: a.Per Protocol b.Intention to Treat c.Double Blind d.Efficacy

a.Per Protocol

The Hepatitis A vaccine is which type of prevention? a.Primary b.Secondary c.Tertiary

a.Primary

A Risk Ratio of 5.0 means that: a.The exposed have 5 times the risk of disease compared to unexposed b.The exposed have 50% higher rate of disease compared to unexposed c.The exposed have a 5% increased risk of the disease given the exposure d.The exposed have 5-fold increased odds of exposure given the disease

a.The exposed have 5 times the risk of disease compared to unexposed

When a disease is randomly distributed across space some clustering is expected. a.True - Randomization on a large enough scale would most likely result in random clustering b.False - Any spatial clustering is evidence of an underlying cause (beyond random chance)

a.True - Randomization on a large enough scale would most likely result in random clustering

Which of the following would decrease the prevalence of disease in a population? a.Longer duration of disease b.A worsening Case Fatality (%) or Case Fatality Rate c.An increase in the incidence of disease d.Improved diagnostic and case reporting techniques

b.A worsening Case Fatality (%) or Case Fatality Rate

The _____________________ is the only fair way to compare two or more rates between different places, people, or times. a.Cross-Sectional study design b.Age adjustment of rates c.Use of point prevalence d.Crude Mortality Rate

b.Age adjustment of rates

A researcher is interested in the prevalence of IV Drug Use in two Appalachian counties. The researcher hypothesizes that early life emotional abuse will be associated with IV Drug Use. Which study design should the researcher use? a.Case Series b.Cross-Sectional c.Retrospective Cohort d.Randomized Trial

b.Cross-Sectional

The following graph is an "Epi Curve", which is a type of: a.Bar Chart b.Histogram c.Line Graph d.None of the above

b.Histogram

Which of the following is the best measure of how common a disease is, in a particular population? (e.g., what proportion of this population has a current diagnosis of Cluster Headaches?) a.Incidence b.Prevalence c.Attack Rate d.Proportionate Mortality

b.Prevalence

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke are considered: a.Necessary and Sufficient: Because this is the only way to develop lung cancer b.Sufficient by not Necessary: Because while they can cause lung cancer, other exposures can also cause lung cancer c.Necessary but not Sufficient: Because it is required for the outcome to occur, but cannot produce the outcome by itself d.Neither Necessary nor Sufficient: Because it is not required and cannot produce the outcome by itself

b.Sufficient by not Necessary: Because while they can cause lung cancer, other exposures can also cause lung cancer

To assess whether there is a relationship between obesity and colon cancer, 300 individuals diagnosed with colon cancer are compared with 900 individuals without colon cancer. Data on prior exposures is then collected. What type of study design is this? a.Case Report (Series) b.Ecological study design c.Cross-Sectional study design d.Case-Control study design e.Cohort study design f.Randomized Control Trial

d.Case-Control study design

What is the primary goal of randomization in a randomized trial? a.Create stratified groups b.Guarantee comparability between the Treatment and Control arms of the study c.Ensure that the study sample is representative of the population d.Eliminate or reduce bias that may be introduced by the investigator on the study participant(s)

d.Eliminate or reduce bias that may be introduced by the investigator on the study participant(s)

A researcher is interested in the prevalence of IV Drug Use in two Appalachian counties. The researcher hypothesizes that early life emotional abuse will be associated with IV Drug Use. Given the Cross-Sectional Study Design, which measure of association would be used? a.Risk Ratio b.Incidence Rate c.Correlation Coefficient d.Odds Ratio

d.Odds Ratio

This study, which started enrolling participants in 1948 in Massachusetts was the first to identify smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol as risk factors for incident coronary heart disease? a.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) b.Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) c.Framingham Study d.Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS)

c.Framingham Study

Epidemiologists investigating the new cases of HIV in Scott county, IN ultimately determined the new cases were tied to needle sharing among IV drug users. How would you describe the mode of transmission of HIV in this scenario? a.Direct Contact - Direct Contact b.Direct Contact - Droplet c.Indirect Contact - Vehicleborne d.Indirect Contact - Vectorborne

c.Indirect Contact - Vehicleborne

The reliability of a screening test that measures how much agreement there is between two raters (observers) after we remove random chance agreement is called: a.Sensitivity b.Specificity c.KAPPA d.Validity

c.KAPPA

The Spanish Flu which killed millions of people around the world in the 20th century was considered a(n): a.Endemic b.Epidemic c.Pandemic

c.Pandemic

A Risk Ratio of 0.45 means that: a.The exposed have 45% higher risk of disease compared to the unexposed b.The exposed have 55% higher risk of disease compared to the unexposed c.The exposed have 55% lower risk of disease compared to the unexposed d.The exposed have 45% lower risk of disease compared to the unexposed

c.The exposed have 55% lower risk of disease compared to the unexposed

Randomized Trials provide: a.The strongest form of causal evidence from an observational study b.The main study design in epidemiology c.The strongest form of causal evidence; a type of experimental study d.A novel report from an interesting case

c.The strongest form of causal evidence; a type of experimental study