PHI-240-101 Chapter 1-6
Which of the following questions would you be most likely to hear from people in the post conventional stage of moral reasoning when they are confronted with a moral issue in their lives?
"Is someone going to be harmed by my action?"
Which of the following questions would you be most likely to hear from someone, in both Kohlberg's and Gilligan's pre conventional stage of moral reasoning, when they are confronted with a moral issue?
"What's in it for me?"
What are the 3/6 categories given in class that help define the nature of ethical norms? Give detailed information about each category.
1. Antinomianism has no universal norms of any sort, conflicting moral norms cannot arise, and decisions are made on personal grounds. 2. Generalism has no universal norms only general guidelines, conflicting moral norms do not arise, and general rules allow exceptions in specific cases as a way to resolve conflicts. 3. Situationism has only one universal norm (i.e. do the right thing), the "right" thing varies from situation, and conflicting norms cannot arise because of the overarching principle of the situation.
What are 4/7 critiques of Cultural Relativism and describe each one?
1. Cultural Relativism is illogical 2. Cultural relativism does not work in a pluralist society. 3. Cultural relativism confuses custom with morality. 4. People act more morally when others are not around.
What are 3/4 ethical subjectivism critiques?
1. There are no objective moral facts. 2. Ethical subjectivism leads to self- contradiction. 3. Ethical subjectivism is disastrous for the weak and defenseless. 4. Ethical subjectivism cannot explain genuine disagreement.
What are the 4 statements that C.S. Lewis makes regarding religion and morality?
1. There is a universal moral law. 2. If there is a universal moral law, there is a moral law giver. 3. If there is a Moral- Law giver, it must be something beyond the universe. 4. Therefore, there is something beyond the universe.
What are 2/3 critiques of Divine Command?
1. This concept of morality is mysterious 2. This conception of morality makes God's commands arbitrary. 3. this conception of morality provides the wrong reasons for moral principles.
Ethical skepticism is closely related to the idea of what?
Agnoticism
At which level of critical thinking would you look at your experience and interpretation?
Analysis
Which category of ethical norms was used by Adolf Hitler in his writing of the Mein Kampf to justify the killing of the jews?
Antinomianism
Where does resistance come in relation to the 3-tiered approach to critical thinking?
At the end of interpretation
Opinions are
Based on feeling rather than on reason
Who said, "The heart has its reasons which reason does not know... It is the heart which experiences God, and not the reason?"
Blaise Pascal
Which of the following is not considered part of the Divine Command Theory?
Buddhism
Who said, "we must believe that conscience of man is not a product of nature?"
C.S. Lewis
Which type of defense mechanism allows us to work through challenges to our worldview while maintaining our integrity?
Coping
"I don't see a problem" is what type of defense mechanism?
Denial
Which of the following is not one of the claims made by cultural relativists?
Different societies do not have different moral codes
Holding two contradictory views at the same time is what type of distraction?
Doublethink`
Which of the following is not a relative ethical theory?
Emotivism
Which of the following factors would a cultural relativist argue is most important in the format of our conciences?
Environment
Moral knowledge is also known as what?
Epistemology
What did Plato suggest for those whose souls are incurably evil?
Execution
At which level of critical thinking would you consider your all that you have been a part of?
Experience
According to class discussion, the terms ethics and morality can be used interchangeably?
False
According to ethical subjectivism there is a right and wrong?
False
Conscience is broken into two parts: Cognitive and Defective
False
Cultural Relativism is a universalist theory?
False
Cultural Relativism is logical?
False
Cultural Relativist is the same as cultural diversity?
False
Cultural relativism can be viewed as nothing more than socially disapproved customs?
False
Ethics primarily deals with descriptive statements with prescriptive being in a supporting role?
False
In determinism, there is free will?
False
In emotivism there are moral truths?
False
In emotivism, all moral statements are not meaningless?
False
In ethical subjectivism, individual opinions must provide the standard of moral truths?
False
In ethical subjectivism, we can know with certainty whether or not objective moral standards exist?
False
In universalist theories, morality is created rather than discovered
False
Morality is dependent on or relative to God and morality does exist independently of God's will?
False
People act more morally when others are around?
False
Prescriptive statements deal with what ought to be in nonmoral values?
False
The study of ethics must not take into account relevant facts about human nature
False
To the heart of Ethical Subjectivism moral opinions are based solely on what?
Feelings
In resolving a moral dilemma, we should first?
Get our facts straight
Which of the following is NOT one of the parts of morality?
Group consideration
Why Nazi Adolf Eichmann argue, at his trial, that he had done nothing wrong?
He did not break any laws of his country.
Which of the following statements would you hear from some someone who is engaged in doublethink?
I agree with both sides of the argument
Which type of a defense is used when a defense attorney claims that the defendant's actions were necessary to ensure his or her safety?
Ignorance
At which level of critical thinking would you try to make sense of the world around us?
Interpretation
Spirituality
Is an inner attitude of reverence for the ultimate moral worth and belief in God
civil religion
Isa blend of religion and cultural relativism
Nihilism
It is impossible to know whether moral truths exist of the nature of these truths
Another way to look at tolerance is through which phrase?
Live and let live
Natural Law
Maintains that morality is universal and unchanging and that God commands something because it is right prior to the command.
Ethical Subjectivism
Moral right and wrong are relative to the individual person, it is matter of individual opinion
Emotivism
Moral statements are neither true nor false, but merely express approval or disapproval
Cultural Relativism
Morality is created collectively by groups of human and that differs from society to society
Divine Command chp. 5
Morality is dependent on or relative to God's Commands and therefore can change from time to time and person to person
Which category of moral actions states that acts are neither mandated nor forbidden?
Morally Permissible
Which category of moral actions states that acts go beyond the call of duty?
Morally supererogatory
What event led to general dissillusionment with the theory of cultural relativism?
Nazi Holocaust
Who said, "The heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing"?
Pascal
What is the most common type of evidence that we might use?
Personal Experience
Cultural relativism does not work in what kind of society?
Pluralist
Morality
Refers to the actual content of right and wrong
Which metaethical side states that morality is different for different people?
Relativist
Who said, "We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits."
Ruth Benedict
Which answer best fits the following statement, "simply the observation that there are disagreement among cultures regarding moral behavior?"
Sociological Relativism
Who said, "The unexamined life is not worth living"?
Socrates
Which of the following is most likely to follow a result of adopting cultural relativism?
Suspicion and distrust of the norms and values of different culture.
Tolerance
This has the idea of tolerance and respect for other's lifestyles
Civil Religion is a mix of Divine and Command and Cultural Relativism?
True
Cultural Relativism creates a divisive mentality?
True
Cultural Relativist claim that it is arrogant to judge other cultures?
True
Cultural relativism does not correctly describe how we make moral judgements?
True
Cultural relativism says that public opinion determines right and wrong?
True
Descriptive statements are just about the facts?
True
Herodotus said that conceptions of right and wrong differ from culture to culture?
True
In Ethical Subjectivism moral statements are based on personal opinion?
True
Metaphysical dualism deals with that our bodies are made up of two parts
True
Metaphysical materialism has with it the idea that morality is based on our biological drives?
True
Plato defined conscience as an activity of the soul that directs us toward the good
True
What is the funny phrase surrounding the making of excuses, especially as it relates to our environment?
Twinkie Defense
Which metaehtical side states that moral truths exist that are true for all humans, regardless of their personal beliefs?
Universalist
Religion
a set of beliefs about a transcendent God
Opinion
a statement that is based only on a feeling rather than on fact
Ethical Subjectivism
a type of ethical relativism that claims that morality is relative to each individual person
Descriptive Ethics
aims to discover and describe the moral belief of a given society
conscience
an inner sense of right and wrong
moral sentiments
are emotions that move us to feel moral approval or disapproval
values clarification
based on nonjudgmental and nondirective discussion of moral issues
Metaphysics
branch of philosophy concerned with the study of the nature of reality, including what it means to be human
In constructing a moral argument, we should begin by
compiling a list of premises
Cultural relativism confuses morality with what?
custom
Which of the following is an example of a noncognitive ethical theory?
emotivism
Divine command theory is a type of, what?
ethical relativism
guilt
feeling that arises when we violate a moral norm
Virtue Ethics
focuses on the virtues produced in individuals and not the morality of specific acts
Normative Ethics
gives us practical guidelines or behavioral norms
moral outrage
happens when we witness a violation or transgression of the boundaries of moral decency
Ethical Subjectivism is sometimes called what?
individual relativism
Metaethics
is concerned with appraising the logical foundations and internal consistencies of ethical systems
moral indignation
is the anger we feel at the sight of others being harmed
Religious
is the social aspect involving that institution of beliefs
Moral Responsibility
is the status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one's moral obligations.
Ethical Skepticism
it is impossible to know whether moral truths exist or the nature of these truths
Which of the following is true according to divine command theory?
it was morally acceptable for the terrorists to bomb the World Trade Center on 9/11, if the command to do so came from God.
Which category of moral actions states that acts are either mandated or prohibited?
morally obligatory
What are the two traditional subdivisions of moral philosophy?
normative ethics and metaethics
In ethical subjectivism, morality is based on what?
opinion
Cultural relativism is concerned with the, what?
ought to be
Ethics
refers to the process of determining right and wrong
Determinism
says there is no such thing as conscious moral direction, we are the product of our environment or generic inheritance
Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud identified the conscience with the?
superego
moral reasoning
the application of logical analysis to moral issues
moral sensitivity
the awareness of how our actions affect others
altruistic behavior
the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
sympathy
the capacity for sharing the feelings of others; a feeling of pity for another person's distress or suffering
moral character
the integration of moral reasoning, moral sensitivity, and moral motivation into one's personality
moral motivation
the placing of moral value above nonmoral values
Emotivism
there are no moral truths and that moral standards are neither true or false but simply expressions or outbursts of feelings
If there is no God then, according to divine command theory?
there would be no morality
Divine Command
what is moral is relative to God, there are no universal moral principles that are binding on all people, morality is dependent on God's will and may differ from person to person or from religion to religion
Which of the following is not one of the three factors related to conscience
work skills
Do all actions have moral dimension?
yes, there are nonmoral and moral values. First, morally permissable may do or not do without incurring any moral guilt and it contains acts that are neither mandated nor forbidden. Ex). jogging 3 times a week. Secondly, morally obligatory is a deed that is either mandated or prohibited, a mandate cannot be avoided without moral censure, and a prohibition cannot be engaged without moral censure. Ex). being faithful to your spouse, killing an innocent person.
