PHI2010 - Final Exam Study Guide
True or False? Aesthetic values have to do with right and wrong acts and good and bad persons.
False
True or False? An argument of this form—If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q—is called modus tollens.
False
Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were
false.
Locke rejected the notion of
innate ideas.
The notion of "meaning in life" refers to
internal meaning
Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that the universe
is finite in the past and began to exist.
Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but
power over the will itself.
Rowe's story of the dying fawn in the forest is meant to show that
premise 1 of his argument is true.
Aristotle believes that
the arts need not fulfill a function to be valuable.
True or False? Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible.
True
_____ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument.
Equivocation
Socrates thought that the primary occupation of a good citizen should be the pursuit of wealth and prestige.
False
True or False? A person who states that life is meaningless may actually be asserting only that life has no external meaning but still has internal meaning.
False
True or False? Descartes says there are very few ways that we can tell whether we are dreaming.
False
True or False? Edwards said, "Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."
False
True or False? Empirical evidence can show that the principle of induction is true.
False
True or False? Hume refuses to use the principle of induction in his daily life.
False
True or False? Often people begin their search for meaning by asking, "What is the meaning of life?" But understanding the question is a secondary endeavor.
False
True or False? Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God.
False
True or False? Political philosophy is a descriptive discipline dedicated to uncovering the empirical facts of political systems past or present.
False
True or False? Questions about the meaning of existence are themselves meaningless.
False
True or False? Rowe says that progress in the philosophical study of free will is not possible.
False
True or False? Sartre advocates withdrawing from human endeavors.
False
True or False? Sartre thinks that man's future is predestined.
False
True or False? Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe.
False
True or False? Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis.
False
True or False? Taylor believes that simple determinism allows us to have a plausible form of free will.
False
True or False? Taylor says that man is condemned to be free.
False
True or False? Taylor thinks that soft determinism is true to our moral intuitions.
False
True or False? The point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists.
False
True or False? The purging of the emotions of pity and fear by experiencing them vicariously in a theatrical context is known as mimesis.
False
True or False? This argument form—phenomenon Q; E provides the best explanation for Q; therefore, it is probable that E is true—is called analogical induction.
False
True or False? Van Inwagen is a hard determinist.
False
True or False? According to Hume, custom alone renders our experience useful to us.
True
True or False? Berkeley does not believe in material substance.
True
True or False? For Hobbes, justice is a matter of the keeping of covenants (contracts), and the only way to ensure that covenants are kept is to let the Leviathan reign.
True
True or False? Hume believes that there is a difference in aesthetic quality between the works of Ogilby and Milton.
True
True or False? In philosophy—and in any other kind of rational inquiry—accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning.
True
True or False? Locke is an optimist about human nature; he thinks people are basically generous and good.
True
True or False? Locke's ideas heavily influenced the framers of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
True
True or False? Rawls thinks of social contracts as very useful fictions.
True
True or False? Rowe says that Lockean freedom exists solely at the level of action.
True
True or False? Rowe says that most philosophers who have considered Anselm's argument have rejected it because they believe it tries to define something into existence.
True
True or False? Some maintain that the idea of God creating people for a purpose is an affront to human dignity.
True
__________ is a form of liberalism, the aim of which is to preserve individual liberties while ensuring the general welfare of the citizenry.
Welfare liberalism
Disagreements about the aesthetic value or social relevance of a piece of art are
common.
People who believe humans can have a purposeful life only if God created them with a purpose are
religious and nonreligious.
Traditionally art has been defined as
representation.
Hume insists that on every occasion the aesthetic feelings of men will not necessarily be conformable to
rules of aesthetic judgments.
The view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way is known as
skepticism.
The view that the aesthetic properties of an art object are solely in the eye of the beholder is known as
subjectivism.
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.
the Socratic method
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.
the appeal to popularity
According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of
the majority.
Hume says anyone paying attention would see that the works of Ogilby and Milton are
different in their level of genius and elegance.
Baggini says that a belief that we were created by God for a purpose
does not provide us with an adequate meaning in life.
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.
epistemology
Most who have thought about it believe that questions concerning the meaning of human existence are
extremely important and relevant.
According to Rawls, the term "justice as fairness" conveys the idea that the principles of justice are agreed to in an initial position that is
fair.
Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is
greater and grander.
Aristotle says that the good plot must
have a single line of development.
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.
knowledge
According to Sartre, the first principle of existentialism is that
man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.
Meaning in life does not necessarily accompany
moral rightness.
Knowing that something is the case is called __________ knowledge.
propositional
Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in
a mind.
According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with
a similar liberty for others.
According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that the
universe has a cause.
According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is
war.
_____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.
Axiology