PHI2010 - Final Exam Study Guide

True or False? Aesthetic values have to do with right and wrong acts and good and bad persons.

False

True or False? An argument of this form—If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q—is called modus tollens.

False

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were

false.

Locke rejected the notion of

innate ideas.

The notion of "meaning in life" refers to

internal meaning

Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that the universe

is finite in the past and began to exist.

Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but

power over the will itself.

Rowe's story of the dying fawn in the forest is meant to show that

premise 1 of his argument is true.

Aristotle believes that

the arts need not fulfill a function to be valuable.

True or False? Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible.

True

_____ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument.

Equivocation

Socrates thought that the primary occupation of a good citizen should be the pursuit of wealth and prestige.

False

True or False? A person who states that life is meaningless may actually be asserting only that life has no external meaning but still has internal meaning.

False

True or False? Descartes says there are very few ways that we can tell whether we are dreaming.

False

True or False? Edwards said, "Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."

False

True or False? Empirical evidence can show that the principle of induction is true.

False

True or False? Hume refuses to use the principle of induction in his daily life.

False

True or False? Often people begin their search for meaning by asking, "What is the meaning of life?" But understanding the question is a secondary endeavor.

False

True or False? Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God.

False

True or False? Political philosophy is a descriptive discipline dedicated to uncovering the empirical facts of political systems past or present.

False

True or False? Questions about the meaning of existence are themselves meaningless.

False

True or False? Rowe says that progress in the philosophical study of free will is not possible.

False

True or False? Sartre advocates withdrawing from human endeavors.

False

True or False? Sartre thinks that man's future is predestined.

False

True or False? Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe.

False

True or False? Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis.

False

True or False? Taylor believes that simple determinism allows us to have a plausible form of free will.

False

True or False? Taylor says that man is condemned to be free.

False

True or False? Taylor thinks that soft determinism is true to our moral intuitions.

False

True or False? The point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists.

False

True or False? The purging of the emotions of pity and fear by experiencing them vicariously in a theatrical context is known as mimesis.

False

True or False? This argument form—phenomenon Q; E provides the best explanation for Q; therefore, it is probable that E is true—is called analogical induction.

False

True or False? Van Inwagen is a hard determinist.

False

True or False? According to Hume, custom alone renders our experience useful to us.

True

True or False? Berkeley does not believe in material substance.

True

True or False? For Hobbes, justice is a matter of the keeping of covenants (contracts), and the only way to ensure that covenants are kept is to let the Leviathan reign.

True

True or False? Hume believes that there is a difference in aesthetic quality between the works of Ogilby and Milton.

True

True or False? In philosophy—and in any other kind of rational inquiry—accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning.

True

True or False? Locke is an optimist about human nature; he thinks people are basically generous and good.

True

True or False? Locke's ideas heavily influenced the framers of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

True

True or False? Rawls thinks of social contracts as very useful fictions.

True

True or False? Rowe says that Lockean freedom exists solely at the level of action.

True

True or False? Rowe says that most philosophers who have considered Anselm's argument have rejected it because they believe it tries to define something into existence.

True

True or False? Some maintain that the idea of God creating people for a purpose is an affront to human dignity.

True

__________ is a form of liberalism, the aim of which is to preserve individual liberties while ensuring the general welfare of the citizenry.

Welfare liberalism

Disagreements about the aesthetic value or social relevance of a piece of art are

common.

People who believe humans can have a purposeful life only if God created them with a purpose are

religious and nonreligious.

Traditionally art has been defined as

representation.

Hume insists that on every occasion the aesthetic feelings of men will not necessarily be conformable to

rules of aesthetic judgments.

The view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way is known as

skepticism.

The view that the aesthetic properties of an art object are solely in the eye of the beholder is known as

subjectivism.

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.

the Socratic method

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.

the appeal to popularity

According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of

the majority.

Hume says anyone paying attention would see that the works of Ogilby and Milton are

different in their level of genius and elegance.

Baggini says that a belief that we were created by God for a purpose

does not provide us with an adequate meaning in life.

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

epistemology

Most who have thought about it believe that questions concerning the meaning of human existence are

extremely important and relevant.

According to Rawls, the term "justice as fairness" conveys the idea that the principles of justice are agreed to in an initial position that is

fair.

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is

greater and grander.

Aristotle says that the good plot must

have a single line of development.

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

knowledge

According to Sartre, the first principle of existentialism is that

man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.

Meaning in life does not necessarily accompany

moral rightness.

Knowing that something is the case is called __________ knowledge.

propositional

Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in

a mind.

According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with

a similar liberty for others.

According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that the

universe has a cause.

According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is

war.

_____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.

Axiology