PHI2604 Final Exam Study Guide

chpt 15: The notion that as long as basic moral standards are respected, any sexual activity engaged in by informed, consenting adults is permissible is known as the ________ view. a. hedonistic b. conventional c. liberal d. moderate

c. liberal

chpt 21: Robert Nozick and John Hospers believe that people have a right NOT to be interfered with and to do whatever they want with their own property as long as they do not violate the liberty rights of others. This line is clearly a. utilitarian b. liveral c. libertarian d. egalitarian

c. libertarian

chpt 21: Suppose you strongly believe you have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world and that you are not obligated to share your resources with those less fortunate. Your view would be consistent with a. authoritarianism b. utilitarianism c. libertarianism d. egalitarianism

c. libertarianism

chpt 3: Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. p. Therefore, q. a. modus tollens b. hypothetical syllogism c. modus ponens d. reductio ad absurdum

c. modus ponens

chpt 2; Noncognitivism is the view that a. moral judgments are almost never true. b. moral judgments are statements. c. moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. d. moral theories can be true or false.

c. moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false.

Chpt 1 : Not thinking too deeply or too systematically about ethical concerns a) Isolates you from other people b) Undermines your personal freedom c) Ensures that no moral dilemmas arise d) Helps guide you to moral truth

B) Undermines your personal freedom

chpt 2: For the emotivist, which of these best displays the meaning of the moral utterance "Lying is wrong"? a. "Lying—I hate it!" b. "Lying may be wrong." c. "Lying is immoral!" d. "Lying has occurred!"

a. "Lying—I hate it!"

chpt 21: Critics of Peter Singer's view admit that we do have an obligation to aid distant people but, they say, we also have a duty to help a. those with whom we have a special relationship. b. everyone near us. c. our enemies. d. foreign governments.

a. those with whom we have a special relationship.

chpt 15: In a recent public opinion poll, ________ percent of respondents said they believe that it is morally acceptable for a man and woman to have sex before marriage a. 90 b. 66 c. 25 d. 40

b. 66

chpt 5; The philosopher who said that the greatest good is pleasure, and the greatest evil is pain, was a. Kant b. Epicurus c. Aquinas d. Socrates

b. Epicurus

Chpt 1: Morality refers to beliefs about a. Praise and punishment b. Right and wrong, good and bad c. Legal and Moral standards d. Typical behavior in one's society

b. Right and wrong, good or bad

chpt 3: A strong inductive argument with true premises is said to be a. sound. b. cogent c. valid. d. invalid.

b. cogen

chpt 7: For Aristotle, a person living a life of reason is living a life of a. excess b. virtue c. struggle d. strict adherence to moral rules

b. virtue

chpt 20: Many people, including many politicians, overestimate the number of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States. In 2015, the number was about a. 800,00 b. 4 million c. 11 million d. 43 million

c. 11 million

chpt 3: The phrases "because," "given that," "due to the fact that," and "for the reason that" are a. conclusion indicators. b. statement indicators. c. statements. d. premise indicators.

d. premise indicators.

chpt 9: An abortion specifically performed to protect the life or health of the mother is referred to as a. induced abortion. b. spontaneous abortion. c. maternal abortion. d. therapeutic abortion

d. therapeutic abortion

Chpt 1 : 4. What is a major difference between descriptive ethics and normative ethics? a. Normative ethics concerns moral beliefs, whereas descriptive ethics concerns moral behaviors. b. Normative ethics implies that some people's moral beliefs are incorrect, whereas descriptive ethics does not. c. Descriptive ethics cannot be done properly before doing normative ethics. d. Descriptive ethics is not a scientific topic of study, whereas normative ethics is.

B. Normative ethics implies that some people's moral beliefs are incorrect, whereas descriptive ethics does not.

chpt 9: According to Mary Anne Warren's criteria for personhood, a self-motivated space alien that was conscious, able to reason and communicate, and was self-aware would be a. a person b. not a person c. unclassifiable d. morally equivalent to an Earth primate

a. a person

chpt 10: The principle of autonomy (the right of self-determination) can be used to argue for a. active euthanasia. b. a ban on active euthanasia. c. the Roman Catholic view of active euthanasia and suicide. d. restrictions on autonomy for dying patients.

a. active euthanasia.

Chpt 1 : Which of the following is the overall point of the author's discussion of "doing ethics"? a) Doing ethics is difficult, but not doing it is foolish b) Doing ethics requires many years of careful study c) Most people should rely on wiser authorities to do ethics for them d) Doing ethics is unavoidable for everyone

a) Doing ethics is difficult, but not doing it is foolish

chpt 6; The absolutism of natural law theory (that is, the fact that some actions are always wrong [or right] regardless of circumstances) would not bother a. Aquinas b. Mill c. an act-utilitarian d. an ethical egoist

a. Aquinas

chpt 21: Consider the story of Malawi's transformation from a country that needed emergency food aid to one that feeds its hungry neighbors. The soil in Malawi was overfarmed and depleted, which made it impossible for the country to feed itself. The situation improved only when Malawi began to ignore the advice of the World Bank and rich countries, which, in trying to provide aid, had advised Malawi to get rid of fertilizer subsidies and to rely on the workings of free markets. After the disastrous harvest of 2005, Malawi reversed the trend and subsidized farmers' use of fertilizer, just as many Western countries do for their own farmers. The Malawi government's decision resulted in a complete turnaround of its people's situation. This example would lend most support to the view of ____ a. Garret Hardin b. Peter Singer c. John Arthur d. Louis Pojman

a. Garret Hardin

chpt 1: Which of the following is a consequence of the principle of universalizability? a. If harming someone is wrong in a particular situation, then harming someone would be wrong for anyone in a relevantly similar situation. b. If harming someone is wrong in a particular situation, then harming someone would be wrong in all situations. c. The moral rules implied by your behavior apply to everyone, even in dissimilar situations. d. A person's morality is dictated by his or her culture-wide morality.

a. If harming someone is wrong in a particular situation, then harming someone would be wrong for anyone in a relevantly similar situation.

chpt 13: Which anthropocentric philosopher said, "Animals . . . are there merely as means to an end. That end is man"? a. Immanuel Kant b. Thomas Aquinas c. Paul Taylor d. Tom Regan

a. Immanuel Kant

chpt 2; Which feature of emotivism makes it different from subjective relativism? a. In emotivism, moral judgments vary from individual to individual. b. In emotivism, some of our feelings about actions are objectively justified. c. In emotivism, we are not able to have disagreements in our moral beliefs. d. In emotivism, we do not automatically have true beliefs about right and wrong.

a. In emotivism, moral judgments vary from individual to individual.

chpt 3: . What is a possible counterexample to the following moral principle? "Lying is always wrong." a. Lying is morally wrong unless doing so will save a person's life. b. Lying to cheat your friend out of money is morally wrong. c. Lying to save yourself from embarrassment is wrong. d. Lying is always morally wrong, even if doing so will save a person's life.

a. Lying is morally wrong unless doing so will save a person's life.

chpt 2; Which statement is a consequence of objectivism? a. Moral rules apply in all cases, without exceptions. b. If two people have a moral disagreement, only one of them can be right. c. Everyone has the same beliefs about morality. d. Whether an action is objectively right depends on its consequences.

a. Moral rules apply in all cases, without exceptions.

chpt 7: . By the lights of virtue ethics, if you rescue someone from disaster solely out of a sense of duty, then your action is a. a morally deficient response b. wrong c. a morally appropriate response d. selfless

a. a morally deficient response

chpt 10: Some opponents of active euthanasia argue that euthanasia is uncalled for; a dying patient in the grip of unimaginable pain, for example, does not have to be killed to escape her agony. Modern medicine offers dying patients unprecedented levels of pain relief. A common reply to this argument is a. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, too often pain is not well managed. b. in arguments about euthanasia, pain is irrelevant. c. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, physicians do not try to do so. d. pain is a fact of life that patients must learn to live with.

a. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, too often pain is not well managed.

Chpt 2: Subjective relativism is the doctrine that a. an action is morally right if one approves of it. b. an action is morally right if one's culture approves of it. c. actions are judged by objective standards. d. an action is morally right even if no one approves of it.

a. an action is morally right if one approves of it.

chpt 3: What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "No one can prove that a fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. So, a fetus must be accorded full moral rights as soon as it is conceived." a. appeal to ignorance b. appeal to the person c. straw man d. equivocation

a. appeal to ignorance

chpt 1: Which field concerns questions such as "Was this abortion permissible?" or "Was this instance of mercy killing immoral?" a. applied ethics d. descriptive ethics c. normative ethics b. metaethics

a. applied ethics

chpt 15: Alan Goldman and Igor Primoratz affirm that sexual behavior a. cannot be immoral merely because it is sexual. b. can never be immoral. c. is always moral. d. cannot be labeled

a. cannot be immoral merely because it is sexual.

chpt 2; Suppose your culture endorses the view that all wars are wrong. It follows from cultural relativism that your culture a. cannot be mistaken about the morality of war. b. must disagree with other cultures about the morality of war. c. is fallible about the morality of war. d. does not participate in wars.

a. cannot be mistaken about the morality of war.

chpt 8: . Annette C. Baier argues that in moral theory there is a place for both a. care and justice. b. justice and consequences. c. care and virtue. d. virtue and consequences.

a. care and justice.

chpt 3; In the argument "(1) Premarital sex is morally permissible because (2) it makes people happy," statement 1 is the ________ and statement 2 is the ________. a. conclusion; premise b. premise; conclusion c. main argument; premise d. implied premise; stated premise

a. conclusion; premise

chpt 8: Suppose a Kantian says that we are never morally permitted to lie. An ethicist of care would a. disagree in cases where telling the truth would unnecessarily make an innocent person suffer. b. disagree in cases where lying could benefit the decision maker. c. agree because lying is always a result of not caring enough. d. agree because lying would never be the compassionate thing to do.

a. disagree in cases where telling the truth would unnecessarily make an innocent person suffer.

chpt 5; Rule-utilitarianism has been accused of being internally inconsistent because the theory can a. easily lapse back into act-utilitarianism. b. be defended through act-utilitarianism. c. always fall back on rigid rules. d. never be understood.

a. easily lapse back into act-utilitarianism.

chpt 9: Most abortions are performed in the a. first twelve weeks of gestation. b. period just after viability. c. first three weeks. d. period just before viability.

a. first twelve weeks of gestation.

chpt 20: Christopher Heath Wellman argues that nations have a right to close their borders, a right derived from the more fundamental right to ____ a. freedom of association b. freedom of religion c. self-defense d. make laws

a. freedom of association

chpt 5; The philosopher Thomas Hobbes says that people are naturally a. greedy, selfish, violent, self-destructive, and desperate. b. compassionate, generous, and considerate. c. eager to believe in a religious doctrine. d. lazy and unambitious

a. greedy, selfish, violent, self-destructive, and desperate.

chpt 3; The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group is known as a. hasty generalization b. bagging the question c. slippery slope d. faulty analogy

a. hasty generalization

chpt 7: Aristotle distinguishes between a. intellectual virtues and moral virtues. b. intellectual virtues and political virtues. c. temporal virtues and earthly virtues. d. moral virtues and happiness virtues.

a. intellectual virtues and moral virtues.

chpt 5; John Stuart Mill says that humans by nature desire happiness and nothing but happiness; therefore happiness is the standard by which we should judge human conduct, and therefore the principle of utility is at the heart of morality. But this argument is controversial, because a. it reasons from what is to what should be. b. it equivocates on the word "happiness." c. it is internally inconsistent. d. Mill failed to defend his theory.

a. it reasons from what is to what should be.

chpt 5; Defenders of act-utilitarianism insist that the scenarios put forth by critics that seem to show utilitarianism in conflict with commonsense morality are a. misleading and implausible b. likely to occur at least some of the time c. too realistic d. common but inconsequential

a. misleading and implausible

chpt 13: According to Peter Singer, the pain suffered by a human is ________ important than that experienced by a nonhuman animal. a. no more b. less c. more d. slightly less

a. no more

chpt 7: Contemporary virtue ethicists argue that if virtues were eliminated entirely from morality, leaving only principles or rules of justice, the moral life would appear a. one-dimensional b. richer c. complete d. complicated

a. one-dimensional

chpt 6; Consider this comment from the philosopher C. D. Broad regarding Kant's means-ends principle: "If we isolate a man who is a carrier of typhoid, we are treating him merely as a cause of infection to others. But, if we refuse to isolate him, we are treating other people merely as means to his comfort and culture." This example suggests that a. our duties not to use people merely as a means can conflict, and Kant provides no counsel on how to resolve such dilemmas. b. our duties not to use people merely as a means can sometimes be difficult to discern, but they never actually conflict. c. our duties not to use people merely as a means are imperfect duties. d. our duties are always clear upon further reflection.

a. our duties not to use people merely as a means can conflict, and Kant provides no counsel on how to resolve such dilemmas

chpt 6; Applying the second formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend on important matters would show that the action is impermissible because a. performing the action would treat the friend merely as a means to an end. b. performing the action would treat the friend as an end, not as a means. c. the action cannot be performed. d. the action leads to impermissible consequences.

a. performing the action would treat the friend merely as a means to an end.

chpt 20: In 1965, the U.S. Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act. While immigration policy had previously been based on a quota system, the new policy favored a. skilled immigrants and those who, by immigrating, could help reunite families. b. unskilled immigrants who would benefit from American education. c. immigrants from Western Europe. d. immigrants from Latin America.

a. skilled immigrants and those who, by immigrating, could help reunite families

chpt 5; Suppose for someone there are only two possible actions: (1) read Aristotle, or (2) spend a weekend on a tropical isle filled with intensely pleasurable debauchery. Under these circumstances, John Stuart Mill would likely a. spend a week in intensely pleasurable debauchery. b. refrain from making such a choice. c. combine reading Aristotle with debauchery. d. read Aristotle.

a. spend a week in intensely pleasurable debauchery.

Chpt 1: Believing that you can establish all your moral beliefs by consulting your feelings is an example of a. subjectivism. b. objectivism c. The meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs d. Critical scrutiny

a. subjectivism

chpt 8: Julie considers herself an advocate of feminist ethics. Therefore, she should a. support the moral equality of men and women. b. advocate for the superiority of women over men. c. reject all moral principles in favor of gut feelings. d. disregard all psychological evidence about differences between men and women

a. support the moral equality of men and women.

chpt 6; Applying the first formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend would show that the action is impermissible because a. the action's maxim cannot be universalized. b. performing the action would treat the friend as an end, not as a means. c. performing the action would treat the friend as a means to an end. d. the action's maxim can be universalized.

a. the action's maxim cannot be universalized.

chpt 1; Which of these best describes the purpose of the book's discussion of ethics and religion? a. to convince religious believers of the value of doing ethics b. to convince the reader that religious moral codes and theories are unacceptable c. to convince the reader to question everything about morality d. to convince religious believers that ethics is a replacement for religious beliefs

a. to convince religious believers of the value of doing ethics

chpt 15: One conventionalist argument asserts that homosexuality's misuse of bodily parts leads to a. unhappiness. b. sin. c. dishonesty. d. disillusionment

a. unhappiness.

chpt 2: Emotivists can admit that the serial killer Ted Bundy killed more than 30 women, but they cannot say that these events a. were, for a fact, bad. b. were killings. c. were caused by people. d. were violent

a. were, for a fact, bad.

chpt 7: According to critics of virtue ethics, one may be virtuous (kind, just, and honest) and still not know a. which actions are morally permissible. b. what the consequences of one's actions will be. c. whether virtue is good. d. whether virtues are worth cultivating

a. which actions are morally permissible.

chpt 9: Suppose Katrina is a rule-utilitarian and believes that following the rule "Girls under the age of eighteen should not be permitted to to have abortions without notifying a parent or guardian" would maximize happiness. Which of the following would be the best reason for Katrina's view? a. Some young women are abused by their parents. b. A parent's guidance tends to be helpful and needed, and some young women have regretted having abortions. c. Even females under the age of eighteen have a right to medical privacy and confidentiality. d. No girl under the age of eighteen has regretted having an abortion.

b. A parent's guidance tends to be helpful and needed, and some young women have regretted having abortions.

chpt 1: Which statement would the author most likely agree with, based on what he states in this chapter? a. If your moral beliefs depend on your religious views, it is important to be able to convince others of your religious views before presenting your moral beliefs. b. Because we live with people who have different religious views, we need standards for moral reasoning that do not depend on any particular religious views. c. Religious believers tend not to think about morality as much as nonbelievers do. d. Religious believers tend to have more detailed moral beliefs than nonbelievers do

b. Because we live with people who have different religious views, we need standards for moral reasoning that do not depend on any particular religious views.

chpt 2; What does cultural relativism imply about the civil rights leader and social reformer Martin Luther King Jr., considered as part of 1950s-1960s United States culture? a. He was a product of his culture. b. He was wrong about his moral reforms. c. He was neither right nor wrong about his moral reforms. d. He was objectively right but relativistically wrong about his moral reforms

b. He was wrong about his moral reforms.

chpt 20: Which of the following would be a utilitarian reason for limiting immigration? a. Immigration is not natural. b. Immigration will disrupt the economy. c. Immigration violates the rights of natural-born citizens. d. Immigration treats natural-born citizens as mere means, rather than as ends

b. Immigration will disrupt the economy.

chpt 2: Central to emotivism is the view that moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. What does emotivism add to this view? a. That moral statements, unlike moral judgments, can be true or false. b. That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes. c. That moral emotions are objectively right or wrong. d. That correct moral judgments are guided by emotions.

b. That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes.

Chpt 1: Which of these questions belongs to metaethics? a. What moral beliefs do cultures embody? b. What does it mean for an action to be right? c. What theories of ethics do individuals endorse? d. What is the meaning of life from a moral perspective?

b. What does it mean for an action to be right?

chpt 6; A serious criticism of Kant's theory is that it a. ignores the possibility that God exists. b. allows too much subjectivity in moral decision making. c. relies too much on consequences. d. is too specific about how to state a rule describing an action.

b. allows too much subjectivity in moral decision making.

chpt 13: If you were a species nonegalitarian, you would likely believe that a. the question of moral status is irrelevant. b. an elk has greater moral status than a potato. c. elk and potatoes have equal moral status. d. elk and potatoes have no moral status.

b. an elk has greater moral status than a potato.

chpt 1 ; Why does Leibniz, the great theistic philosopher, reject the divine command theory? a. because it implies God is beyond our understanding b. because it implies God is unworthy of worship c. because it implies a utilitarian conception of morality d. because it implies God plays no role in morality

b. because it implies God is unworthy of worship

chpt 10: The obligation to ease the agony of another when we can do so without excessive cost to ourselves is called the duty of a. malefiecence b. beneficence c. cooperation d. justice

b. beneficence

chpt 2; Cognitivism is the view that moral statements a. are neither true nor false. b. can be true or false. c. cannot be understood d. express cognitive emotions.

b. can be true or false.

chpt 8: The most obvious example of a relationship that is the focus of the ethics of care would be a. caring about whether people think you're smart. b. caring for one's child. c. taking care of an antique car. d. caring about the pollution levels in the air.

b. caring for one's child.

chpt 20: Some argue that a wealthy nation that offers substantial welfare benefits to its citizens (such as Sweden and other Scandinavian countries) cannot afford to have open borders, because doing so would a. result in more civil unrest b. cause the welfare system to collapse c. undermine the purpose of immigration d. deplete the military's resources

b. cause the welfare system to collapse

chpt 10: Nowadays machines can keep an individual's heart and lungs functioning long after the brain permanently and completely shuts down. Thus, we can have an individual whose organs are mechanically operated while he is in a coma or persistent vegetative state. To some, these facts suggest that the a. conventional notion of death is still adequate. b. conventional notion of death is inadequate. c. cessation of breathing and blood flow are not signs of death. d. conventional notion of death has always seemed inadequate.

b. conventional notion of death is inadequate.

chpt 3: The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument is known as a. begging the question. b. equivocation. c. straw man. d. appeal to ignorance

b. equivocation.

chpt 13: Something with intrinsic value is valuable a. for someone else's sake b. for sake of the environment c. technical issues d. moral principles or judgments

b. for sake of the environment

chpt 5; Because people will renege on deals they enter, Hobbes believes that what is needed for enforcing the social contract is an absolute sovereign—a fearsome, powerful person he refers to as the a. divine father b. utility monster c. leviathan d. categorical imperative

c. leviathan

chpt 6; According to Aquinas, the first precept of natural law theory is a. do what is in your own best interests. b. good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. c. avoid harm to others and yourself. d. good and evil are to be defined by religion.

b. good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided.

chpt 3; An argument in the logical sense is a a. heated exchange of views. b. group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest. c. group of statements that leads to a question. d. group of unconnected statements.

b. group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest.

chpt 3: Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r a. hypothetical inductive b. hypothetical syllogism c. modus ponens d. modus tollens

b. hypothetical syllogism

chpt 7: The primary focus of virtue systems, according to the philosopher Louis Pojman, is on discovering the proper moral example and ________ that person or ideal type a. avoiding b. imitating c. worshipping d. evaluating

b. imitating

chpt 5; Some critics of social contract theory argue that few people have ever actually consented to the terms of a social contract. Some defenders of social contract theory reply that people are much more likely to have given their a. verbal consent. b. implicit consent. c. fictional consent d. refusal to consent

b. implicit consent.

chpt 2: Subjective relativism implies that when a person states their moral beliefs, that person is a. incapable of making moral judgments. b. incapable of being in error. c. morally fallible. d. infallible on some moral judgments, but not others.

b. incapable of being in error.

chpt 2; Both objectivists and cultural relativists agree that a. the truth of moral judgments depends on whether one's culture approves of them. b. moral judgments differ from culture to culture. c. moral judgments do not differ from culture to culture. d. the truth of moral judgments does not depend on whether one's culture approves of them.

b. moral judgments differ from culture to culture.

chpt 3: A statement asserting that a state of affairs is actual (true or false) without assigning a moral value to it is a a. moral statement. b. nonmoral statement. c. valid statement. d. strong statement.

b. nonmoral statement.

chpt 5; Ethical egoism seems to conflict with a. psychological egoism. b. our considered moral judgments and our moral experience. c. our considered moral judgments and our self-interest. d. our moral experience and self-indulgence.

b. our considered moral judgments and our moral experience.

chpt 10: __ is allowing someone to die by NOT doing something (i.e., by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life). a. passive- active euthanasia b. passive euthanasia c. nonvoluntary euthanasia d. active euthanasia

b. passive euthanasia

chpt 5; Some utilitarians respond to the charge that act-utilitarianism conflicts with commonsense moral intuitions by a. switching to natural law theory. b. rejecting common sense morality. c. denying that act-utilitarianism is a true moral theory. d. rejecting rule-utilitarianism

b. rejecting common sense morality.

chpt 15: Alan Goldman says that the conventional view of sexuality is that sexual behavior must have a morally significant goal, such as procreation. But he argues that a. sex is directed towards goals but not toward conventional goals. b. sex is not a means to some other goal. c. sex should be directed toward communicating ideas or expressing love. d. sex is a spiritual journey.

b. sex is not a means to some other goal

chpt 15: Kissing someone without first obtaining consent is an example of a. rape. b. sexual assault. c. both rape and sexual assault. d. neither rape nor sexual assault

b. sexual assault.

chpt 21: Garrett Hardin argues that the rich a. should aid the poor and hungry but not to the level of marginal utility. b. should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will only invite catastrophe for the rich and poor alike. c. should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will result in injustice to the rich. d. should aid the poor and hungry because Peter Singer's argument is persuasive.

b. should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will only invite catastrophe for the rich and poor alike.

chpt 3: What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "If marijuana is legalized, young people will assume that smoking marijuana is socially acceptable. That will lead them to give into the temptation to smoke marijuana themselves, and smoking marijuana can ruin their lives. Therefore, marijuana should not be legalized." a. straw man b. slippery slope c. appeal to the person d. appeal to ignorance

b. slippery slope

chpt 2; Our commonsense moral experiences suggest that a. nothing is morally good or bad in itself. b. some things are morally good and some things are morally bad. c. our commonsense moral intuition is always correct. d. good and bad things happen for no reason.

b. some things are morally good and some things are morally bad.

chpt 13: To some, the fact that we value the beauty of Niagara Falls shows that we a. value the natural over the artificial. b. sometimes value the artificial over the natural. c. don't really value nature. d. think unnatural things are worthless.

b. sometimes value the artificial over the natural.

chpt 3: A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be a. strong b. sound c. fit d. cogent

b. sound

chpt 8: Carol Gilligan calls the approach to ethics that focuses on being aware of people's feelings, needs, and viewpoints a. virtue b. the ethic of care c. the greatest happiness principle d. the categorical imperative

b. the ethic of care

chpt 5; . If, according to Jeremy Bentham, only the total quantity of happiness produced by an action matters, then the person closest to the moral ideal would be a. self- denying monk b. the glutton c. the academic scholar d. a disciplined soldier

b. the glutton

chpt 5; Utilitarianism (in all its forms) requires that in our actions we always try to maximize utility, everyone considered. This requirement has given rise to a. ethical egoism b. the no-rest problem c. the maximization problem d. the Golden Rule problem

b. the no-rest problem

chpt 7: It seems that a person can be benevolent, honest, and loyal but still treat a stranger unjustly. This shows that a. the rightness of actions necessarily depends on the content of one's character. b. the rightness of actions does not necessarily depend on the content of one's character. c. most people are without virtues. d. having the right virtues can prevent moral error

b. the rightness of actions does not necessarily depend on the content of one's character.

chpt 2; Objectivists argue that the diversity of moral judgments across cultures does not necessarily indicate that there is disagreement about moral beliefs, but instead may indicate that a. the moral beliefs do not matter. b. there are divergent nonmoral beliefs c. nonmoral beliefs do not differ. d. disagreement is not possible.

b. there are divergent nonmoral beliefs

chpt 9: Chinese parents who argue that aborting female fetuses prevents economic harm to the family, and should be allowed, would be using a(n) ________ argument. a. Kantian b. utilitarian c. ethical egoist d. legal

b. utilitarian

Chpt 1 : Which field or topic would include tasks such as accurately describing the moral codes and ethical standards of colonial America? a) normative ethics b) applied ethics c) descriptive ethics d) instrumental ethics

c) Descriptive ethics

chpt 20: Americans tend to overestimate immigrants' share of the population. Many believe that it is more than twice as large as it actually is, which is around a. 0.5 percent. b. 3.4 percent. c. 14 percent d. 28 percent.

c. 14 percent

chpt 10: ____ involves taking a direct action to kill someone (i.e., to carry out a mercy killing). a. Involuntary euthanasia b. Passive euthanasia c. Active euthanasia d. Nonvoluntary euthanasia

c. Active euthanasia

chpt 7: . It's possible that someone would have to choose between performing or not performing an action that could lead to serious harm to a friend—yet each choice could involve the same two virtues in contradictory ways (for example, one choice could privilege the virtue of honesty to the detriment of loyalty, and the other could privilege loyalty to the detriment of honesty). Such a case suggests that virtue ethics may have a problem with a. Criterion 1 (consistency with commonsense moral judgments). b. Criterion 2 (consistency with moral experience). c. Criterion 3 (usefulness). d. both Criterion 1 and Criterion 2.

c. Criterion 3 (usefulness).

chpt 3: What is the implicit premise in the following moral argument? "The war did not increase the amount of happiness in the world. So, the war was morally wrong." a. If a war is immoral, it must be considered morally wrong. b. If a war does not increase the amount of peace in the world, it must be considered morally wrong. c. If a war does not increase the amount of happiness in the world, it must be considered morally wrong. d. Some wars increase the amount of happiness in the world.

c. If a war does not increase the amount of happiness in the world, it must be considered morally wrong.

chpt 15: A 2008 study showed that teenagers who pledge to remain virgins until marriage are just as likely to have premarital sex as those who do not promise abstinence, and they are significantly less likely to use condoms and other forms of birth control when they do. If we assume that the goal of such pledges is to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies, what would a utilitarian determine should be done? a. These pledges should be discouraged. b. These pledges should be encouraged. c. It does not matter one way or the other whether the pledges continue. d. These pledges are unnatural.

c. It does not matter one way or the other whether the pledges continue

chpt 20: Consider the following premises of a moral argument about immigration: 1. If high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers make it unlikely that we will fulfill our moral obligations to the poorest Americans, then we should reduce or stop such immigration. 2. Currently high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers do make it unlikely that we will fulfill our moral obligations to the poorest Americans. Which of the following conclusions would make this argument valid? a. Therefore, we should encourage immigration, especially from countries with low-skilled workers. b. Therefore, we should reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers. c. Therefore, we should not reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers. d. Therefore, we should try to improve the education systems of countries with low-skilled workers.

c. Therefore, we should not reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers.

chpt 8: Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of ideal theories of ethics that feminist thinkers have criticized? a. They assume that the world consists of atomistic individuals with perfect rationality. b. They conceive of individuals living in a society without oppression. c. They depict individuals as having contempt for women. d. They characterize moral agents as unaffected by poor living conditions and unjust institutions.

c. They depict individuals as having contempt for women.

chpt 15: The central question in the morality of sex is, a. What arguments can be marshaled against the conventional view of sex? b. Is sexual behavior detrimental to human evolution? c. What kind of sexual behavior is morally permissible and under what circumstances? d. Is society as a whole becoming more liberal or more conservative in views about sexual behavior?

c. What kind of sexual behavior is morally permissible and under what circumstances?

chpt 20: In 1901 Australia passed the Immigration Restriction Act, which aimed to limit nonwhite immigration to Australia, particularly Asian immigration, and thereby preserve the predominance of the British within Australia. Suppose that a large majority of Australians would have been made happier by passage of this law. Would a utilitarian advocate for such a law in these circumstances? a. No, because it is unjust for a country to accept only white Europeans. b. No, because the safety and welfare of refugees is more important than the happiness of Australians. c. Yes, because the consequences of passing this law would be better overall than if it were not passed. d. Yes, because refugees would lack moral status under utilitarianism.

c. Yes, because the consequences of passing this law would be better overall than if it were not passed.

chpt 6; Kant believes that every action implies a. a hypothetical b. imperfect duty c. a general rule, or maxim d. a conditional law

c. a general rule, or maxim

chpt 3; The utterance "Abortion is morally permissible" is a. an argument. b. a nonmoral statement. c. a moral statement. d. an implied statement.

c. a moral statement.

chpt 20; In 1790, a U.S. law was passed stating the requirements for becoming a naturalized citizen. In order to be eligible for naturalization, each applicant had to be a. a person born at some point after the founding of the nation or the parent of such a person. b. a descendant of someone who had come over on the Mayflower or a person related to an indigenous person. c. a resident of the United States for two years, a person of good moral character, and a free white person. d. a Christian person who fought in the Revolutionary War and had at least two hundred acres of land.

c. a resident of the United States for two years, a person of good moral character, and a free white person.

chpt 10: Consider this rule-utilitarian argument against legalizing euthanasia: Passing a law to permit active voluntary euthanasia would inevitably lead to abuses such as more frequent use of nonvoluntary euthanasia and unnecessary killing; therefore, no such law should be passed. Such an argument is characterized as a. abductive b. Kantian c. a slippery slope c. equivocation

c. a slippery slope

chpt 9: The liberal argues that if the unborn is not a person until birth, and it is wrong to kill a person, then a. infanticide is permissible. b. abortion before birth would be impermissible. c. abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person. d. abortion is permissible before and after birth.

c. abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person.

chpt 9: The deliberate termination of a pregnancy by surgical or medical (with drugs) means is known generally as a. therapeutic abortion b. trimester abortion c. abortion, or induced abortion d. spontaneous abortion

c. abortion, or induced abortion

chpt 7: Critics have taken virtue ethics to task for alleged problems in a. its focus on character and motivation. b. the usefulness of the theory in guidance. c. adapting the views of Aristotle. d. the requirement of coherence.

c. adapting the views of Aristotle.

chpt 3; A statement is a. an assertion about morality. b. an assertion without a truth value. c. an assertion that something is or is not the case. d. a claim that cannot be verified.

c. an assertion that something is or is not the case.

chpt 7: Virtue ethics claims that the right action is the one performed by the virtuous person and that the virtuous person is the one who performs the right action. But some philosophers say that this way of framing the matter amounts to a. arguing with no premises. b. arguing from the obvious to the less than obvious. c. arguing in a circle. d. arguing too strongly.

c. arguing in a circle.

chpt 5; John Stuart Mill says, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." This sentiment is an indictment of the glutton but also a pat on the back for those who a. make no distinction between higher and lower pleasures. b. avoid all pleasures. c. enjoy higher pleasures. d. achieve the greatest quantity of pleasure

c. enjoy higher pleasures.

chpt 13: If Peter Singer's zoocentrist view is correct, then the practice of ________ would be impermissible. a. leaving animals alone in the wild b. grooming pets c. factory farming d. animal conservation

c. factory farming

chpt 8: Franco has decided he wants to adopt the ethics of care. He is now deliberating about whether to voice a controversial view during a get-together with his family. In order to apply the ethics of care, he should focus more on how a. his right to free speech would be affected by his decision. b. his autonomy would be violated if he decided to stay silent. c. his opinion might negatively affect family members he cares about. d. he should follow certain rules.

c. his opinion might negatively affect family members he cares about.

chpt 15: The conventionalist and the liberal take opposing views on the moral permissibility of a. marriage b. love c. homosexuality d. domestic life

c. homosexuality

chpt 1: In arguing against the divine command theory, many critics insist that a. God has the power to will actions to be morally permissible. b. if an action is right only because God wills it, then all actions are right. c. if an action is right only because God wills it, then many evil actions would be right if God willed them. d. if an action is right only because God wills it, then many evil actions would be right for believers but wrong for nonbelievers.

c. if an action is right only because God wills it, then many evil actions would be right if God willed them.

chpt 7: . In pointing out the shortcomings of rule-based ethical theories, the philosopher William Frankena says that principles without virtues are a. irrevelant b. intractable c. impotent d. intelligible

c. impotent

chpt 5; Joel Feinberg argues that someone who directly pursues happiness a. will find it faster than others b. is insincere c. is unlikely to find it d. is unlikely to pursue anything

c. is unlikely to find it

chpt 9: In arguments over abortion, both the conservative and the liberal agree that a. abortion is the killing of an innocent person. b. abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person. c. it is wrong to kill an innocent person. d. the unborn is not a person until birth.

c. it is wrong to kill an innocent person.

chpt 13: Suppose you are the last human on a dead planet. Only one other living thing exists—a maple tree. You are preparing to leave the planet for good, and you are debating with yourself about whether you should kill the tree before departing. In the end, you decide it would be morally impermissible to kill the tree. Your reluctance to kill the tree shows that the tree has a. no moral status b. instrumental value c. moral status d. aesthetic value

c. moral status

chpt 10: In 2009 Jeffrey Locker was found tied up in his car and dead as a result of multiple stab wounds. Kenneth Minor was arrested and charged with his murder, but Minor claimed that Locker had hired him to assist in his death so that his family could receive a life insurance payment that would eliminate Locker's large debts. Assume that Minor's claim was true. A natural law theorist would determine that Minor's action was a. morally permissible, because it was a legitimate application of the doctrine of double effect. b. morally impermissible, because it was not a legitimate application of the doctrine of double effect. c. morally permissible, because Jeffrey had consented and Minor had respected his autonomy. d. morally impermissible, because the law does not allow for citizens to assist others in committing suicide.

c. morally permissible, because Jeffrey had consented and Minor had respected his autonomy.

chpt 2; Subjective relativism implies that when Sofia says, "I think abortion is wrong," and Emma replies, "I think abortion is permissible," Sofia and Emma are a. having a moral disagreement. b. really saying the same thing. c. not having a moral disagreement d. not entirely serious.

c. not having a moral disagreement

chpt 2; Suppose I think that I sometimes make mistakes on moral matters, and so does my culture. Acknowledging this, I say, "My moral beliefs are sometimes wrong and sometimes my culture's moral principles are wrong as well." On which view could my statement be true? a. emotivism b. cultural c. objectivism relativism d. subjective relativism

c. objectivism relativism

chpt 1: The preeminence of reason refers to the a. times when our emotions overwhelm our reason b. gap between our feelings and our reason. c. overriding importance of critical reasoning in ethics. d. guidance that conscience gives to our reason.

c. overriding importance of critical reasoning in ethics.

chpt 3; In an argument, the supporting statements are known as ________; the statement being supported is known as the ________. a. inferences; conclusion b. premises; deduction c. premises; conclusion d. indicator words; conclusion

c. premises; conclusion

chpt 6; Like many moral theories, Kant's system fails to a. articulate its main features. b. provide principles for action. c. provide an effective means for resolving major conflicts of duties. d. take personal autonomy into account.

c. provide an effective means for resolving major conflicts of duties.

chpt 2; . Objectivism is the view that a. moral principles are rigid rules that have no exceptions. b. there are no objective moral principles. c. some moral principles are valid for everyone. d. moral utterances are neither true nor false.

c. some moral principles are valid for everyone.

chpt3; What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "Liberals believe in abortion on demand, which means that killing a baby is permissible any time at all—at conception, in the second trimester, at infancy. Any of these would be appropriate times to kill a baby, says the liberal." a. appeal to the person b. begging the question c. straw man d. equivocation

c. straw man

chpt 3: Inductive arguments are a. intended to supplement deductive arguments. b. intended to be abductive. c. supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions. d. supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

c. supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions.

chpt 6; A categorical imperative tells us a. what to do if we have certain desires. b. that we should always perform our imperfect duties. c. that we should do something in all situations regardless of our wants and needs. d. what our hypothetical duties are.

c. that we should do something in all situations regardless of our wants and needs.

chpt 21: Garrett Hardin uses the lifeboat metaphor to suggest that a. affluent countries, like lifeboats, are inherently unstable. b. the moral duty of affluent countries is to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones. c. the affluent countries have a moral duty not to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones. d. giving aid to the poor and hungry will cause a worldwide revolt against the rich and influential

c. the affluent countries have a moral duty not to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones.

chpt 1 : The dominance of moral norms suggests that if a speed limit on highway conflicts with a person's moral duty to rush a dying man to the hospital, then a. the moral duty would be as weighty as the legal duty. b. neither the legal duty nor the moral duty would apply. c. the moral duty would take precedence over the legal duty. d. the moral duty would sanction any method whatsoever of getting the dying man to the hospital.

c. the moral duty would take precedence over the legal duty.

chpt 9: With the violinist scenario, Judith Jarvis Thomson tries to show that a. the fetus is not a person. b. in pregnancy, the body of the mother can always be exploited. c. the mother has a right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will (a right to have an abortion). d. the mother has no right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will.

c. the mother has a right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will (a right to have an abortion).

chpt 5; Commonsense morality makes a distinction between doing our duty and doing more than duty requires, what are called supererogatory actions. This distinction seems to disappear in a. ethical egoism b. social contract theory c. utilitarianism d. Kant's theory

c. utilitarianism

chpt 5; Suppose you break your promise to visit your dying grandmother on the grounds that you can create more happiness by partying with your friends. This utilitarian view of the situation seems to conflict with our commonsense a. view of justice b. likely to occur at least some of the time c. view of our obligations to other people d. notion of utilitarian morality

c. view of our obligations to other people

chpt 10: According to the dominant reading of natural law theory, euthanasia is wrong primarily because a. it amounts to using a person as a means and not as an end. b. it always results in less overall happiness. c. we have a moral duty to preserve life. d. scripture condemns it

c. we have a moral duty to preserve life

chpt 15: Biologists report that homosexual behavior among nonhuman animals is a. nonexistent b. extremely rare c. widespread d. found only in primates

c. widespread

chpt 13: In disputes about environmental issues, often there is substantial agreement on the nonmoral facts and serious divergence on a. nonmoral principles b. nonmoral issues or judgments c. technical issues d. moral principles or judgment

d. moral principles or judgment

chpt 21: The key premise in Peter Singer's argument for aiding the world's needy is a. "[I]f it is in our power to equally distribute goods throughout the world to all persons, we ought, morally, to do it." b. "We—the well-to-do—have no right at all to the goods we possess; we acquired them mostly through accidents of birth and geography." c. "Giving food and shelter to the poor would only make their plight worse." d. "[I]f it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it."

d. "[I]f it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it."

chpt 2: Cultural relativists may believe their theory promotes tolerance of other cultures. However, the author argues against this. Which statement best summarizes his argument? a. Cultural relativists really only value the practices of some cultures, not all cultures. b. Subjective relativists and emotivists can also promote tolerance. c. Tolerance is not really a good thing, and so cultural relativists should not support it. d. Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

d. Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

chpt 1: Which of the following correctly applies the principle of impartiality? a. A mass murderer deserves the same treatment as a heart surgeon. b. You cannot fairly punish one member of a group unless you punish all of them. c. All moral judgments must be made on a case-by-case basis, setting aside all personal biases. d. Everyone deserves the same treatment, unless there is a morally relevant reason to favor someone.

d. Everyone deserves the same treatment, unless there is a morally relevant reason to favor someone.

chpt 8: Which of the following is NOT true of the ethic of care? a. It is a reminder that caring is a vital and inescapable part of the moral life. b. It is an example of feminist ethics. c. It contrasts dramatically with traditional moral theories preoccupied with principles and legalistic moral reasoning. d. It emphasizes rule-following, especially rules found in codes of ethics.

d. It emphasizes rule-following, especially rules found in codes of ethics.

chpt 2: Maryam says, "Abortion is always wrong," while Fatima says, "Sometimes abortion is not wrong." Which statement best summarizes how emotivists view this kind of disagreement? a. Maryam and Fatima cannot both be right, because this would produce an emotional conflict between them. b. Maryam and Fatima are expressing different attitudes, but neither of them says something that could be true or false. c. Maryam and Fatima are really expressing the same attitude, but in different ways, and so there is not really a disagreement here. d. Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way to resolve the disagreement.

d. Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way to resolve the disagreement.

chpt 1; Which of these illustrates the need for moral reasoning when applying religious moral codes? a. My religious moral code includes a general rule not to kill, but sometimes killing might be the only way to defend myself. b. My religious moral code includes a general rule not to lie, but some people lie frequently. c. My religious moral code has many rules that are not relevant to me. d. My religious moral code is difficult to follow because it is very strict and demanding.

d. My religious moral code is difficult to follow because it is very strict and demanding.

chpt 13: Which philosopher maintains that we must include the interests of all sentient creatures and give their interests equal weight when calculating which action will produce the greatest overall satisfaction of interests? a. David Hume b. Aldo Leopold c. Thomas Aquinas d. Peter Singer

d. Peter Singer

chpt 2; Which statement best summarizes why, according to the author, cultural relativism is nearly impossible to use? a. Each of us belongs to only one society, and so we cannot know what people in other societies believe. b. Each of us belongs to multiple societies or social groups, but cultural relativism does not specify which society or group we should use in evaluating actions. c. It is often impossible to know whether your culture approves of a given action. d. The theory makes it impossible to convince other people of moral claims.

d. The theory makes it impossible to convince other people of moral claims.

chpt 3: What is the implicit premise in the following moral argument? "Same-sex marriage is contrary to tradition. Therefore, it should never be allowed." a. Same-sex marriage is harmful to society. b. Same-sex marriage is unnatural and therefore should be banned. c. Whatever causes harm to children should not be allowed. d. Whatever is contrary to tradition should not be allowed

d. Whatever is contrary to tradition should not be allowed

chpt 8: One of the implications of assuming an idealized view of human beings is that one is unable to a. recognize morally right actions. b. follow social rules intended for the benefit of all. c. maintain meaningful personal relationships. d. acknowledge oppression and poverty when it is present.

d. acknowledge oppression and poverty when it is present.

chpt 5; Consider a scenario involving the possible killing of an innocent person for the good of others. Such an action could conceivably be sanctioned by a. Kant's theory b. Natural law theory c. The means -end principle d. act- utilitarianism

d. act- utilitarianism

chpt 20: Stephen Macedo sums up his perspective on immigration in this way: "If high levels of immigration have detrimental impact on our least well-off citizens, that is a reason to limit immigration, even if those who seek admission seem to be poorer than our own poor whose condition is worsened by their entry." His view is best characterized as a. authoritarian b. egalitarian c. cosmopolitan d. anticosmopolitan

d. anticosmopolitan

chpt 3; . What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "John argues that active euthanasia is sometimes morally acceptable. But we can reject out of hand anything he has to say because he's an ultraconservative." a. equivocation b. begging the question c. appeal to authority d. appeal to the person

d. appeal to the person

chpt 1 : Applied ethics is the a. application of normative ethics to metaethics. b. application of society's rules to one's own life. c. study of the principles and rules that everyone accepts. d. application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases.

d. application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases.

chpt 10: In 2002, the eighty-six-year-old war hero Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Jr., in a suicide pact with his eighty-nine-year-old wife, ended his life with an overdose of sleeping pills. According to a news report, "Having lost 30 pounds from a stomach disorder, suffering from congestive heart failure and in constant back pain, the admiral had been determined to dictate the hour of his death. His wife, who suffered from osteoporosis so severe her bones were breaking, had gone blind. She had no desire to live without her husband." Assuming this is an accurate account of Admiral Nimitz's motivations, to what moral principle did he appeal to justify taking his own life? a. justice b. beneficence c. right to life d. autonomy

d. autonomy

chpt 2: Cultural relativism implies that the abolition of slavery in the United States a. represents moral progress. b. may or may not represent moral progress. c. cannot be explained. d. cannot be regarded as moral progress.

d. cannot be regarded as moral progress.

chpt 5; Suppose a utilitarian judge decides to rule against a plaintiff in a lawsuit just because people in general would be happier if the plaintiff lost the case. Such a utilitarian move would conflict with a. rule-utilitarianism b. common sense views about happiness c. divine command theory d. common sense views about justice

d. common sense views about justice

chpt 3: In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the a. argument is cogent. b. conclusion is probably true. c. conclusion may or may not be true. d. conclusion absolutely has to be true.

d. conclusion absolutely has to be true.

chpt 6; . Aquinas says that judging the rightness of actions is a matter of a. determining what consequences result from actions. b. consulting our feelings and seeing which way our emotive consciousness points. c. consulting church authorities. d. consulting reason and considering rational grounds for moral beliefs.

d. consulting reason and considering rational grounds for moral beliefs.

chpt 10: A key premise in the argument for active euthanasia is that the right of self-determination includes the right of competent persons to decide the manner of their dying. This premise is a. accepted by virtually all parties to the euthanasia debate. b. clearly false. c. incoherent. d. controversial.

d. controversial

chpt 21: According to Peter Singer's theory, we (the affluent) ought to give to the needy up to the point where we are just better off than those we are trying to help. Singer refers to this as _____ a. egalitarian justice b. the level of marginal utility c. the level of sufficient sacrifice d. distributive justice

d. distributive justice

Chpt 1; When religious adherents claim that murder is wrong because God says that it is, they are implicitly espousing the a. legal theory of divine justice. b. religious demand theory. c. greatest happiness principle. d. divine command theory.

d. divine command theory.

chpt 8: Alison M. Jaggar writes that Western moral theory has tended to a. prioritize virtue ethics b. emphasize character traits usually associated with women. c. ignore "masculine" values. d. embody "masculine" values.

d. embody "masculine" values.

chpt 7: According to Aristotle, the greatest good for humans is a. virtue law b. the Golden Mean c. virtuosity d. eudaimonia

d. eudaimonia

chpt 7: Aristotle says that moral virtue comes about as a result of a. divine inspiration. b. following the Golden Rule. c. conforming to the greatest happiness principle. d. habit.

d. habit

chpt 6; The difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives is that a. hypothetical imperatives are universal, whereas categorical imperatives are not. b. hypothetical imperatives are rational and categorical imperatives are conditional. c. hypothetical imperatives are absolutist, whereas categorical imperatives are not. d. hypothetical imperatives are conditional, whereas categorical imperatives are unconditional

d. hypothetical imperatives are conditional, whereas categorical imperatives are unconditional

chpt 8: The ethics of care is a perspective on ethics that highlights the a. need for ethics in health care. b. insignificance of ethics in caring for others. c. lack of male perspectives in ethics. d. importance of personal relationships and virtues such as compassion and kindness

d. importance of personal relationships and virtues such as compassion and kindness

chpt 10: If you believe that there is no moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die, you might reason that a. active and passive euthanasia are not morally equivalent. b. in neither active nor passive euthanasia is the patient's death caused. c. in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused, but this has no moral significance. d. in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused, and they are therefore morally equivalent.

d. in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused, and they are therefore morally equivalent.

chpt 9: In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a. all abortions at any stage of pregnancy are permissible. b. in the first three months of pregnancy, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may forbid abortions, even those necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman. c. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions. d. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions, except when abortion is necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.

d. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions, except when abortion is necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.

chpt 7: Virtue ethicists try to achieve the moral ideal by a. looking to well-established moral rules. b. reading books on ethics. c. fulfilling duties d. looking to moral exemplars.

d. looking to moral exemplars.

chpt 13: . An anthropocentrist sees animals, plants, and ecosystems as a. moral equals along with humans b. more natural than humans beings c. means to unifying all life d. means to serve the ends of human beings

d. means to serve the ends of human beings

chpt 6: Many philosophers insist that the teleological character of nature has never been supported by logical argument or empirical science because a. the church has disagreed with science. b. scientists have been uninterested in teleology. c. natural law theory is internally illogical. d. nature is not teleological at all, but instead random and purposeless

d. nature is not teleological at all, but instead random and purposeless

chpt 2; . According to the main argument for cultural relativism, if culture X and culture Y disagree about the morality of physician-assisted suicide, this shows that a. right and wrong are not relative to cultures. b. physician-assisted suicide is permissible. c. either culture X or culture Y must be correct. d. no view can be objectively correct.

d. no view can be objectively correct.

chpt 15: Many human activities are statistically out of the norm (such as skydiving and eating snails), and for that reason they are sometimes deemed unnatural. From this fact it follows that unnatural activities are a. necessarily immoral b. departures from evolutionary change c. morally suspect d. not necessarily immoral

d. not necessarily immoral

chpt 2; . Suppose a culture approves of beheading a young man for merely holding hands with a woman. According to cultural relativism, the beheading is a. neither justified nor unjustified. b. morally unjustified. c. morally justified. d. objectively justified.

d. objectively justified.

chpt 7: Virtue ethics puts primary emphasis on being a good person and living a good life, whereas duty-based moral systems a. emphasize a life of happiness and flourishing. b. emphasize happiness through correct living. c. pay much less attention to following rules of conduct. d. pay much less attention to virtuous character and living a good life.

d. pay much less attention to virtuous character and living a good life.

chpt 15: An unmarried man and woman have frequent sex and engage in activities that most of society would label unconventional, unnatural, and deviant. Their sexual behavior results in the greatest net good for all concerned. A utilitarian would therefore say that their sexual activities are a. permissible except for deviant sex. b. permissible except for activities labeled unnatural. c. impermissible. d. permissible

d. permissible

chpt 15: Suppose a married couple openly engages in consensual extramarital sexual activity with other people. According to Thomas Mappes's Kantian view of sexuality, the sexual behavior of this couple would be a. permissible overall except for oral sex. b. impermissible. c. permissible. d. permissible overall except for the use of contraception.

d. permissible overall except for the use of contraception.

Chpt 1: What does normative ethics study? a. theories that explain why people behave as they do b. normative standards in different disciplines c. the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs d. principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

d. principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

chpt 8: Feminist ethicists argue that the ________ sphere be given at least as much consideration in morality as the sphere of the public. a. legal b. religious c. historical d. private

d. private

chpt 13: The controversy over the ivory-billed woodpecker has pitted those who want to build a massive irrigation project against environmentalists who want to stop the project to protect the woodpecker and other species. A biocentric species egalitarian would probably insist that the a. project be completed but with rigid safeguards to protect all sentient beings. b. project be completed to maximize the welfare of humans. c. project be curtailed (but not stopped) to promote the interests of humans and the ivory-billed woodpecker only. d. project be stopped to protect the ivory-billed woodpecker and all the other species of plants and animals.

d. project be stopped to protect the ivory-billed woodpecker and all the other species of plants and animals.

chpt 5; A true ethical egoist chooses action that a. are exceptionally altruistic. b. lead him to self-indulgent or reckless behavior. c. provide him with whatever he wants. d. promote his own self-interests.

d. promote his own self-interests.

chpt 2: According to emotivism, to offer reasons for a moral judgment is to a. provide moral reasons that can influence someone's belief in a moral claim. b. provide reasons that have a logical or cognitive connection to a moral judgment. c. provide moral facts that can influence someone's attitude. d. provide statements that can influence someone's attitude.

d. provide statements that can influence someone's attitude.

chpt 9: The view that the fetus becomes a person at quickening is problematic because a. the phenomenon of quickening is an illusion. b. quickening is largely a function of modern medical know-how. c. quickening signals a quantum jump in the sentience of the fetus. d. quickening signifies nothing that can be plausibly linked to personhood

d. quickening signifies nothing that can be plausibly linked to personhood

chpt 21: In 2009, Kenya faced an immediate danger of mass starvation due to a drought that threatened a third of the East African country's population, or about 10 million people. In January of that year, the Kenyan government declared the food shortage a national disaster, and the United Nations appealed for international help. Suppose wealthy countries responded to the food crisis in Kenya according to Garrett Hardin's recommendations. Rich countries a. sent limited food aid b. sent fertilizer but no food c. sent more food aid than is required d. refused to send any food aid at all

d. refused to send any food aid at all

chpt 6; In natural law theory, the emphasis on reason makes morality independent of a. logic b. psychology c. history and common practice d. religion and belief in God

d. religion and belief in God

chpt 9: Judith Jarvis Thomson's position is argued without a. reference to the rights of women b. relying on thought experiments c. admitting that the fetus has a right to life d. relying on the issue of personhood

d. relying on the issue of personhood

chpt 8: One hard fact that feminist ethicists are responding to is that, even today, most women in the world are viewed as a. more ethical than men b. more important than men c. equal citizens d. second-class citizens

d. second-class citizens

chpt 13: . The questions of whether an ape has the same moral status as a domestic cow and if animals (human and nonhuman) deserve the same level of moral concern as plants concern the issue(s) of a. centrism and noncentrism. b. ecological individualism. c. holism. d. species egalitarianism or nonegalitarianism.

d. species egalitarianism or nonegalitarianism.

chpt 3: . A moral statement is a a. statement affirming that an action is bad or that a person is bad. b. statement asserting a valid moral argument. c. statement asserting that a state of affairs is actual (true or false) without assigning a moral value to it. d. statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one's motive or character) is good or bad

d. statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one's motive or character) is good or bad

Chpt 3; Deductive arguments are a. supposed to offer probable support for their conclusions. b. usually valid. c. usually invalid. d. supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

d. supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

chpt 13: A counterexample to biocentric egalitarianism is that we a. know that killing a cow is no worse than killing a carrot. b. think that killing a cow is no worse and no better than killing a carrot. c. assume vegetables have the same moral status as primates. d. tend to believe that killing a cow is worse than killing a carrot

d. tend to believe that killing a cow is worse than killing a carrot

chpt 5; Utilitarianism reminds us that a. the consequences of our actions do not matter most of the time. b. not everyone counts equally in moral deliberations. c. some absolutist rules are necessary. d. the consequences of our actions make a difference in our moral deliberations.

d. the consequences of our actions make a difference in our moral deliberations.

chpt 15: Many who argue against homosexuality appeal to an idea that is central to natural law theory—mainly that a. human beings are at liberty to dispose of their anatomy and physiology as they see fit. b. people are not obligated to stay as nature made them. c. the way nature is tells us nothing about how we ought to be. d. the way nature is tells us how humans ought to be

d. the way nature is tells us how humans ought to be

chpt 5; One of the criticisms of social contract theory is that it's doubtful that those who are supposed to be parties to the contract have actually given a. due attention to morality. b. any thought to whether Hobbes was correct. c. any consideration to those who are not party to the contract. d. their consent to the terms of the contract.

d. their consent to the terms of the contract.

chpt 6; Kant would say that using a person to achieve some end, such as hiring someone to paint your house, is not necessarily wrong because a. every situation is different. b. exceptions are made for people who are not our friends. c. there is no moral difference between treating persons as a means and treating them merely, or only, as a means. d. there is a moral difference between treating persons as a means and treating them merely, or only, as a means.

d. there is a moral difference between treating persons as a means and treating them merely, or only, as a means.

chpt 6; Kant's theory emphasizes three of morality's most important features; the three are a. universality, impartiality, and the consequences of actions. b. respect for persons, absolutism, and subjectivity. c. self-interest, moral consensus, and moral authority. d. universality, impartiality, and respect for persons.

d. universality, impartiality, and respect for persons.

chpt 7: The fact that we regularly judge the moral permissibility of actions as well as assess the goodness of character suggests that a. principles and virtuous behavior are in conflict. b. rule-based moral theories should be discarded. c. ethics is false. d. virtue and character are important elements of the moral life.

d. virtue and character are important elements of the moral life.

chpt 9: Robert is a Kantian theorist and also believes that fetuses are persons from conception. Suppose Robert is trying to determine whether abortions are morally permissible in situations where the woman's life is in danger as a result of continuing the pregnancy. Which of the following should be the focus of Robert's deliberations? a. whether aborting the pregnancy will have the best consequences overall b. whether aborting the pregnancy will be an instance of violating a person's right to life c. whether aborting the pregnancy would be legally allowed d. whether aborting the pregnancy would be a justifiable instance of overriding a person's right to life

d. whether aborting the pregnancy would be a justifiable instance of overriding a person's right to life

chpt 2; For a cultural relativist, when two people in the same culture disagree on a moral issue, what they are really disagreeing about is a. the strength of the arguments presented. b. nonmoral issues. c. objective moral truth. d. whether their society endorses a particular view.

d. whether their society endorses a particular view.

chpt 21: The moral issue of whether we have a duty to help the poor and hungry of the world is compelling mainly because the a. news media constantly remind us of the plight of poor people. b. world's poor are now slightly better off than they used to be, which is a reminder of their plight. c. wretchedness of the world's poor is an exaggeration that the rich are often confronted with. d. wretchedness of the world's poor is profound and the economic gap between rich and poor is wide

d. wretchedness of the world's poor is profound and the economic gap between rich and poor is wide