Phil 102 CH 5 Rhetoric, the art of persuasion

Downplayer examples

-He was at the bar for two hours, officer, but I know he had only four drinks during that time. -Yes there are many instances of abuse connected with the new immigration law.

Weasler examples

-Of course it may be that Roethislberger didn't even commit the assaults he was accused of. -Try the neutron diet for just four weeks and you can lose up to 20 pounds.

Euphemism examples

-You say you are in love with Oscar but are you sure he's right for you? isn't he a little to mature? -Republican pollster frank luntz; the key principle is responsible energy exploration

Proof Surrogate Example

A claim as proof or evidence when no such proof or evidence is being offered. example: Claim x is made, claim x is expressed in a way where no evidence is forthcoming, therefore x is true. clearly, obviously, studies have shown.

sterotype

A cultural belief or idea about a social group's attributes, usually simplified or exaggerated. It can be positive or negative.

Slanters

A linguistic device used to affect opinions, attitudes, or behavior without argumentation. Slanters rely heavily on the suggestive power of words and phrases to convey and evoke favorable and unfavorable images.

Euphemism

A neutral or piste expression used instead of one that carries negative associations. Example: "The government faces restiance from an organized group of freedom fighters"

What. is a proof surrogate?

A proof surrogate is an expression used to suggest there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority. Hinting something without being specific as to what it is.

Rhetorical Definition

A pseudo-definition given to express our feelings or influence someone else's. Express or elicit attitude about something.

loaded question

A question that is biased because it contains a built-in assumption. Implies something without coming out and saying it. Rests on assumption.

What is a rhetorical explanation?

A rhetorical explanation is used to influence attitudes or affect behavior; disguising their real purpose.

A Rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation is known as _______.

A slanter

A ____ is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated about a social group's attributes.

A stereotype

Downplayer

A word used to make someone or something look less significant. Example: "I wouldn't invite jimmy to drum for the band-he's barely playing for two Years"/ "I suppose Jimmy is a drummer, but we can do better than that."

rhetorical explanation

An explanation intended to influence attitudes or affect behavior; such explanations often make use of images with positive or negative emotional associations. Use of language of standard explanation to disguise their real purpose.

Downplayers

An expression used to play down or diminish the importance of something. Such as stereotypes, rhetorical comparisons, rhetorical explanations, and inneudo can all be used to downplay something. (Nevertheless, however, still, but, although, even though)

Which type of leader appeals to emotions, prejudice and ignorance to stir up popular support and gain power?

Demagogue

"The war is justified as a righteous war against infidels who have no hope of salvation" What rhetorical technique is this?

Demonizing

Which department within the US govt is notorious for the use of euphemisms?

Department of defense

What is a dysphemism for someone old in age?

Dinosaur

"She earned an online degree, if you can really call it a degree" What type of rhetorical device is this?

Downplayer

"I don't agree with Senator Smith. He's another dirty politician" What type of rhetorical advice is this?

Downplayer.

This type of device is designed to make someone or something look less important or less significant.

Downplayer.

"I enjoyed the class even though the teacher was unprepared" What type of device is used?

Downplayer: An attempt to make someone or something look less important or less significant than the overall concept.

A _____ is used to produce a negative effect on someone's attitude about something, or to tone down the positive associations is may have.

Dysphemism

Dysphemism

Dysphemism A word or phrase used to produce a negative effect on a reader's or listener's attitude about something or to minimize the positive associations the thing may have.

What is rhetorical definition?

Employing rhetorically charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something.

Euphemism

Euphemism An agreeable or inoffensive expression that is substituted for an expression that may be found unpleasant or offensive by a listener or reader.

no fallacy

Fallacies are mistaken beliefs based on unsound arguments. They derive from reasoning that Is logically incorrect.

True or false. "Generally claims that provide statistics are straighforward. Therefore you dont need to worry about innuendo when considering statistical claims.

False

True or false: There is no place for rhetoric in spoken or written word.

False

True or false: Unlike the written word, graphs and figures cannot be used to create misleading impressions.

False

What is a euphemism for overweight?

Full figured

Horse Laugh

Horse laugh A rhetorical technique whereby a speaker or writer seeks to discredit someone by mocking him or her, or to rebut his or her position by making fun of it. Includes ridicule and vicious humor of all kinds.

What is an extravagant overstatement or exaggeration?

Hyperbole

Imagery/emotions

Imagery affects emotions and emotions are wellsprings of actions.

An ____ is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often masked with positive phrasing.

Innuendo

Which rhetorical advice insinuates or uses the power of suggestion to say something negative about someone or something with neutral or positive phrasing?

Innuendo: power of suggestion to disparage (say something bad about) someone or something

Which rhetorical device insinuates or uses the power of suggestion to say something negative about someone or something wit netral or positive phrasing.

Innuendo: using power of suggestion to say something bad about someone or something.

What is not true about exaggeration?

It is an essential part of a logical argument,

What is not true about exaggeration?

It is an essential part of a logical argument.

What is Rhetorical analogy?

Likening 2 or more things to make one of them appear better or worse than another.

"Why does professor Ruiz hate her students?" What type of rhetorical device is this?

Loaded Question

Which average refers to the most frequent number in a set of numbers?

Mode: frequent #

What rhetorical advice is "Can governor Evans be believed when he says he will fight for the death penalty? You be the judge"

No slanters.

What is significant mention?

Occurs when someone states a claim that ordinarily would not need making.

"As the same sex couple walked down the street, a group of protesters hurled insults and shouted that the couple were animals" What device were the protesters using?

Otherizing

A ____ suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence.

Proof surrogate

proof surrogate

Proof surrogate An expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually saying what it is.

What rhetorical advice is "the obvious truth is that bilingual education has been a failure"

Proof surrogate (obvious)

What rhetorical advice is "Its obvious that vegetarians maintain a healthier diet than non-vegetarians"

Proof surrogate. (obvious)

Who was the most influential composer in the 20th century? few experts will say it was alban berg" What rhetorical device is this?

Proof surrogate: suggests there is evidence or authority for a claim without citing it

Where does ridicule or a horse laugh gain its power?

Psychology

When candidates saturate the airwaves with campaign advertisements, the technique they are using is known as ___.

Repetition

____ is used to persuade, while ___ is used to demonstrate a claim or support a claim.

Rhetoric, logic

Rhetoric vs argument

Rhetoric: -More than 70% of Americans oppose the death tax w good reason. -A majority of Americans support taxation on inherited wealth because they say its fair. -buying stock is like playing roulette

"Capitial punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime"

Rhetorical

A _____ likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other.

Rhetorical analogy

A rhetorical ___ likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other.

Rhetorical analogy

Which device calls attention of the similiarity between 2 or more things in order to persuade us of something?

Rhetorical analogy

rhetorical analogy

Rhetorical analogy An analogy used to express or influence attitudes or affect behavior; such analogies often invoke images with positive or negative emotional associations.

What is rhetorical analogy?

Rhetorical analogy is when two or more things make one of them appear better or worse than another. It is an analogy.

What rhetorical advice is "Making a former corporate CEO the head of the securities and exchange commission is like putting a fox in charge of the henhouse"

Rhetorical analogy, because of its comparison

What rhetorical devices is "ecology? I will tell you what ecology is. Ecology is the marxist science"

Rhetorical definiton

rhetorical devices

Rhetorical devices are used to influence beliefs or attitudes through the associations, connotations, and implications of words, sentences, and more extended passages. While rhetorical devices may be used to enhance the persuasive force of arguments, they do not add to their logical force.

What rhetorical advice is "The reason republicans oppose health care is they don't care about anyone expect their friends and family"

Rhetorical explanation

What do we call the power words or expressions that elicit various pyschological and emotive responses?

Rhetorical force

What is a rhetorical device that is a word or phrase with either a positive or negative connotation?

Slanter is either a negative or positive connotation

Emotive Meaning/Rhetorical Force

The positive or negative associations of a word. This is their power to express and elicit various psychological and emotional responses.

What is the difference between a lexical and a rhetorical definition?

The rhetorical definition tries to persuade.

What is rhetoric?

The venerable art of persuasive writing and speaking. (twin anchors of western education since Aristotle)

ridicule

To make fun of someone, also a powerful rhetorical tool that gets a laugh at the expense of another position.

True or false: even though hyperbole is an exaggeration it still retains power.

True

What is a rhetorical explanation ?

Using the language of standard explanations to disguise their real purpose, which is to express or elicit an attitude.

This type of rhetorical device waters down a claim and weakens it so that the speaker has a way to back out of the claim.

Weaseler

Weaselers

Weaselers An expression used to protect a claim from criticism by weakening or qualifying it. or waters it down (Perhaps, possibly, maybe)

"this rack of clothing is up to 80% off" What type of rhetorical device is used?

Weasler

weasler

Weasler is an expression used to protect a claim from criticism by weakening it. A term used to provide the speaker with a way out of objections. Example: "using our hair treatment may leave your hair healthier and shiner"

Lisa, a refugee is hated by the citizens of her new country. Which form of extreme rhetoric is responsible for this situation?

Xenophobia

What is the irrational fear or dislike of something foreign or strange?

Xenophobia

"I dont know if lex commited the crime. Perhaps she is innocent" Is a weaseler used here to created innuendo?

Yes.

When do you use rhetoric?

You use rhetoric to win someone to your point of your view; you use logic to demonstrate a claim or support it.

Innuendo

a claim that makes an implicit suggestion. Uses the power of suggestion to disparage someone or something Ex: "since you're debating whether to vote for me or Snodgrass, you may want to know that I have cheated on my taxes"

innuendo

a hint, indirect suggestion, or reference. Uses the power of suggetion to disparage (say something bad about someone or something)

Argument vs rhetoric

arguments are opinionated. -listen to ms. johnson carefully, she says little but often has smart things to say. -Laura won't be good working with numbers -despite majoring in math. Steve is a good writer. -his parents are very strict; they expect him to be home for dinner everyday

Hyperbole

exaggerated overstatement or claims not meant to be taken literally.

hyperbole examples

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. "He's running faster than the wind" / "this bag weighs a ton"/ "That man is tall as a house"

Significant Mention

occurs when someone states a claim that ordinarily would not need making. Significant mention A passing over with brief mention so as to emphasize the suggestiveness of what is omitted. Also called Significant mention.

A ____ definition employs charged language to express an opinion about something.

rhetorical

A ____ uses the language of standard definition to disguise their real purpose, which is to express or elicit an attidude

rhetorical explanation.

Repetion

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written.Making the same point over and over at every opportunity.