PHIL_3
The term "logical positivism" was chosen by this group of phil. b/c they wanted to emphasize the importance for scientist to form logical conclusions by keeping a positive attitude about the future of science.
False
True or False: Skinner believed that all psychological experimentation should be limited to animal studies because he was not interested in trying to apply his theories in everyday life situations.
False
True or False: Skinner finally admitted that he could not account for the effect of words on human decision making. He came to realize that some people could overcome their conditioned behavior habits by CHOOSING to listen to positive VERBAL affirmations that others speak to them and deciding to ignore negative thoughts or words. His last book was entitled, The Secret Power of Attraction Theory.
False
According to Marx, capitalism creates a division of labor into specialized jobs which thus dehumanize and alienate most workers.
True
According to Plato knowledge is a basis for morals in a society.
True
According to the hierarchy of knowledge taught in Plato's divided line theory, the individual physical person named "Louis Tharp" is lower than the lowest form of life.
True
The classic refutation of the Ontological Argument is that it is circular reasoning and a verbal game. If it were true, anything perfect you imagined would also have to exist.
True
Viktor Frankl holds that meaning is a stronger drive than sex.
True
A professor, Dr. I.L. Saymoor, lectures non-stop for four hours, enjoying the sound of his own voice. He loves eating at nice restaurants and now weighs 350 pounds. He is also a chain smoker and drinks excessively. He loves to sing at karaoke clubs, surrounded by a crowd. His favorite song is "People." "People who need people are the luckiest..." he croons.
oral dependent
Victor Frankl's most famous concept involved his method of forcing clients to face suicide for real rather than playing games. Called _____.
paradoxial intention
Which of the quotes below represents the views of B. F. Skinner as expressed in his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity ?
"A person does not act upon the world; the world acts upon him."
What are the symptoms of oral aggressive fixations?
Argumentativeness, need to control, using power and money to dominate others
According to the verifiability principle, only one of the questions below can be settled by science. The others are not verifiable, according to the logical positivists. Choose the one issue/question that the verifiability principle allows science to investigate.
At what temperature will ocean (salt) water freeze?
Rogers emphasizes the need for psychologists to be good analysts.
False
Rollo May applauds the "party animal" who lives his life existence to the hilt. May believes that questioning life is not living it
False
Sartre believes that the perfect order of the universe shows that it did not have to be created. It evolved by perfect precision.
False
Sartre had been a Nazi for a year, then renounced Hitler and escaped to Paris. After the war he returned to Berlin to help re-build Germany.
False
Sartre held that "consciousness" was a fairly unimportant concept, compared to the importance of the unconscious mind and man's inner spirit.
False
Sartre used the term "absurdity" to describe the ignorance of mankind to understand and realize this perfectly orderly evolutionary system. It's "absurd" that people cannot see this precise order.
False
Socrates was executed by hanging, ordered by a court dominated by wealthy landowners. The real reason they ordered his execution was because he was stirring up the masses to demand full democracy and an equal vote for everyone.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Skinner did not agree with the "verifiability principle" of the logical positivists because he thought that lower animals he commonly used in his experiments, such as white rats or pigeons, were not capable of using logic. He held that logical positivism was a theory that only applied to experiments with logical human beings.
False
An early behavioral psychologist, Edward Thorndike, summed up the effects of reinforcments with a short phrase that he called "The Law of Effect". It explains how rewards and punishments tend to create behaviorial habits. His law states that:
"Pleasure stamps in and pain stamps out."
Parmenides' major position was stated in simple terms. The basic truth was expressed in his famous quote:
"What is, is. What is not, is not.
According to orthodox traditional Christianity, how many "persons" are there in God?
3
How many stages of childhood development did Freud theorize?
5
Plato suggested that a philosopher-king could not begin to rule until they attained the age of:
50
"Boo-Hooray"
Aj Ayer
What is the general view of the logical positivist philosophers regarding logic or mathematics?
All of the above statements
What is a criticism of the logical positivist philo. commitment to the verifiability principle?
All of the answers above
Parmenides' and Heraclitus' theories on the nature of permanence and change were similar, except that Heraclitus wrote in epigrams.
False
In Marx's theory of history, what was the fourth economic system?
Capitalism
Sometimes an experiment reports findings that are very exciting and become accepted by many people, but later prove to be unsupported when other scientists attempt to replicate them. This can be very embarrassing to the researchers who reported such findings. In the course materials in the website, TWO such topics were used as illustrations of such famous cases of replications that disproved a well-known experimental finding. What were the TWO TOPICS of those experiments. (Choose 2)
Cold Fusion Experiment he Secret Life of Plants
In psychoanalysis, which of the following has to do with the analyst's own childhood?
Counter-transference
What are the symptoms of an anal expulsive fixation?
Disorderliness, rebellion against authority, tardiness, tolerates messiness
Which of the four foundations of knowledge - the basic epistemological methods - that we study in this course would Skinner most likely favor as a most likely to bring us to truth?
Empiricism - the Foundation of Science
Humanistic psychology has been strongly influenced by
Existentialism
Most religions would tend to agree with the conditioning theories that Skinner teaches. In fact, many of Skinner's principles are to be found in the Bible, especially in the Book of Proverbs. Such Biblical wisdom as "Chose to build your house on solid ground!" or "Decide who you will serve - God or money!" represent the same basic behavior modification methods that Skinner uses, just expressed in more modern terminology.
False
A scientist who wants to do a replication of a previously published experiment must include a least 5% of the same original subjects in his experiment
False
According to Marx, a classless society operates on the principle "from each according to his desires, to each according to his wants."
False
After his experience with the Nazi regime, Sartre realized that freedom could be lost easily. He began to argue that freedom was possible only if conservative political ideas were upheld.
False
Bad faith" is a term used by Sartre to describe an atheist who once had faith in God but lost it.
False
David Hume was a major voice in the philosophical school called "rationalism" and became famous for his "Treatise on Rational Logic", in which he argued that miracles should be rejected because no miracle has been proven by a logical syllogism.
False
Ivan Pavlov was a colleague of B. F. Skinner at Harvard. While Skinner did his experiments on laboratory animals such as pigeons and rats, Pavlov preferred to use his own family dog because he thought that Skinner's studies involved cruelty to the dumber animals.
False
Marx also borrowed many of his ideas from Adam Smith's book, The Wealth of Nations.
False
Marx had a limited education.
False
Marx thought that religion was beneficial to society because it unified society towards a worthwhile goal.
False
Marx's position in the Russian government - second in command under Stalin - gave him the power to create the original KGB.
False
Marxism is no longer practiced in China or Cuba. Both countries have moved to a capitalistic economic system.
False
In many Third World nations workers are paid on a "piecework" basis. For instance, a garment worker may be assigned the task of sewing a man's shirt. The factory may pay him 1 cent (in U.S. currency) for each shirt he completes. One man may sew 60 shirts per hour, while a faster worker can sew 75. The faster worker can make more money, but it costs the factory owners exactly the the same per shirt - 1 cent. What is this method of payment called in the vocabulary of behavioral conditioning.
Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule
The man who is famous for saying "You can never step twice in the same river," was:
Heraclitus
Predicting human behaviors is more complicated than predicting animal responses in the lab. Possible reasons for this difficulty is that ...
Humans have a vast array of secondary reinforcers that they are very interested in, such as "status symbols", verbal approval, or subtle cues such as a wink of the eye.
The term Freud used to refer to our instinctual physiological drives which follow the "pleasure principle":
ID
The classical argument to the Cosmological Argument is that if all effects need a cause, then logically God should too, probably being another God. Then this prior God would need a God as its cause, as would that God, and so on ad infinitum. This objection is known as:
Infinite Regression
The Id is the psyche's:
Instinctive impulses
What does B. F. Skinner believe regarding such questions as the existence of God and the practice of religion?
It is irrational to blame any person for his "bad" behaviors, since all of our behaviors are the result of environmental conditioning.
Agrees with Skinner's concept that to change people you must change their political and economic environment.
Karl Marx
Which of the following thinkers would Skinner consider to be correctly understanding the world in which we live?
Maybe none of them (NOT Jean Paul Sartre)
What are the symptoms of anal retentive fixations?
Obstinacy, stinginess, orderliness, compulsive cleanliness
"The heart has reasons the mind does not know" is a famous quotation. Who said it?
Pascal
"Operant conditioning" is associated with the name of Skinner, while "classical conditioning" is associated with the name of
Pavlov
The Ego is the psyche's:
Rational decision-making function - that follows reason and adjusts to reality
Lisa, whose grandmother died of breast cancer, is at higher-than-average risks for developing breast cancer herself; still she routinely FORGETS to do a self-exam. This is known to be:
Repression
Theorist who reverses Skinner's idea completely by claiming that we are always totally free instead of being totally conditioned.
Sartre
Which ONE of the following about the phil. of science is NOT true
Science seeks to use the sophisticated statical designs of the experimental method to discover absolute truths that have scientifically proven to be universally true, at least in the physical world
What was Freud's first name?
Sigmund
Sartre's theory of radical freedom is most strongly opposed by
Skinner
The most important conclusion that we should draw from the Top 10 List of Bread Statistics that appears in the course website is...
Statistical figures may be accurate and show highly significant statistical probability levels, but not give us valuable information.
The bourgeois class resists changes in the forces of production.
True
You have just finished running the results of an experiment and are looking over its findings. Which of these findings are you most happy to see?
Test of Statistical significance = .0001
The philosopher Zeno believed all things were one, and so set out to discredit the senses by posing several philosophical paradoxes. One is that a runner cannot reach a goal because to get there he has to go half that distance before that, half that distance (a quarter of the distance) before that, half that distance (an eighth of the distance) before that, and so on, infinitely. Another is that an arrow at any instantaneous point in flight is identical to an arrow at rest. Both of these were intended to prove:
There is no such thing as movement
Why do the logical positivist want philosophers to stop debating topics like the existence of God, or how many angels can sit on the head of a pin, or what is true justice, or whether the Bible was inspired by God when it was being written. What is their objection to such topics?
These topics to not meet the criterion of the "verifiability principle" since they are dealing with subjects that cannot be verified by sense data.
"Accepting God's acceptance, even though you are unacceptable."
Tillich's way to achieve "the courage to be"
Descartes' cogito "I think, therefore I am," is often used as a certain proof of your own existence, but Sartre doubted it proved the existence of self. He said it only proved the existence of consciousness - of thinking, not of the self doing the thinking.
True
Marx believed that the ruling class generally have established and used institutions such as the government, the media, or the church to keep economic power in their own hands.
True
Marx suffered such poverty himself that he and his wife even had to watch their own children die due to lack of money for medical care.
True
Marx was influenced by the philosophy of Hegel.
True
Modern communists claim that instead of the 19th century's conflict between poor workers and rich capitalists within the same country, today the major class conflict is between the poor masses of the Third World and the rich industrial nations, such as the U.S., Japan, and Europe.
True
Sartre believed that the desire to have eternal life promised for sure was an example of "bad faith."
True
Sartre's major book was entitled, simply: Being and Nothingness.
True
An Oedipus Complex is:
When a man is sexually attracted to his mother and hates his father.
Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the strengthening of a conditioned habit.
Will power value - Amount of carefully measured determination - how much effort you are willing to exert to build the habit
Which of the following is Christianity's explanation of the purpose of crucifixion?
all of the above, by different denominations of Christianity
n opposition to Socrates, Plato believed in:
absolute truth, even for ethical questions
According to the Bible, the Jewish leaders objected to Jesus because:
all of the above
Rollo May believes that many people find meaning in their life by a sudden insight. Some discover it through God, some discover it through love, some realize their responsibilities, some through an illness, etc.
an "I am experience"
Two Supreme Court judges, Al Waislat and Justice Mezi, constantly scribble profanities on their notepads as they listen to cases. Justice Mezi argues for the individual's constitutional right to total freedom. Both of their offices are filled with chaotic piles of law books, in no order. Waislat takes a bath only on Sundays, and wears a dirty t-shirt under his gown.
anal expulsive
If you have made any pencil marks on this quiz, carefully ERASE them immediately. Next, check that your name is legible, printed in block capital letters, with your last name first, followed by one comma. Please! After reading this, you know that your professor is _____. (Especially considering this is an online quiz!)
anal retentive
The term Plato uses to describe basic human physiological drives for food, water, shelter, sex, etc.:
appetites
Freud believe the client should finish analysis by breaking transference and becoming able to solve his own problems
autonomy
The post office delivers the mail in all kinds of weather. Policemen risk their lives to protect and serve the public. According to Plato, these professions are an example of a "class" in his utopian society. He called them:
auxillaries
In the history of science, many thinkers have proposed brilliant theories to explain the physical world. Sir Issac Newton, Albert Einstein, and many others have used their knowledge and reasoning to build a theory that predicts facts that are yet undiscovered. The scientific method requires, however, that these theoretical concepts
be supported by future experiments in which the evidence is sensory data
Visiting the zoo, Irene Member suddenly broke down crying, recalling the time 20 years ago when her pet giraffe died when it became entangled in electric lines. Freud's term for such an experience of recalling a repressed emotional memory:
catharsis
Marx predicted that the end result of communism would be:
classless society
People tend to like Mr. I.M. Onnestt because he says just what he thinks. No games, no pretences -- he just seems to know what he feels, and tells people his genuine emotions. He speaks from his heart.
congruence
Another famous quotation of Sartre's is: You are your _____"
decisions
It is said that Marx "turned Hegel on his head". The result of this reversal of ideas was what Marx called:
dialectical materialism
The fifth economic system has two steps. The first step is:
dictatorship of the proletariat
According to the "allegory of the cave," those who escape to enlightenment:
discovered the intelligible world of the forms
Another famous quotation is: "Existence preceeds _____"
essence
The Ontological Argument is that if one imagines the most perfect being, that being must actually exist because:
existence is more perfect than nonexistence
Students seldom laugh at Dr. Tharp's attempts at humor. His jokes are older than the sayings of Confucius and twice as subtle. Nevertheless, with NO positive reinforcement, he continues to try in vain to entertain students with his "wit". Skinner would say that with no reward, we should eventually see the ___________ of his efforts, unless some student should utter a small chuckle that may re-condition him.
extinction
Plato and Socrates agreed with the Sophists.
false
What is the third economic system, according to Marx's theory of history?
feudalism
If you are working at McDonald's for $8.50 per hour, you are on which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed interval
Your own existence as a human being is called "being-_____
for-itslef
One of Sartre's most famous quotations is: "We are condemned to be _____
free
Freud asks the client to let his mind wander, hoping repressed thoughts and feelings will flow from his unconscious.
free association
Marx believed that we are slowly working our way to a classless society in which everyone will be a "have". He called this:
historical determinism
One of the flunking students discovered that he was losing his hearing during class. Even when Dr. D shouted, he could not hear him. Tests by his doctor showed his hearing otherwise normal, even excellent. Freud would suspect:
hysteric conversion reaction
According to ethics, when someone chooses to abandon virtue and do "wrong," it is only because of:
ignorance
Objects like the desk, chair, car, house, etc. are examples of "being-_____."
in-itself
Plato believed that the concept of "beauty":
is a higher form, the mind's appreciation of geometric symmetry
Kierkegaard is most famous for this idea.
leap of faith
The Moral Argument asserts that if we believe in any absolute moral principle(s), then, seeing the injustice and unfairness rampant in the world, we must conclude that the only way there can be justice is if there is a God and an afterlife. Therefore, if we believe justice must prevail, then by implication we must believe in God. The classic refutation of this argument is:
moral principles are merely cultural conventions
In Marx's theory the first economic system in the stages of history.
primitive communism
Plato and Rene Descartes followers of
rationalism
The above professor tells himself that he is actually doing the students a favor by forcing them to try harder in their next class. He claims that "Learning to deal with failure helps to develop character," -- paraphrasing the Bible to justify himself.
rationalization
Les Ternarown wa the classic "playboy" until the day he met Maria, a nun who left the convent to marry Les. Now they are "devoted" to each other. Les won't even watch the Miss Universe contest on TV, and Maria refuses to ever go to church.
reaction formation
In the "analogy of the charioteer" the chariot driver represents:
reason
In response to the arguments of Heraclitus and Parmenides the Sophists concluded that, since reason lead both of them to their positions:
reason doesn't lead to truth, since the truth is relative
This term describes the last stage on Kierkegaard's three "stages of life's way." It requires you go beyond pleasure, duty, and even rationality.
religious
If you have forgotten the answer to a question, at least you can get this one right. Just choose what has happened to you. You may indeed know the correct answer, but find it "stuck" in your unconscious mind, because of:
repression
One client forgot his appointment last week and came late today. Although he is very smart, he can't seem to understand the analyst's interpretations. He came to analysis claiming to want help, but now he wants to quit after only two months.
resistance
The Sophists taught the art of:
rhetoric
Wanda Beeshure had saved $20,000 in a bank account, qualified for a good pension, and bought a life insurance policy. She has also installed alarms in her car and house. And she just bought a lightning rod.
safety/security needs
You can work your way up Maslow's hierarchy of needs until you are no longer deficiency motivated. Growth motivated people have reached _____
self-actualization
Maslow's hierarchy of needs would probably classify the obsession to be "famous" as a _____ need.
self-esteem
According to Plato's "divided line theory," the type of information which gives the least accurate knowledge would be called:
shadows and reflections
A professor, Dr. Don T. Wuryboutit, gets his kicks by arranging to flunk the four best students in each class. He erases and changes the marks on the students' scantron answer sheets. He laughs when he sees the students' confused looks. He also volunteers to write job recommendations for students and then sends in very negative ones. He has no conscience at all! What term might be used to describe such behaviors?
sociopath
Plato was an early advocate of a form of government which would later be called:
sophocracy
The basis of morality and ethics. Freud says the cause of neurotic guilt, masochism, over-sensitivity, and shyness is:
super-ego
The universe seems to show some evidence of intelligent order. Its natural laws seem to be designed. How can we have design, without a Designer? This argument is called:
teleological
One of Plato's theories concerns the validity of different forms knowledge. He claims that statements made about the physical world are little more than conjecture about shadows and reflections, whereas real knowledge concerns the eternal and perfect forms, which reason leads us to certainty about. This is called:
the Divided Line Theory
The Cosmological Argument for the existence of God intellectually follows cause-and-effect back in time -- in effect asking "Where did the Big Bang come from?" -- and concludes that there must be a singular, initial cause for the universe. Aristotle called this cause
the Prime Mover
To illustrate the above theory, Plato imagined us as prisoners chained in such a way that we can only see shadows on a wall. Since this is all we can see, we think these illusions are reality. To see the truth we must be freed so we can see the fire and the physical objects themselves that cast the shadows. To see the real truth we must be able leave this environment and explore the upper world - to see and understand the sun and stars and reason about their meaning. This is an illustration that explains the Platonic theory of knowledge and is called
the allegory of the cave
The Synoptic Argument is:
the combination of arguments is strong evidence for a meaningful world
A square has four corners. Plato believed this was an example of:
the form of "square-ness"
When an experimental finding is reported as "statistically signicant at the .05 level" it means that
the probability of obtaining such a result by pure luck alone is less than 5 percent (less than 5 times in 100)
Plato taught that each class had a function. The shopkeepers function was to seek produce and sell goods and to seek profits. The auxillaries or soldiers' function was to protect and serve the society and to seek
to do their duty for the reward of honors, medals and approval
Your grade on this test involves this kind of conditioning.
token economy
Ironically, some of the students are very fond of "Dr. D" -- even the ones he flunks. They believe his pretended "care" for them. They respond positively to his "fatherly" concern and even his harsh discipline. Freud might call their dependency:
transference
According to the Sophists, one is not committed to obey the laws of the state.
true
Although Ben Mesingup has been involved with drugs and is now in jail, his parents still love him the same. His Dad said, "You can hate drugs, but still love the addict." Carl Rogers would call this ____
unconditional positive regard
A schedule of reinforcement that will condition the organism (animal or human) to keep working at the response long after reinforcement is withdrawn. Which of the 4 schedules gives the animal "hope" that it can finally receive a reward if it just keeps on working (for example, by pressing a bar, or by nagging or buying lotto tickets) without giving up (extinction) on the task.
variable ratio
Marx argues that the capitalists own the land, the factories, the tools, etc. and they control the government and the army. The only way that the masses can create a just economic system is by:
violent revolution
