Philosophy 1301

Which of the following is a formal cause for this?

A vehicle seating one to five people to transport those people.

What of Locke's theory corresponds to the Outside World in the Allegory of the Cave?

Abstracting away from comparing ideas

Why does Anaximenes not simply return to Thales' conclusion?

Anaximenes rejects water since air is even more prevalent than water.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If there is something that all defined objects have in common, then there is something that is not one of the defined objects that is explained."

Either give up on Thales' project, you have an infinite regress of composing objects.

What is the crucial distinction Pythagoras introduced?

Form and Matter

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If perception reliably gives the truth about an object changing into something else, then we can coherently describe the change."

Give up on the physical sciences

Is the unity of a river its name?

No-names change.

What is the consequence of claiming that numbers are not real?

One must explain why claims in mathematics are true.

What of Locke's theory corresponds to the Shadows in the Allegory of the Cave?

Sensation

According to Locke, what are the two kinds of experience?

Sensation and Reflection

What is the consequence of rejecting "If no one else understands what a person is talking about, then communication is impossible."

Telepathy

According to Aristotle, what is actuality?

The extent to which something has fulfilled its final cause.

What question is Locke trying to answer?

What is knowledge?

Which of the following is a formal cause for this?

A kitchen utensil used to scoop up food or stir a drink.

What is the potentiality of this?

A lot. It has barely crossed 100 thousand miles.

How is Anaximenes' answer different from Anaximander's? How is it the same?

Air is a defined thing, but very amorphous like the Boundless.

How is Anaximenes' answer different from Thales' answer? How is it the same?

Air is less definite than water, but is also a finite thing.

What is Thales' insight? That is, what presumption did he start with and we (tend to) believe today?

All things have a common unity.

How does Anaxagoras think he is improving on Empedocles' view?

By reducing the number of forces to one, and the number of kinds of particles to two.

How does Anaxagoras think he is improving on Empedocles's view?

By reducing the number of forces to one, and the number of kinds of particles to two.

How do the Atomists think they are improving on both Empedocles and Anaxagoras?

By reducing the number of forces to zero, and the number of kinds of particles to one.

Why would Anaximander reach his conclusion?

By showing that all defined things cannot have a defined thing in common.

According to Locke, what is the source of all ideas?

Experience

According to Locke, what is sensation?

Experience from what is external

According to Locke, what is reflection?

Experience from what is internal

According to Aristotle, which of the following is not a cause?

First

What is the difference between matter and form?

Form is what is composed; matter is what is composing.

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If perception reliably gives the truth about multiple objects, then we can coherently say there are multiple objects."

Give up on the physical sciences

What is the consequence of rejecting: "It is impossible to coherently say that something comes from nothing."

Give up on the physical sciences

What is the consequence of rejecting "If all defined objects can be explained by something, then there is something that all defined objects have in common."

Given up on Thales' project.

What of Locke's theory corresponds to the Puppets in the Allegory of the Cave?

Grouping simple ideas into one object

Heraclitus says everything is fire. How is Heraclitus trying to do something different than Thales (who claims everything is water) and Anaximenes (who claims everything is air)?

He is trying to find the unity in the diversity.

What is Locke's general strategy for arguing his conclusion?

He provides a plausible story which accounts for knowledge without appealing to innate ideas

Why does Anaximenes reject Anaximander's conclusion?

He rejects the Boundless because it is incomprehensible.

What is Descartes's conclusion?

Knowledge requires certainty.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If all knowledge is based on perception, perception varies from person to person, and people disagree, then there is no test to determine who is right."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting "If symbols are not the same as the thing symbolized and symbols are understood only by the speaker, then no one else understands what a person is talking about."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting "If there is no test to determine who is right, then there is no way to distinguish between appearance and reality."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting "If there is no way to distinguish between appearance and reality, then there is no way to know absolute truth."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting "If there is something that is not one of the defined objects that is explained, then that something is without boundaries of definition."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting "It is flase that there is something without boundaries or definition that explains all defined objects, and it cannot explain."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If a runner completes a racecourse, then the runner has crossed a distance."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently say that one thing ceases to exist and another starts to exist, then we can coherently say that something does not exist."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently say that one thing exists and then another thing exists, then we can coherently say that one thing ceases to exist and another starts to exist."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently say that there are at least two things, then we can coherently say that they are not fused together."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently say there are multiple objects, then we can coherently say that there are at least two thing.."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently that one thing ceases to exist and another starts to exist, then we can coherently say that something comes from nothing."

Logical Contradiction

What is the consequence of rejecting: If we can coherently say that something changes into something else, then we can coherently say that one thing exists, and then another exists.

Logical Contradiction or composed objects do not exist (just atoms)

Which of the following is a material cause for this?

Metal, shiny, with a concave surface at the end.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If we use perception to know the thing, then our perceptions are not the thing."

Metaphyscial Idealism

Does Locke think that Forms are eternal?

No-Forms are not beyond or transcendent

Did Locke's account succeed?

No-The Second Act of the mind is not empirical

Does Locke think that knowledge of Forms is known through reason?

No-all knowledge is from experience

You think you are at least eighteen years old. Is your unity your DNA?

No-fraternal twins have the same DNA.

Does Empedocles succeed?

No-he does not answer Parmenides' concerns about nothing, nor Heraclitus' concerns about unity.

You think you are at least eighteen years old. Is your unity your personality?

No-how you react, feel, and behave has changed than when you were younger, and will change as you get older.

Does the atomist answer for the problem of change succeed?

No-it denies that the question of change is a well formed question.

Can one rationally accept Gorgias' conclusion?

No-it rejects itself and any evidence for it.

Does the atomist answer for the problem of nothing succeed?

No-something non-material holding matter is metaphorical at best and incoherent at worst.

Is the unity of a river the water?

No-sometimes water dries up in a river.

Is the unity of a river its form?

No-the form is not physical.

Is the unity of a river its location?

No-the location of rivers change.

Can one rationally accept Protagoras' conclusion?

No-there are those that disagree with the conclusion.

Does your reason for believing that you are not in the Matrix meet Descartes' Standard for Knowledge?

No-there is no kind of belief for which you have not made a mistake.

You think you are at least eighteen years old. Is your unity your values?

No-you have different values than when you were younger, and you will have different values as you grow older.

According to Descartes, do you have knowledge from your senses?

No-you have had mistaken belief from the senses before.

You think you are at least eighteen years old. Is your unity your body?

No-your body is composed of organs, which are composed of cells, which die and are regenerated.

According to Aristotle, what is the material cause?

Of what an object is composed.

What is the consequence of claiming that numbers are real?

One must explain how we know mathematical claims.

Whose two philosophical views is Empedocles trying to reconcile?

Parmenides and Heraclitus

Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes all have a common approach. How is Pythagoras' approach like their approach?

Pythagoras is looking for that which everything has in common.

Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes all have a common approach. How is Pythagoras' approach different?

Pythagoras is looking for the form of a thing.

How do the Atomists answer the question of change?

Random

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If the runner has crossed a distance, then the runner has crossed an infinite."

Reject mathematics about division

How do the Atomists respond to the problem as given by Parmenides?

Space

How do the Atomists respond to the problem of nothing as given by Parmenides?

Space

How is Anaximander's answer different from Thales?

The Boundless is not a defined nor limited thing.

Recall the Problem of Metaphysics. What is the answer to the second part?

The Four Causes

Which of the following is an efficient cause for this?

The market demand and the manufacturing company.

What is the consequence of rejecting: "If we can coherently say that they are not fused together, then we can coherently say that there is a space where something does not exist."

There is always some existing thing between objects.

What is the consequence of rejecting "All knowledge is based on perception, perception varies from person to person, and people disagree on reality."

There is some kind of non-perceptual knowledge.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If a person uses symbols to talk about it, then the symbols are not the same thing as the thing symbolized and symbols are understood only by the speaker."

There is some kind of non-perceptual knowledge.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If our perceptions are not the thing, then we know our perceptions but not the thing."

There is some kind of non-perceptual knowledge.

What is the consequence of rejecting "If something exists, then we use perception to know the thing."

There is some kind of non-perceptual knowledge.

How did Thales' reach his conclusion?

Through observing the prevalence of water and concluding that all things have water in common.

What is the Problem of Change?

Trying to find what remains the same along all the changes.

What is the actuality of this?

Very little. It has been barely used at all.

What is the consequence of rejecting: "It is false that we can coherently say there is a space does not exist."

We incoherently talk about nothing

What is the consequence of rejecting: "It is impossible to coherently say that something does not exist."

We incoherently talk about nothing

What is the consequence of rejecting "If something is comprehensible, then a person uses symbols to talk about it."

We know what we cannot communicate.

According to Aristotle, what is the formal cause?

What an object is.

According to Aristotle, what is the efficient cause?

What brought the object into existence.

What question is Descartes trying to answer?

What is knowledge?

What question is Parmenides trying to answer?

What is the unity?

What question is Zeno trying to answer?

What is the unity?

Is Descartes' Standard of Knowledge a Good Standard?

Yes and No

Does Locke think that knowledge of forms is objective knowledge?

Yes-it is knowledge of substances

Does Locke think that Forms are Universal?

Yes-it is what substances have in common

What is the consequence of rejecting "If something is incomprehensible, then it cannot explain."

You answer with what cannot be understood.

What is the consequence of rejecting: "It is impossible that the runner crossed an infinite."

You claim Zeno equivocated