Philosophy 2nd Exam

Eudemonia

-A state of pleasant well-being-Being happy in long-term way

Identify and briefly describe the two conditions which excuse an action as involuntary, according to Aristotle.

-If you meet centain condtions you could be excused from moral resposiablities 1.Compulsion- Forced to do something/can not help it 2.Ignorance-If you don't have enough knowledge about a situation -Compulsion: if my action is involuntary, I cannot be held responsible for it. Ignorance: if I am ignorant of certain particular circumstances that are important to the act, then it makes it involuntary.

Eros

-Love, strong desire

Phronesis

-Practical wisdon- rational thinking-this is something we need to apply at a moments notice-it has to be practiced and built up-

Psyche

-The Term "soul" is the English translation of the Greek Psyche- This is the general word applied to life- So things with psyche- ensould things - are living things

Metaphsyics

-The Theory of reality-The discipline that studies being as such, its kinds and character, often set out in a doctrine of categories. Also called by some "first philosophy"-Written by Aristotle after Physics. Discusses areas that cannot be measured, such as justice, love and truth. -Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it,[1] although the term is not easily defined.[2] Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:[3] What is ultimately there? What is it like?

Explain the myth of the charioteer in relation to Plato's conception of the structure of the soul?

A metaphor for his view of the soul and its journey- The soul is portrayed as a charioteer (Reason)-driving a chariot being pulled by two winged horses- or steeds; one white noble (righteousness, spiritedness, boldness) the other black ignoble-(consupicent nature, appetitative, desire). The goal is to ascend to divine heights- but the black horse poses problems- thus making driving difficult and troublesome- The Charioteer represents intellect, reason- the part of the soul that must guide the soul to truth- The Charioteer directs the entire chariot/soul the horses from going different ways and to proceed towards enlightenment- -Plato believes that the soul is divided into three parts, Desire(which motivates), Spirit(which animates), And Reason(which guides the other two). In the case of the Charioteer, the black horse represents Desire(s) and the white horse is the Spirit, the Charioteer guides the two using Reason, this rational job is hard within humans.

Thrasymachus

Another Sophist-Arguing with Socrates about the rules of morality in "Republic"-he claimed that the rules were made by those in power- His point of view on being moral is "sheer simplify" and on being Immoral "Sound judgment" - part of the audience of Socrates who claimed that justice is the advantage of the stronger. very annoyed with Socrates. MIGHT MAKES RIGHT- (pg 148)

According to Aristotle, how should we define what a virtue is? Is a virtue a feeling or an emotion? Why or Why not?

Aristotle believes learning between right from wrong, good and bad in order to live the best possible life. This includes happiness for oneself and to do the right thing towards others. Virtues are positive character traits that through practice they become second nature.

Does Aristotle accept Plato's theory of participation? Why (or why not)?

Aristotle does not accept Plato's theory of participation. 1) The things of this world are supposed to derive their reality from their participation in the Forms. 2) The Forms are themselves supposed to be substantial realities. 3) The Forms are supposed to be what many individuals of the same kind have in common. 4) There is no way to understand how the Forms, eternally unchanging, account for its changes.

Why does Plato think the Form of Table is more real than the table I write at?

Because the Form is what is "truly real" and the appearance is partially but not "fully real".

Draw Plato's Divided Line and label its parts. Explain the section of the line that is farthest to the left.

Likeness Things Form "Visible" "Intelliable" --The visible- Senses the world which we grasp through our senses, sight, smell, touch, taste-The world of change and experience -Likeness- Synonymous of what appears to be - Shadows, reflection on water, T.V., active moving likeness, pictures, mirrors, social media, virtual reality, images - -If you operate only in the likeness you gain just a little bit of knowledge- you have to move on the thing itself in order to move on to the form- Once you have confidence in the thing you develop the confidence to move towards the form

Disposition

One's usual mood; a tendency- A sweet disposition- A habitual inclination- A tendecy; A dispostion to disagree-A person's general or natural mood; tendency

Define the essential parts of the state, according to Plato. Who are the rulers in this state? Why should they be the rulers, according to Plato?

Plato believes in three classes, Productive(the laborers), Protective(the Army/Cops), Governing(the Politics). Plato believes that the rulers know what's best for us as a collective, and this is why they rule and govern us.

How does Plato define the just soul? According to Plato, how is it that the just soul is also the happy soul?

Plato defines the just Soul as being moral. Justice in the Soul is happiness, and happiness is a natural good.

Does the ordinary distinction we make between an "idealist" and "realist" apply to Plato? Explain.

Plato is the father of idealism, he believes in a spiritual and a mental world that is external, permanent, orderly, regular and universal. He is also aware of the world of appearance; the world experienced through sight, touch, smell, taste and sound that is constantly changing.

Briefly, define what "relative absolute" means and contrast this with sophistic relativism. Which philosopher is associated with the term "relative absolute".

Plato is the philosopher associated with the term relative absolute. Plato believed that the Good was absolute, its Goodness was by itself without recourse to any other thing. Meaning independent

II. What is the semantic argument for the form about?

The Semantic Argument for the Form is like this....A ball is a Form, but its particulars can be described as being a basketball or a baseball. Knowledge of the Form, will help you name it by its particulars.

In the myth of the cave, what does the sun represent? How do the Forms relate to this?

The Sun outside represents "the Form of the Good". First, you can only see the lower Forms, reflections of the Sun, through dialectic we come to see the Form of Good itself.

What is the third man argument? Also, describe why it is significant.

The Third Man Argument shows that the Forms do not explain what they are supposed to explain, this is important because it continues the dialectic going, which humanity needs to feed a part of the soul.

What is the metaphysical argument for the forms about? Use an example to illustrate the metaphysical argument for the forms.

This argument starts, not from the nature of knowledge and its difference from opinion, but from the nature of things. Example?

Identify the three parts of the soul (according to Plato), and be sure to include a description of the kinds of objects that each part desires.

Three parts of the Soul are Desire(unruly), Spirit(Animated), and Reason(usually indicates truth). -Reason-or Intellects-seeks truth-knowledge-forms Spirit of the soul-Striving part of the soul-honor, respect (complex emotional involvement) Appetitive- desires for material things- Eros for physical things- food, shelter, sex) This part of the soul links us to animals --You have to feed all parts of the soul in order to be happy.