Philosophy Final Exam

select conclusion: If a jury is sufficiently unhappy with the government's case or the government's conduct, it can simply refuse to convict. This possibility puts powerful pressure on the state to behave properly. For this reason a jury is one of the most important protections of a democracy.

A jury is one of the most important protections of a democracy.

select premise: When Noah Webster proposed a Dictionary of the American Language, his early 19th-century critics presented the following argument against it: "Because any words new to the United States are either stupid or foreign, there is no such thing as the American language; there's just bad English."

Any words new to the United States are either stupid or foreign.

Daniel Kilraine was killed on a lonely road, 2 miles from Pontiac, Michigan, at 3:30AM on March 17 if last year. Otto, Curly, Slim, Mickey, and the Kid were arrested a week later in Detroit and questioned. Each of the five made fours statement, three of which were true and one of which was false. Their statements were: Otto: I was in Chicago when Kilraine was murdered. I never killed anyone. The Kid is the guilty one. Mickey and I are pals. Curly: I did not kill Kilraine. I never owned a revolver in my life. The Kid knows me. I was in Detroit the night of March 17. Slim: Curly lied when he said he never owned a revolver. The murder was committed on St. Patrick's Day. Otto was in Chicago at this time. One of us is guilty. Mickey: I did not kill Kilraine. The Kid has never been in Pontiac. I never saw Otto before. Curly was in Detroit with me on the night of March 17. The Kid: I did not kill Kilraine. I have never been in Pontiac. I never saw Curly before. Otto erred when he said I am guilty. Whodunnit?

Curly

select conclusion: :Ethnic cleansing was viewed not so long ago as a legitimate tool of foreign policy. In the early part of the 20th century forced population shifts were not uncommon; multicultural empires crumbled and nationalism drove the formation of new, ethnically homogenous countries.

Ethnic cleansing was viewed not so long ago as a legitimate tool of foreign policy.

select premise: Good sense is, of all things in the world, the most equally distributed, for everybody thinks himself so abundantly provided with good sense that even those most difficult to please in all other matters do not commonly desire more of it than they already possess.

Everybody thinks himself so abundantly provided with good sense that even those most difficult to please in all other matters do not commonly desire more of it than they already possess.

select premise: Houses are built to live in, not to look on; therefore, let use be preferred before uniformity.

Houses are built to live in, not to look on.

Six balls confront you. Two are red; two are green; two are blue. You know that in each color pair, one ball is heavier than the other. You also know that all three of the heavier balls weigh the same, as do all three of the lighter balls. The six balls (call them R1, R2, G1, G2, B1, B2) are otherwise indistinguishable. You have only a balance scale; if equal weights are placed on the two sides of your scale, they will balance; if unequal weights are placed on the two sides, the heavier side will go down. With no more than two weighings on that balance scale, how can you identify the heavier and the lighter balls in all three pairs?

I will take a free pass on this question and simply receive the points for this question. There is no catch.

select premise:Omniscience and omnipotence and mutually incompatible. If God is omniscient, he must already know how he is going to intervene to change the course of history using his omnipotence. But that means he can't change his mind about his intervention, which means he is not omnipotent.

If God is omniscient, he must already know how he is going to intervene to change the course of history using his omnipotence.

select conclusion: Standardized tests have a disparate racial and ethnic impact; white and Asian students score, on average, markedly higher than their black and Hispanic peers. This is true for fourth-grade tests, college entrance exams, and every other assessment on the books. If a racial gap is evidence of discrimination, then all tests discriminate.

If a racial gap is evidence of discrimination, then all tests discriminate.

Mr. Short, his sister, his son, and his daughter are fond of golf and often play together. The following statements are true of their foursome: a. The best player's twin and the worst player are of the opposite sex. b. The best player and the worst player are the same age. Which one of the foursome is the best player?

Mr. Short's daughter

The employees of a small loan company are Mr. Black, Mr. White, Mrs. Coffee, Miss Ambrose, Mr. Kelly, and Miss Earnshaw. The positions they occupy are manager, assistant manager, cashier, stenographer, teller, and clerk, though not necessarily in that order. The assistant manager is the manager's grandson, the cashier is the stenographer's son-in-law, Mr. Black is a bachelor, Mr. White is twenty-two years old, Miss ambrose is the teller's stepsister, and Mr. Kelly is the manager's neighbor. Who holds each position?

Mrs. Coffee is the manager

select conclusion: Reason is the greatest enemy that faith has; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things, but more frequently than not struggles against the diving Word, treating with contempt all that emanates from God.

Reason is the greatest enemy that faith has.

Benno Torelli, genial host at Miami's most exclusive nightclub, was shot and killed by a racketeer gang because he fell behind in his protection payments. After considerable effort on the part of the police, five suspects were brought before the district attorney, who asked them what they had to say for themselves. Each of them made three statements, two true and one false. Their statements were: Lefty: I did not kill Torelli. I never owned a revolver in all my life. Spike did it. Red: I did not kill Torelli. I never owned a revolver. The others are all passing the buck. Dopey: I am innocent. I never saw Butch before. Spike is guilty. Spike: I am innocent. Butch is the guilty one. Lefty did not tell the truth when he said I did it. Butch: I did not kill Torelli. red is the guilty one. Dopey and I are old pals. Whodunnit?

Red

select conclusion: To boycott a business or a city [as a protest] is not an act of violence, but it can cause economic harm to man people. The greater the economic impact of a boycott, the more impressive the statement it makes. At the same time, the economic consequences are likely to be shared by people who are innocent of any wrongdoing, and who can ill afford the loss of income: hotel workers, cab drivers, restaurateurs, and merchants. The boycott weapon ought to be used sparingly, if for no other reason than the harm it can cause such bystanders.

The boycott weapon ought to be used sparingly.

select conclusion: The death penalty is too costly. In New York State alone taxpayers spend more than $200 million in our state's failed death penalty experiment, with no one executed. In addition to being too costly, capital punishment is unfair in its application. The strongest reason remains the epidemic of exonerations of death row inmates upon post-conviction investigation, including ten New York inmates freed in the last 18 months from long sentences being served for murders or rapes they did not commit.

The death penalty is too costly.

Evaluate the following argument and select the appropriate description for it. More girls than boys entered their pets in the children's pet show. Since every girl entered only a cat and every boy entered only a dog, it follows that there were more cats than dogs.

This argument is deductive and valid.

Evaluate the following argument and select the appropriate description for it. Without anyone touching it, the large picture hanging on the living room wall fell to the floor and broke. This happening proves that evil spirits do indeed exist.

This argument is inductive and weak.

select conclusion:without forests, orangutans cannot survive. They spend more than 95 percent of their time in the trees, which, along with vines and termites, provide more than 99 percent of their food. Their only habitat is formed by tropical rain forests of Borneo and Sumatra.

Without forests, orangutans cannot survive.

I've looked everywhere in this area for an instruction book on how to play the concertina without success. (Mrs. F.M. Myrtle Beach, SC, Charlotte Observer) You need no instruction. Just plunge ahead boldly. What is the fallacy here?

amphiboly

Robert Toombs is reputed to have said, just before the Civil War, "We could lick those Yankees with cornstalks." When he was asked after the war what had gone wrong, he is reputed to have said, "It's very simple. Those damn Yankees refused to fight with cornstalks." What is the fallacy here?

amphiboly

Clearence Darrow, renowned criminal trial lawyer, began one shrewd pleas to a jury this: You folks think we city people are all crooked, but we city people think you farmers are all crooked. There isn't one of you I'd trust in a horse trade, because you'd be sure to skin me. But when it comes to having sympathy with a person in trouble, I'd sooner trust you folks than city folks, because you come to know people better and get to be closer friends. What is the fallacy here?

appeal to emotion

During World War I, the British government deliberately inflamed the anti-German sentiments of the people with cartoons. (See cartoon on p. 124 of your book.) What is the fallacy here?

appeal to emotion

Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine marched down the halls of the American Congress and threw his shining lances full and fair against the brazen foreheads of every defamer of his country and maligner of its honor. For the Republican party to desert this gallant man now is worse than if an army should desert their general upon the field of battle. What is the fallacy here?

appeal to emotion

This embarrassing volume is an out-and-out partisan screed made up of illogical arguments, distorted and cherry-picked information, ridiculous generalizations and nutty asides. It's a nasty stewpot of intellectually untenable premises and irresponsible speculation that frequently reads like a "Saturday Night Live" parody of the crackpot right. What is the fallacy here?

appeal to emotion

According to R. Grunberger, author of A Social History of the Third Reich, Nazi publishers used to send the following notice to German readers who let their subscriptions lapse: "Our paper certainly deserves the support of every German. We shall continue to forward copies of it to you, and hope that you will not want to expose yourself to unfortunate consequences in the case of cancellation." What is the fallacy here?

appeal to force

I was seven years old when the first election campaign which I can remember took place in my district. At that time we still had no political parties, so the announcement of this campaign was received with very little interest. But popular feeling ran high when it was disclosed that one of the candidates the "the Prince." There was no need to add Christian and surname to realize which Prince was meant. He was the owner of the great estate formed by the arbitrary occupation of the vast tracts of land reclaimed in the previous century from the Lake of Fucino. About eight thousand families (that is, the majority of the local population) are still employed today in cultivating the estate's fourteen thousand hectares. The Prince was deigning to solicit "his" families for their vote so that he could become their deputy in parliament. The agents of the estate, who were working for the Prince, talked in impeccably liberal phrases: "Naturally," said they, "naturally no one will be forced to vote for the Prince, that's understood; in the same way that no one, naturally, can force the Prince to allow people who don't vote for him to work on his land. This is the period of real liberty for everybody; your're free, and so is the Prince." The announcement of these "liberal" principles produced general and undersandable consternation among the peasants. For, as may easily be guessed, the Prince was the most hated person in our part of the country.

appeal to force

explanation or argument: About a century ago, we discovered that planetary orbits are not stable in four or more dimension, so if there were more than three space dimensions, planets would not orbit a sun long enough for life to originate. And in one or two space dimensions, neither blood flow nor large numbers of neuron connections can exist. Thus, interesting life can exist only in three dimensions.

argument

explanation or argument: Changes are real. Now, changes are only possible in time, and therefore time must be something real.

argument

explanation or argument: Plant cells cannot photosynthesize in the dark depths. Fishes and other animals that descend lose contact with the main surface food supply and themselves become food for strange deep-living predators. Therefore, organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means death.

argument

explanation or argument: Some dude has shown up to wherever I go every single day for the last two weeks. He has taken pictures of me. He has been outside my apartment in the evenings. He started going to my gym. I saw him in my grocery store. Stalkers are known to show up at random places to try to get close to their victims. Therefore, I know that this guy is stalking me.

argument

explanation or argument:For the reason that you have not returned any of my calls or texts for weeks, it follows that you don't want anything to do with me.

argument

explanation or argument:If stem-cell research is restricted, then future cures will not materialize. If future cures do not materialize, then people will die prematurely. Therefore, if stem cell research is restricted, the people will die prematurely.

argument

explanation or argument:MAD, mutually assured destruction, was effective in deterring nuclear attack right through the cold war. Both sides had nuclear weapons. Neither side used them, because both sides knew the other would retaliate in kind. This will not work with a religious fanatic [like Mahmoud Ahmadingjad, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. For him, mutual assured destruction is not a deterrent, it is an inducement. We know already that Iran's leaders do not give a damn about killing their own people in great numbers. We have seen it again and again. In the final scenario, and this applies all the more strongly if they kill large numbers of their own people, they are doing them a favor. They are giving them a quick free pass to heaven and all its delights.

argument

explanation or argument:Man did not invent the circle or the square or mathematics or the laws of physics. He discovered them. They are immutable and eternal laws that could only have been created by a supreme mind: God. And since we have the ability to make such discoveries, man's mind must possess an innate particle of the mind of God. To believe in God is not "beyond reason."

argument

explanation or argument:Rightness [that is, acting so as to fulfill one's duty] never guarantees moral goodness. For an act may be the act which the agent thinks to be his duty, and yet be done from an indifferent or bad motive, and therefore be morally indifferent or bad.

argument

explanation or argument:Salaries are up. Unemployment is down. People are happy. Therefore, re-elect me.

argument

explanation or argument:That all who are happy, are equally happy, is not true. A peasant and a philosopher may be equally satisfied, but not equally happy. Happiness consists in the multiplicity of agreeable consciousness. A peasant has not the capacity for having equal happiness with a philosopher.

argument

explanation or argument:The book was boring. The movie based on the book was boring. The author of both the book and the screenplay is Jack Deveroux. It follows that he is a lousy writer.

argument

explanation or argument:Ultimately, a person never becomes truly self-reliant. This is true because even though he deals effectively with things, he is necessarily dependent upon those who have taught him to do so.

argument

explanation or argument:We should boycott that company. They have been found guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty, and that caused numerous injuries.

argument

However, it matters very little now what the king of England either says or does; he hath wickedly broken through every moral and human obligation, trampled nature and conscience beneath his feet, and by a steady and consittutional spirit of insolence and cruelty procured for himself an universal hatred. What is the fallacy here?

argument against the person

I also admit that there are people for whom even the reality of the external world [is] a grave problem. My answer is tshat I do not addres them, but that I presuppose a minimum of reason in my readers. What is the fallacy here?

argument against the person

Nietzsche was personally more philosophical than his philosophy. His talk about power, harshness, and superb immorality was the hobby of a harmless young scholar and constitutional invalid. What is the fallacy here?

argument against the person

The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates a price support program for the benefit of tobacco producers; its regulations limit the amount of tobacco that can be grown, and thus keep the price of tobacco high. On what ground? One analyst observed: For the proponent of price support regulations to turn around and fight consumer-health regulations on the grounds that government regulation is unwarranted interference by big brother and bad for the economy is the kind of argument that makes rations people wince. What is the fallacy here?

argument against the person

When we had got to this point in the argument, and everyone saw the definition of justice had been completely upset, Thrasymachus, instead of replying to me, said: "Tell me, Socrates, have you got a nurse?" "Why do you ask such a question," I said, "when you ought rather to be answering?" "Because she leaves you to snivel, and never wipes your nose; she has not even taught you to know the shepherd from the sheep." What is the fallacy here?

argument against the person

Mr. Farrakhan, the Black Muslim leader, citing the example of Israel, said black Americans should also be able to form a country of their own on the African continent, and said he plans to ask African leaders to "carve out a territory for all people in the diaspora." He said black Americans should also be granted dual citizenship by all African countries. "We want dual citizenship," he said, "and because we don't know where we came from, we want dual citizenship everywhere." What is the fallacy here?

argument from ignorance

In a motion picture featuring the famous French comedian Sacha Guitry, three thieves are arguing over division of seven pearls worth a king's ransom. One of them hands two to the man on his right, then two to the man on his left. "IWhat is the fallacy here?

begging the question

A national mailing soliciting funds, by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), included a survey in which questions were to be answered "yes" or "no." Two of the questions asked were these: "Do you realize that the vast majority of painful animal experimentation has no relation at all to human survival or the elimination of disease?" "Are you aware that product testing on animals does not keep unsafe products off the market?" What is the fallacy here?

complex question

...the universe is spherical in form...because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon, and the planets, appear in this form. What is the fallacy here?

composition

To press forward with a properly ordered wage structure in each industry is the first condition for curbing competitive bargaining; but there is no reason why the process should stop there. What is good for each industry can hardly be bad for the economy as a whole. What is the fallacy here?

composition

Which of the following types of arguments are evaluated with the terms valid and invalid?

deductive

There is no surprise in discovering that acupuncture can relieve pain and nausea. It will probably also be found to work on anxiety, insomnia, and itching, because these are all conditions in which placebos work. Acupuncture works by suggestion, a mechanism who effects on humans are well known. The danger in using such placebo methods is that they will be applied by people inadequately trained in medicine in cases where essential preliminary work has not been done and where a correct diagnosis has not been established. What is the fallacy here?

defective induction

No man will take counsel, but every man will take money: therefore money is better than counsel. What is the fallacy here?

equivocation

explanation or argument: Approximately 2.000 red-winged blackbirds fell dead from the sky in a central Arkansas town. The birds had fallen over a 1-mile area, and an aerial survey indicated that no other dead birds were found outside of that area. Wildlife officials will examine the birds to try to figure out what caused the mysterious event.

explanation

explanation or argument:Because it snowed, I had to shovel the driveway.

explanation

explanation or argument:Because my tooth hurt, I went to see the dentist.

explanation

explanation or argument:It is usually easy to decide whether or not something is alive. This is because living things share many common attributes, such as the capacity to extract energy from nutrients to drive their various functions, the power to actively respond to changes in their environment, and the ability to grow, to differentiate, and to reproduce.

explanation

explanation or argument:The modern cell phone was invented during the 1970s by an engineer working for the Motorola Corporation. However, the communications technologies that made cell phones possible had been under development since the late 1940s. Eventually, the ability to make and receive calls with a mobile telephone handset revolutionized the world of personal communications, with the technology still evolving in the early 21st century.

explanation

explanation or argument:The turkey vulture is called by that name because its red featherless head resembles the head of a wild turnkey.

explanation

True or false: Every deductive argument is valid.

false

an argument can never be false

false

"...I've always reckoned that looking at the new moon over your left shoulder is one of the carelessest and foolishest things a body can do. Old Hank Bunker done it once, and bragged about it; and in less than two years he got drunk and fell off of the shot tower, and spread himself out so that he was just a kind of a layer, as you may say; and they slip him edgeways between two barn doors for a coffin, and buried him so, so they say, but I didn't see it. Pap told me. But anyway it all come of looking at the moon that way, like a fool." What is the fallacy here?

false cause

Former Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon became so angry at the state's leading newspaper, the Portland Oregonian, that in response to a request from that paper for a quote, he offered this: "Since I quit talking to the Oregonian, by business has prospered beyond all measure. I assume that my business has prospered because I don't talk to the Oregonian. Therefore I will continue that policy. Thanks." What is the fallacy here?

false cause

Hiroyuki Suzuki was forerly a member of the Sadaume gumi, an independent crime family in Japan known for its role in gambling. Mr. Suzuki's wife Mariko broke her kneecap, and when mariko went to church the next Sunday, the minister put his hands on her broken knee and pronounced it healed. She walked away from church that day. Mr. Suzuki regarded her religion as a silly waste of time - but he was fascinated by the recovery of her knee. "in gambling," he said, "you use dice. Dice are made from bone. If God could heal her bone, I figured he could probably assist my dice and make me the best dice thrower in all of Japan." Mr. Suzuki's gambling skills did improve, enabling him to pay off his debts. He now says his allegiance is to Jesus. What is the fallacy here?

false cause

If you want a life full of sexual pleasures, don't graduate from college. A study to be published next month in American Demographics magazine shoes that people with the most education have the least amount of sex. What is the fallacy here?

false cause

My generation was taught about the dangers of social diseases, how they were contracted, and the value of abstinence. Our schools did not teach us about contraception. They did not pass out condoms, as many of today's schools do. And not one of the girls in any of my classes, nor even in college, became pregnant out of wedlock. It wasn't until people began teaching the children about contraception that our problems with pregnancy began. What is the fallacy here?

false cause

The French claim to be a nation of rebels. In fact their heyday of revolution is over. Twenty-first century France rebels against change, not for it. What typically happens is that a French government decides to do something radical like, say, enable companies to fire service-sector workers who assault their customers. The unions see this as the first step on the road to slavery and call a national strike. After a week of posturing the government backs down and waiters and sales clerks go back to insulting customers just as they have done since time immemorial. What is the fallacy here?

hasty generalization

select conclusion: sir edmund hillary is a hero, not because he was the first to climb mount everest, but because he never frgot the sherpas who helped him acieve this impossible feat. he dedicated his life to helping build schools and hospitals for them

he is, for that reason, a hero

Evaluate the following to determine whether or not it is a valid or invalid argument: If Albert Einstein read every day, then he would be smart. Albert Einstein did not read every day. Therefore, Albert Einstein was not smart.

invalid

select premise: what stops many people from photocopying a book and giving it to a pal is not integrity but logistics, its easier and inexpensive to buy your friend a paperback copy

its easier and inexpensive to buy your friend a paperback copy

A national organization called In Defense of Animals registered protest, in 1996, against alleged cruelty to animals being sold live or slaughtered in Chinese markets in San Francisco. Patricia Briggs, who brought the complaint to the city's Animal Welfare Commission, said: "The time of the crustaceans is coming. you'd think people wouldn't care about lobsters, because they aren't cuddly and fuzzy and they have these vacant looks and they don't vocalize. But you'd be surprised how many people care." To which response was given by Astella Kung, proprietor of Ming Kee Game Birds, where fowl are sold live: "How about the homeless people? Why don't the animal people use their energy to care for those people? They have no homes! They are hungry!" What is the fallacy here?

missing the point

A deductive argument is valid when, if its premises are true, its conclusion _____ be true.

must

Imagine a room with four walls, with a nail placed in the center of each wall, as well as in the ceiling and floor, six nails in all. The nails are connected to each other by strings, each nail connected to every other nail by a separate string. These strings are of two colors, red or blue, and of no other color. All these strings obviously make many triangles, because any three nails may be considered the apexes of a triangle. Can the colors of the strings be distributed so that on one triangle has all three sides (strings) of the same color? If so, how? And if not, why not?

no

In a certain mythical community, politicians never tell the truth, and non-politicians always tell the truth. A stranger meets three natives and asks the first of them, "are you a politician?" The first native answers the question. The second native then reports that the first native denied being a politician. The third native says that the first native is a politician. How many of these three natives are politicians?

one

If you can't blame the English language and your own is unforgivingly precise, blame the microphoe. That was the route Jacques Chirac took after his nuclear remark about a nuclear Iran. "Having one or perhaps a second bomb a little later, well, that's not very dangerous," Mr. Chirac said with a shrug. The press was summoned back for a retake. "I should rather have paid attention to what I was saying and understood that perhaps I was on the record," Mr. Chirac offered, as if the record rather than the remark where the issue. What is the fallacy here?

red herring

On a certain train, the crew consists of the brakeman, the fireman, and the engineer. Their names, listed alphabetically, are Jones, Robinson, and Smith. On the train are also three passengers with corresponding names, Mr. Jones, Mr. Robinson, and Mre. Smith. The following facts are known: a. Mr. Robinson lives in Detroit. b. The brakeman lives halfway between Detroit and Chicago. c. Mr. Jones earns exactly $40,000 a year. d. Smith once beat the fireman at billiards. e. The brakeman's next-door neighbor, one of the three passengers mentioned, earns exactly three times as much as the brakeman. f. The passenger living in Chicago has the same name as the brakeman. What is the engineer's name?

smith

In While Europe Slept: How Radical Islam Is Destroying the West from Withink (2006), Bruce Bawer argues that "by appeasing a totalitarian [Muslim] ideology Europe is "imperiling its liberty." Political correctness, he writes, is keeping Europeans from defending themselves, resulting in "its self-destructive passivity, softness toward tyranny, its reflexive inclination to appease." A review of the book in The Economist observes that Mar. Bawer "weakens his argument by casting too wide a net," and another reviewer, Imam Fatih Alev, says of Bawer's view that "it is a constructed idea that there is this very severe difference between Western values and Muslim values."

straw man

To know absolutely that there is no God one must have infinite knowledge. But to have infinite knowledge one would have to be God. It is impossible to be God and an atheist at the same time. Atheists cannot prove that God doesn't exist. What is the fallacy here?

straw man

select conclusion: A well-regulated militia is necessary for the security of a free state. The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed

the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed

select premise: thomas argued that human intelligence is a gift from god and therefore "to apply human intelligence to understand the world is not an affront to god, but is pleasing to him."

to apply human intelligence to understand the world is not an affront to god, but is pleasing to him

True or false: More information provided to an inductive argument can potentially change our estimate of the probablilites, and therefore could make the argument stronger or weaker.

true

True or false: No inductive argument, however probable, is ever valid.

true

some invalid argument have a true conclusion

true

Of three prisoners in a certain jail, one had normal vision, the second had only one eye, and the third was totally blind. The jailor told the prisoners that, from three white hats and two red hats, he would select three and put them on the prisoners' heads. None could see what color hat he wore. The jailor offered freedom to the prisoner with normal vision if he could tell what color hat he wore. To prevent a lucky guess, the jailor threatened execution for any incorrect answer. The first prisoner could not tell what hat he wore. Next the jailor made the same offer to the one-eyed prisoner. The second prisoner could not tell what hat he wore, either. The jailor did not bother making the offer to the blind prisoner, but he agreed to extend the same terms to that prisoner when he made the request. The blind prisoner said: I do not need to have my sight; From what my friends with eyes have said, I clearly see my hat is _____!

white

In the same mythical community described in question 1 of this homework assignment, a stranger meets three other natives and asks them, "How many of you are politicians?" the first native replies, "We are all politicians." The second native says, "No, just two of us are politicians." The third native then says, "That isn't true, either." Is the third native a politician?

yes