philosophy midterm

Aristotle thinks that the highest good is an instrumental good (good for the sake of something else)

False

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates

A good deductive argument is said to be sound

True

An argumentis not synonymous with persuasion

True

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch

shows purposefulness

According to Kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except _______

a good will

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _______ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure

an unhealthy soul

Philo says the analogy that Cleanthes uses to make his case is

weak

To Kant, making a lying promise would be wrong because _____.

you could not consistently will that everyone should make lying promises

A deductive argument is an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion

False

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is ________

God

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to

the soul

Paley says that every indication of contrivance and design that exists in the watch exists in _____.

the works of nature

According to Socrates, we should always consider in doing anything whether we are doing right or wrong

True

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. The kind of argument is known as

reductio ad absurdum

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _______

the Socratic method

A statement can be valid or invalid

False

According to Philo, since the universe is perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is likely

False

According to ethical egoism, you should do whatever you desire to do or whatever gives you the most immediate pleasure.

False

Confucianism is an individualistic moral philsophy

False

Craig believes that the universe is the effect of a plurality of causes.

False

Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident.

False

For Mill, a beast's pleasures can satisfy a human being's conception of happiness

False

If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be valid

False

If sound, Aquinas' arguments prove that the God of traditional religion (all-knowing, all-good, all-powerful being) exists

False

Kant argues that the moral law is conditional

False

Kant believes that we should not treat persons merely as a means except when society's welfare is at stake

False

Kant declares that we should never in any circumstances treat people as a means.

False

Mill believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives

False

Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God

False

Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe.

False

Socrates preferred exile to death.

False

Socrates thought that the primary occupation of a good citizen should be the pursuit of wealth and prestige.

False

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is ________

Impossible

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

the philosophical method

A moral theory explains

why an action is right or wrong

According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that _______

The universe has a cause

Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that _____.

The universe is finite in the past and began to exist

Aquinas thinks that an infinite series of causes is repugnant to reason.

True

Aristotle says that the virtue is a mean lying between two vices

True

Craig says that the anthropic principle supports the idea of intelligent design of the universe.

True

Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible.

True

In philosophy - and in any other kind of rational inquiry - accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning

True

Mill asserts that happiness is the sole end of human action.

True

Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker -- even if we had never seen a watch made.

True

Persuasion does not necessarily involve giving any reasons at all for accepting a claim

True

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become _____.

a universal law

Critics of the divine command theory have argued that the theory implies that God's commands are _____.

arbitrary

Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.

cannot exist

Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.

consequentialist

An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as

consistency with our considered moral judgements

According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must ______.

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer.

Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in

enjoyments

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

epistemology

In the moral life, feelings are

essential and inevitable

Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that

exists only in the understanding

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is _____.

greater and grander

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of

knowledge

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and __________

logic

The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as ___________

metaphysics