Phonetics final

Vowels

In English the back vowels are round, the front vowels unround and the central vowels are half round and unround. Vowels function as the nuclei of syllables. All vowels are voiced. All vowels are continuants. The vowels are one of the major determinants of vocal quality. Vowel production is one of the factors which determines your particular dialect. Vowels are described by mandibular movement away from physiologic rest, and according to the position of the arch of the tongue within the oral cavity.

The lower jaw is known as the mandible

TRUE

The phonemes /n/ and /s/ are homorganic.

TRUE

The second syllable in the word larynx is a closed syllable.

TRUE

The word shoe contains a digraph

TRUE

The word through is an open syllable.

TRUE

The words shot and shoot are minimal pairs.

TRUE

Allophones and minimal pairs

Try saying the /p/ sound in the word "keep" two different ways: exploding (or releasing) the /p/ not exploding the /p/ Members of a phoneme family are actually variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme MINIMAL PAIRS Words that vary by only one phoneme (in the same word position) are called minimal pairs "look" and "book"

unicode phonetic font

a type of font we will not be using in this class because we will be hand-writing all of our class assignments

dialect

a variation of speech or language based on geographical area, native language background, and social or ethnic group membership

Epenthesis

addition of a phoneme to the production of a word result of factors related to (1) coarticulation, (2) variation in production, or (3) speech disorders.

Glottal stops

allophonic variation of /t/ or /d/, produced when the release of the stop is at the level of the vocal folds instead of at the alveolar ridge (i.e., /ʔ/) (voiceless)

Which vowel is heard in the word

bud / ʌ / hey / eɪ / mop /a/ mope /o/ boot /u/ street /i/ bean /i/ bake /e/ mist / ɪ / happy / ɪ /

Five-Way

five categories are used to clarify the nature of the speech disorder. Standard: the individual articulates the target sound like most of those around him/her. Substitution: the individual replaces one speech sound with another. Omission: the speaker doesn't use that sound. Distortion: the speaker attempts to articulate the sound, but does not produce it in a standard manner. Addition: The speaker articulates a sound which is normally not part of a certain word.

During production of all plosives:

intraoral pressure is developed

Males typically have lower habitual pitch than that found in females because:

not " the fundamental frequency in females is greater"

Which of the following words has primary stress on the second syllable?

not dandelion

Open/Closed internal juncture & External

open internal juncture because there is a pause between the syllables (EX) ice cream [aɪ + skrim] close internal juncture. no pause between the syllables. (ex) night rate → [naɪt + reɪt] (open) and nitrate → [naɪtreɪt] (close) given to a pause that connects two intonational phrases. The IPA symbols [ǀ] and [ǁ] are used to mark external juncture in connected speech. These symbols replace the commas, semicolons, and periods that mark the juncture on the printed page. (ex) "Yes, I would like to go, but I can't" would be transcribed as [jɛs ǀ aɪ wʊd laɪk tə ɡoʊ ǀ bət aɪ kænt ǁ ].

Digraphs

pairs of letters often represent one sound because there are simply not enough single alphabet letters to represent all of the sounds of English h(oo)t," "h(ee)d," or "ti(ss)ue") or two completely different letters (as in "(sh)oe," "st(ea)k," or "tr(ie)d"

Open VS Closed

"C" means a consonant "V" means a vowel Open: have a consonant onset with a vowel resonance ending. This leaves the vocal tract open at the end of speaking. (rare) CV ("high") CCV ("sleigh") CCCV ("straw") Closed: have consonant offsets. This means the vocal tract is closed at the end of speaking. (most common english) It is rare that there is not some kind of a consonant sound at the end of an isolated syllable, be it a /w/ or a /h/ or a /j/. CVC ("man") CCVC ("stone") CCVCC ("spark") CVCC ("hand") CVCCC ("bends") CCCVC ("strap") CCCVCC ("strange")

Back Vowels

(BACK VOWELS) True cooks know sauce, Tom. u: true Upside down omega: cooks o: know Backwards C: sauce a: Tom

Central Vowels

(CENTRAL) Upside down e: above Backwards 3 with stick off: bird Backward e with squiggle: teacher Upside down V: up

Front Vowels

(FRONT VOWELS) He is achy every afternoon i : He I: Is e : achy Backwards 3: every ae: afternoon

Select the minimal pair word(s) that would result by changing the underlined phoneme

(b)ind FIND and KIND w(i)n WON r(e)d RID and RAD f(oa)m FAM pa(th) PACK and PAT

represent the onset (O), the nucleus (N), or the coda (C)

(o)vert N g(r)asped O st(o)ic N h(a)ndsome N

minimal pairs

(read, raid) are minimal pairs. TRUE (large, charge) are minimal pairs. TRUE (respire, perspire) are minimal pairs. FALSE (spit, spot) are minimal pairs. TRUE (learn, turn) are minimal pairs. TRUE

Indicate, whether the underlined syllable is open (O) or closed (C) in the word,

(suc)cess C Con(fuse) C Grue(some) C Suit(a)ble O (thy)roid O

A vowel that is neither front, central, nor low.

/O/

A vowel that is neither central nor mid:

/a/

Difficulty with a and backwards c sound

/a/: "ahh" EX) 'hock', 'don' /backwards c/: "all" (higher and rounder) EX) 'hawk', 'dawn' EXAMPLES: 'Dawn' backwards c 'Beg' backwards 3 'Big' I 'Door' backwards c 'Bear' backwards 3 'Beer'

An example of a phoneme that is neither a fricative nor an approximant:

/dʒ/

IPA symbols (mod 1)

/i/ key /i/ win /e/ rebate /ɛ/red /æ/ had /u/ moon /ʊ/ wood /o/ okay /ɔ/ law /ɑ/ cod /ə/ about /ʌ/bud /ɚ/ butter /ɝ/ bird /aʊ/ how /ai/ tie /ɔi/ boy /ei/ bake /oʊ/rose /p/pork /b/bug /t/to /d/dog /k/king /ɡ/go /m/mad /n/name /v/vote /ŋ/ring /f/for /θ/think /ð/them /s/say /z/zoo /ʃ/ship /ʒ/beige /h/hen /tʃ/chew /dʒ/join /w/wise /j/yet /r/row /l/let

Describe the vowel according to tongue height, tongue advancement, lip rounding, and tense/lax characteristics.

/ɔ/ low-mid, back, round, tense /ɚ/ mid, central, round, lax /e/ high-mid, front, unround, tense /ə/ Mid, central, unround, lax /u/ High, back, round, tense /o/ High-mid, back, rounded, tense /æ/ low, front, unround, lax /ɪ/ High, front, unrounded, lax /i/ High, front, unrounded, tense /ʌ/ low-mid, back-central, unrounded, lax

Choose the word that begins with a sound different from the other two.

1) GENRE judge gym 2) THINK train thomas 3) GURU knot gnat 4) PUSH fathom phone 5) CHORD Chance chortle

Which of the following factors contributes to vocal fold adduction?

ALL THE ABOVE

Variant productions of a phoneme are called:

ALLOPHONES

The oral structure directly posterior to the upper front teeth is known as the:

ALVEOLAR RIDGE

Aspirated, unaspirated and unreleased stops

Aspirated Stops Has both audible release and fricative Typical stops (voiceless plosives) ex- t, p, k phonemes EXAMPLES: initial of stressed syllables "take" and "pink" Final position "stop" "seat" Unaspirated Stops Audible release burst but do not have the frictional portion EXAMPLES: following consonant cluster after s phonemes "Stop" (t is unaspirated) "spin" "escape" Unreleased Stops Neither released or fricative stops EXAMPLES: final consonant position Hold articulatory position and closure "Rob" "Stop" "seat" "dog"

A consonant cluster can be found in the word:

BLANK

Broad VS Narrow Transcription

BROAD Transcription of speech, making no attempt at transcribing allophonic variation, is called broad transcription EXAMPLE transcribing the word "ball" as /bɑl/. The final /l/ is a dark /l/ NARROW diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription (brackets not slashes)

phonics

teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values

International Phonetic Alphabet

the alphabet we will use to represent the individual sounds in words

During inhalation:

the external intercostal muscles contract

Onset and Rhyme

the onset of a syllable consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel, as in the words "spl it," "tr ied," and "f ast" rhyme of a syllable is divided into two components, the nucleus and the coda. nucleus is typically a vowel. The nuclei of the words "spl i t," "tr ie d," and "f a st" coda includes either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable, as in the words "spli t," "trie d," and "fa st."

phoneme

the smallest linguistic unit of sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes.

Phonetics

the study of the production and perception of speech sounds

phonemics

the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes

phonology

the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language; the linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized and combined into meaningful units.

In the production of nasal consonants:

the velum is lowered

Voiced and Voiceless Stops

three voiced stops /b/, /d/, /g/ four voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ and /ʔ/ three nasals, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ (all voiced)

metathesis

transposition (switch places) of sounds in a word Metathesis can occur as a result of a "slip of the tongue," personal speaking style, dialectal variation, or a speech disorder. (EX) ask ----> /æks/

Consonant Cluster and Substitution

two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable). producing the word "hello" as /hɛwoʊ/, substituting /w/ for /l

Number of morphemes

unchanging 3 cantaloupe 1 devalue 2 wonders 2 paper 1

allophone

variant productions of a particular phoneme.

Vowel Reduction

Shortening a vowel from natural speech (casual form) (EX) full form (full weight) of a vowel (such as /æ/) becomes more like the mid-central vowel /ə/

Choose the word that ends with a sound different from the other two

TRAILED trapped tract FLOW blue chew GNATS keys wheeze RAD rapt caulked LAWS wax wicks

Affricates are obstruents

TRUE

Air flows into the lungs as the diaphragm lowers.

TRUE

In English, there are no rounded front vowels.

TRUE

Lax vowels are shorter in duration than tense vowels.

TRUE

Oral phonemes are produced with the velum raised.

TRUE

Which of the following underlined letters correctly indicates an onset?

DRINK

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are essentially a combination of two monopthongs (simple vowels) produced in one ongoing movement of the tongue and mandible within the nucleus of a syllable. Diphthongs typically have greater duration than simple vowels aɪ buy, my, sigh aʊ how, now, cow ɔɪ boy, toy, joy oʊ toad, cone, below eɪ say, mate, lane

Another name for the abdomen is the thoracic cavity

FALSE

The onglide of any diphthong is higher in the oral cavity than its corresponding offglide.

FALSE

The only rounded back vowel is /u/.

FALSE

The uvula is located at the tip of the hard palate.

FALSE

Vowels are produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract.

FALSE

A rhotic diphthong (r-colored vowel) can be found in the transcription of which of the following words?

FEAR

Glides/Liquid

Glides are /r/, /l/, /w/, and /j/ /w/ is the voiced labial-velar approximant Liquids include the phonemes /r/ and /l/

Describe Vowels (height, backness, roundness and tense/lax)

Height: how high or low the tongue is in the mouth when producing the vowel Backness: how far front or back the tongue is when producing the vowel Roundedness: if the lips are rounded while producing the vowel Tense or Lax: We also describe vowels according to whether the tongue is tense or lax. The degree of tension in the tongue may also vary from tense as in the vowels /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, /ɔ/, /ɑ/, and /ɝ/ to lax as in the vowels /I/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʊ/, /ɚ/, /ʌ/, and /ə/.

diphthongs, monophthongs, rhotic diphthong

MONO: (one vowel sound) because they have one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract DIP: Vowel sounds that have two distinct articulatory positions are called diphthongs. Each diphthong is an individual phoneme containing two vowels. tongue is placed in the appropriate position for production of the first element. The tongue then moves to the second element in a continuous gliding motion. The first element of a diphthong is referred to as the onglide portion, and the second element is referred to as the offglide. The tongue rises in the oral cavity when moving from the onglide to the offglide for all of the English diphthongs. Therefore, the offglide is always produced at a higher position in the oral cavity than the onglide /aɪ/ buy /aʊ/ cow /ɔɪ/ toy /eɪ/ hate /oʊ/ coat RHOTIC speech sound consisting of the two elements: vowel + /r/ (e.g., /ɪr, ɛr, ʊr, ɔr, and ɑr/)

Indicate which syllable carries the primary stress for the word

Maniacal 2 Elasticity 3 Demarcation 3 Monetary 1 Begrudgingly 2

Mobile Articulators and Fixed

Mobile Articulators: lips, mandible (lower jaw), tongue, velum (soft palate), pharyngeal walls, and glottis. Fixed Articulators: Identify the following structures: teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate.

The major articulators for speech are located in the:

ORAL CAVITY

elision

Omission of a phoneme during speech production common for phonemes to be entirely eliminated during production due to particular phonetic contexts

The vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a vocal sound is called _______________

PHONATION

Cognates and Homorganic

Phonemes that differ only in voicing (EX) "bit"/"pit" and "tuck"/"duck. Phonemes that share the same place of articulation (EX) "kitten," "mountain," and "Dayton" would be /kɪʔn̩/ , /maʊnʔn̩/ , and /deɪʔn̩/ All end with /n̩/ represents an entire syllable, that is, both the consonant and the vowel

PLosive and Fricative

Plosive source is a transient burst of acoustic energy. p, t, k; b, d, g, in which air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in the mouth Fricative source is a continuous aperiodic acoustic source. bringing the mouth into position to block the passage of the airstream, but not making complete closure (ex) The fricative consonants of English are /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/.

Regressive Assimilation and Progressive

Regressive assimilation is one form of assimilation that occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it. (backwards) "was she" as /wʌʒ ʃi/. Recall that the /z/ in "was" /wʌz/ may be pronounced as /ʒ/ due to the influence of /ʃ/ in "she." (P) phoneme's identity changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it in time. "s" is pronounced as /z/ when it follows a voiced phoneme—for example, /dɑɡz/ "dogs"

A labial sound can be found in:

WAIT

Citation VS Casual form

When a word is pronounced carefully as a single item; every sound is transcribed (EX) "him" would be transcribed as /hɪm/ (connected speech) phonemes are eliminated and/or completely altered once words are strung together in an utterance. In addition, connected discourse is characterized by continuous changes in the stress, intonation, and timing of phonemes, words, and complete sentences (EX) "I caught him" /aɪkɔtəm/

Number of phonemes

Window 5 Treats 5 Ripped 4 Queen 4

suprasegmental aspects of speech production

alterations that give connected speech its natural characteristic rhythm These modifications span entire syllables, words, phrases, and sentences speech go beyond or transcend the boundaries of the individual speech sound segment or phoneme, affecting an entire utterance 1) stress 2) timing, and 3) intonation STRESS stressed syllable in a word is generally spoken with more articulatory force, resulting in a syllable that is louder, longer in duration, and higher in pitch than an unstressed syllable. Word stress is a suprasegmental feature of speech because entire syllables are stressed, not just individual phonemes. (ex) main TAIN or in CLUDE INTONATION modification of voice pitch is known as intonation. cues a listener as to the type of utterance (a statement of fact, a question, an exclamation) . When someone asks a question requiring a yes/no answer, voice pitch generally rises at the end of the utterance. Intonation is also responsible a speaker's particular mood. (EX) "I did" casual or sassy tone TIMING durational aspect of connected speech. Because timing, or duration of articulatory events, affects entire utterances (EX) diphthongs have a greater duration than vowels, and vowels have a greater duration than the consonants. Among the consonants, the glides and liquids have the greatest duration; the stop consonants have the shortest duration.

phone

any sound produced by the vocal tract.