Phonology- English Language AS
What is a consonant cluster?
A consonant cluster is when two or more consonants are together in a word
What other feature's are common in phonological development?
Addition; Assimilation; Reduplication; Voicing; Devoicing
What is cluster reduction?
Cluster reduction is where there are consonant clusters and a child may drop one of the consonants. e.g the child will say geen rather than green
What are the 3 main kinds of phonological simplification?
Deletion; Substitution; Cluster Reaction
What is deletion?
It is when sometimes a child drops a consonant altogether, particularly at the ed of a word. e.g a child may say ca instead of cat
What was the fis phenomenon?
It was conducted by Berko and Brown in 1960. A child referred to his plastic fish as a fis. When an adult asked is this your fish? the child said no stating instead that it was his fis. When the adult then asked is this your fis? the child replied yes, my fis.
What is phonetics?
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made and received. It covers all possible sounds that the human vocal apparatus can make, it focuses on differences in articulation e.g different accents.
What is Phonology?
Phonology is the study of sound systems of language in particular the patterns of sound. It focuses on units of sounds, known as phonemes. In phonology you do not need to look at differences of articulation, e.g if someone pronounces stupid as shtupid the s and sh are still classed as the same phoneme, because the different pronunciation doesn't create a different meaning
What is substitution?
Substitution is when instead of dropping a consonant, a child will replace it with one that is easy to say. e.g a child may say wegs instead of legs
What are syllables?
Syllables are a words individual units of pronunciation. They are normally combinations of consonants and vowels.
What does the position of the syllable mean?
The centre of a syllable is usually a vowel sounds, they can also have one or more consonants before the vowel although some have one or more syllables following the vowel. They can also have consonants before and following the vowel.
What are consonant sounds?
The number of consonant sounds in English is actually close to the actual number of consonants in the alphabet. They are mostly found at the edges of syllables e.g bag coat.
What are the studies of phonemes divided into?
The study of phonemes is divided into vowel sounds, and consonant sounds.
What are vowel sounds?
There are about 20 of them in English, even though there are 5 vowels in the alphabet. For example the vowel a has a different sound depending on the word in which it appears, in ape it sounds different to when it is in sat care and saw.
How is a consonant sounds spoken?
They are mostly articulated by closing the vocal organs. Some are formed by the vibration of the vocal chords, e.g /b/ and /n/ the amount of vibration depends on the position of the consonant within the word.
What is a phoneme?
They are the smallest units of sounds. there are only about 44 phonemes in English, and combinations of them make up all the possible words and sounds of the alphabet. For example the word cat has 3 different phonemes /k/ (like c in coat) /ae/ (like the a in bat) and /t/ (like the t in toy).
What does the fis phenomenon suggest?
This suggested that children can recognise and understand a wider range of phonemes that they can produce.
How is a vowel sound spoken?
When a vowel sound is spoken, the vocal tract is always open and the airway is clear and your vocal chords rub together to 'voice' the sound. They are made my altering the shape of the mouth, they also vary in different regions.
