PHS 3534 Cp 3
The first substance that was legally controlled in America in the second half of the nineteenth century was _____.
alcohol
Identify an accurate statement about Carlton Turner's views on drugs during the Reagan administration.
All drugs were equally dangerous
During the Reagan administration, Congress approved the _____ of 1988, which called for the death penalty for major traffickers.
Anti-Drug Abuse Act
In addition to prescription drugs and numerous drug-based patent medicines used before the twentieth century, a wide variety of popular beverages sold at the time contained one or more psychoactive substances, mainly _____.
cocaine
According to the Controlled Substances Act, Schedule II drugs are regarded as _____.
having a high potential for abuse
Under the primitive medical conditions before the twentieth century, _____ was declared the most useful medicine at a doctor's disposal by many prominent physicians.
opium
In the context of the number of arrests on drug charges in the United States during the early 2000 and aughts, the nationwide fervor to apprehend drug offenders _____.
seems to have diminished
Prior to the twentieth century, _____ was one of the very few treatments capable of obliterating pain.
the administration of opiates
According to David Courtwright (1982), a historian, a decline in the number of narcotic addicts in the United States came about as a result of _____.
voluntary changes in medical practice
The views of Carlton Turner, the White House drug advisor during the Reagan administration, on drugs _____.
were extremely conservative
Identify the impact of the movement to prohibit alcohol on American drinking patterns.
Employers stopped supplying their workers with liquor breaks.
Which of the following acts prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs?
The Pure Food and Drug Act
An accurate statement about President Ronald Reagan's war on drugs is that _____.
it overwhelmingly emphasized enforcement
An accurate statement about the trends in the number of arrests on drug charges in the United States during the 1980-2006 period is that _____.
it represents a tripling, an astounding increase
An accurate statement about the bill drafted by Dr. Hamilton Wright following the Shanghai Commission is that _____.
it required every drug dealer to register, pay a small tax, and record all transactions
An accurate statement about the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is that _____.
it superseded and replaced all prior federal drug legislation
An accurate statement about heroin is that _____.
it was not sold commercially until 1898
An accurate statement about Schedule I drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act is that _____.
they have a high potential for abuse
The national prohibition act legally banned all beverages containing more than _____ percent alcohol.
0.5
The history of drug use in America is marked by wild swings between legal and social tolerance on the one hand and repression on the other. Arrange the events that occurred in this stretch of time from the 1600s to the late 1970s in their chronological order. (Place the earliest event at the top.)
1. American drank substantial ... 2. Alcohol consumption declined ... 3. Alcohol control at the state level ... 4. Drug legislation... 5. Public opinion
In 1884, a letter was published in a medical journal proclaiming a drug to possess anesthetic properties, the drug almost instantly becoming, in many medical circles, "a miracle of modern science." Which of the following was this drug?
Cocaine
Identify the examples of Schedule II drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act.
Cocaine, methamphetamine, opium, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Identify the derivatives of opium that were synthesized in the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)
Codeine Morphine
In 1970, Congress approved the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act that was typically referred to as the _____.
Controlled Substances Act
What should become the central target of drug legislation and enforcement according to Robert DuPont in 1977?
Criminalization of marijuana
Several notable innovations took place in the nineteenth century that currently make highly potent drugs available in a highly reinforcing form. Identify these notable innovations. (Check all that apply.)
Diacetylmorphine was synthesized from morphine. Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves.
In March 1973, the Heroin Trafficking Act was sent to Congress; two months later the _____ was created.
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
One of the first orders of business of the Controlled Substances Act was to abolish the _____.
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN)
_____ was synthesized from morphine in 1874.
Heroin
Identify an accurate statement about the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.
It imposed that the contents of a product had to be listed on the product's label.
Identify an accurate statement about the Hague Conference.
It opened the door to domestic narcotics legislation.
Identify the true statements about the White Paper on Drug Abuse, a document issued from the White House in 1975. (Check all that apply.)
It stated that all drugs are not equally dangerous. It stated that the government can contain the drug problem and limit its adverse effects.
Identify the true statements about the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. (Check all that apply.)
Its provisions were not clear about what was legal and what was illegal. It did not have an agreement as to how to interpret the law, which was ambiguous.
Which of following states became the first state to outlaw the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits in 1846?
Maine
Match the types of distinct populations or social circles of narcotic users that existed in the United States in the nineteenth century (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).
Medical and pseudo-medical addicts: Mostly white, middle-class, middle-aged women. Opium smokers: Mostly Chinese immigrants Morphine addicts: The criminal underworld
What was the single purpose of the Anti-Saloon League organized in 1893?
National alcohol prohibition
Identify the types of distinct populations that existed in the United States in the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)
Opium smokers Morphine addicts Medical and pseudo-medical addicts
In the context of the impact of the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 on the history of the U.S. drug laws, match the different types of addicts (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).
Pre-Harrison Act addicts: Medical addicts, mostly white, respectable, middle-class, middle-aged females, who harmed no one but themselves Post-Harrison Act addicts:Predatory street criminals, increasingly inner city minority males, who lived by robbing and stealing
Identify an accurate statement about drug use in nineteenth-century America.
Psychoactive substances were freely available from a variety of different sources.
In the context of drug use, which of the following statements are true about nineteenth-century America? (Check all that apply.)
Public consumption of psychoactive substances was immense. According to Brecher et al. (1972), this time period "could quite properly be described as a dope fiend's paradise."
The outlines and foundation of the current drug policy were shaped and laid down during the _____.
Reagan years
Which of the following presidents declared a war on drugs for the first time in U.S. history?
Richard Nixon
Match the types of Schedule drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).
Schedule III drugs: Include some barbiturates, nonamphetamine stimulants, and narcotics such as Percodan and Darvon Schedule IV drugs: Include Valium and other tranquilizers, and slow-acting barbiturates, like Phenobarbital
Which of the following leagues was organized in 1893?
The Anti-Saloon League
Identify an American federal law of 1914 that brought some control to the traffic in opiates and cocaine.
The Harrison Narcotic Act
Which of the following acts became law in August 1937?
The Marihuana Tax Act
Identify the provisions of the Marihuana Act. (Check all that apply.)
The imposition of a tax on all transfers in the amount of $1/per ounce for transfer to registered persons A requirement that all manufacturers, dealers, and practitioners register and pay a special occupational tax
Identify the true statements related to the public and legislative antidrug mood of the United States. (Check all that apply.)
The number of clients enrolled in methadone maintenance programs nationwide seems frozen in place. Through the George Bush and the Obama administrations, the year-by-year number of admissions to drug treatment programs was virtually flat.
Identify the true statements about the antidrug policies or actions adopted by various former presidents of the United States. (Check all that apply.)
The public and legislative antidrug mood of the country was firmly in place when Ronald Reagan left office in 1989. Under Bill Clinton's administration, federal spending to control drug abuse increased more than 10-fold from $1.5 billion in 1989.
True or false: The Harrison Act was the single most important piece of drug legislation ever enacted in the United States.
True
True or false: The International Opium Conference, usually referred to as the Hague Conference, opened late in 1911.
True
The national prohibition act is usually referred to as the
Volstead Act
It is entirely possible that prior to 1900, medical intervention was more likely to _____.
be harmful than beneficial
Following the Shanghai Commission, Dr. Hamilton Wright drafted a bill that sought to _____.
control drug traffic through federal powers of taxation
In the context of the movement to prohibit alcohol, Dr. Benjamin Rush urged his fellow citizens to unite and beseech their leaders to _____.
demand fewer taverns and heavier taxes on liquor
In contrast to previous American presidents, Richard Nixon had decided to solve the drug problem by making a commitment to reducing the _____.
demand for drugs
A feature of the earliest drug laws in the United States is that they were _____.
designed to stamp out the recreational use of opium
David Courtwright (1982), a historian, argues that the transformation of the addict population from medical to criminal addicts in the United States _____.
did not take place between 1914 and 1924
W. A. Starnes, who ran a drug treatment clinic in Atlanta, declared that Coca-Cola, a beverage that contains caffeine and a mild extract of coca leaves, is _____.
doing more injury to the human race than all other drugs put together
A true statement about the use of alcohol is that eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century Americans _____.
drank truly immense quantities of alcohol
When the Controlled Substance Act was passed, it became clear that its priority lay mainly in _____.
enforcement
According to the Controlled Substances Act, Schedule I drugs are _____.
illegal under any and all conditions
Before the twentieth century, treatment for most diseases was _____.
ineffective and dangerous in a substantial percentage of cases
The legislation called the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 introduced _____.
mandatory minimum sentences for cocaine possession
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regards Schedule III-V drugs as having _____.
medical utility
After receiving a letter from Marsha Schuchard in 1977 about her concern with drug use, Robert DuPont, the head of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), felt that the heart of the drug problem was _____.
pot smoking
Historically, surgery practiced without opium was _____.
savage, brutal, and horrifyingly painful
The earliest drug legislation enacted in the United States was directed specifically at _____.
the use and distribution of opium