Physical Geography Chapter 2
The scale of 1:63,360 is the same as one inch equals ________.
one mile
The property of equivalence portrays accurate size although it ________.
distorts shapes
"Equivalence" in map projections means having no scale changes over the entire map.
false
A Great Circle Route is always shown as a curved line on a map projection.
false
A major advantage in using oblique aerial photography is the easy measurement of Earth features.
false
A map at large scale generally shows a large portion (continental size or larger) of Earth's surface.
false
All map projections have the basic property of equivalence.
false
At a scale of 1:10,000, the distance of an inch on a map would represent more than a mile on the ground.
false
Because they are shaped like the real Earth, globes are usually the best way to convey Earth information.
false
Choosing the appropriate equivalence projection will result in a map with no distortion in its depiction of Earth features or areas.
false
Images from radar sensors can be acquired only during the daytime.
false
Interrupted projections are neither conformal nor equidistant.
false
It is important that all maps have their meridians parallel to each other as they extend east to west.
false
Landsat images are unavailable for public use owing to their "top secret" classification by the U.S. government.
false
Microwave remote sensing is associated with wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light.
false
Satellites in the SPOT and Landsat series carry identical sensors.
false
The Mercator projection should not be used to show tropical areas because they are greatly distorted in area on this projection.
false
The enhanced thematic mapper on the newer Landsat satellites is a great improvement because it increases the spectral range within each spectral band used.
false
The one inch to the mile scale map is a small scale map.
false
The primary reason for use of a stereoscope is to magnify the photos under study.
false
There are major discrepancies between the true shape of the Earth and that of a globe.
false
Thermal infrared images are the most useful type of images for detecting different vegetation types.
false
The original purpose of the Mercator projection was
for ocean navigation
A GIS is a library of information based on
maps
Map projections are mainly derived ________.
mathematically
Which remote sensing systems sense the longest wavelengths?
microwave imaging
Which of the below, because of the wavelengths it uses, tends to have the low spatial resolution of Earth surface features?
microwave remote sensing
Radar is an "active" remote sensing system and ________ is a "passive" system using the same wavelengths.
microwave sensing
Radar senses energy in wavelengths longer than 1 ________.
millimeter
Microwave imagery is ideally suited for sensing ________.
moisture
By far, the greatest use of thermal IR scanning systems has been
onboard meteorological satellites
The type of remote sensing which penetrates clouds at night for accurate terrain representation is ________.
radar
Which of the following refers to an "active" remote sensing system?
radar
On large scale maps, equivalence and conformity can be
simultaneously approximated for small areas
Conformal maps greatly distort ________ of continents in higher latitudes.
sizes
All map projections have this in common.
some distortion
Which of the following forms of remote sensing is based on sound?
sonar
________ is an active form of remote sensing based on sound.
sonar
One is able to view overlapping vertical aerial photographs in "3 dimensions" using a device called a ________.
stereoscope
Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of
the geographic grid
The explanations of symbols used on a map should be contained in
the legend
________ is the Landsat spectral band used for identification of wetlands, organic soils, and water bodies.
the near infrared
Which of the following should contain a brief summary of the map's content or purpose?
the title
Which of the following is NOT associated with Landsat images?
the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum
The basic imaging instrument in the Landsat series of satellites is known as the
thematic mapper
A map is usually much smaller than the part of the Earth's surface it represents.
true
A map which showed your classroom building as being 6 inches long on the map would be a large scale map.
true
A plane projection is obtained by projecting the markings of a center-lit globe onto a flat piece of paper.
true
A pseudocylindrical projection is a roughly football-shaped map.
true
All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles, just as they do on the globe.
true
Conformality and equivalence are, in general, mutually exclusive properties.
true
GPS was originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to guide missiles.
true
Maps are inherently inaccurate because of their attempt to depict the curved Earth on a flat surface.
true
On Mercator projection, Greenland's size relative to the United States is greatly exaggerated.
true
On a Mercator projection, the North Pole would be represented by a line as long as the Equator.
true
On a conic projection, the circle of tangency becomes the principal parallel of the map.
true
Radar imagery is especially appropriate for terrain analysis.
true
The Mercator projection is very close to maintaining equivalence in low latitudes.
true
The Wide Area Augmentation System and the Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations exist to increase the accuracy of GPS measurements.
true
The earliest aerial photographs were taken from balloons.
true
The main useful trait of color infrared photography is its depiction of the states of vegetation.
true
The maps in your physical geography textbook are an example of automated cartography and were produced using desktop computers.
true
The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for navigation.
true
The scale of a map can never be constant all over the entire map.
true
There is no possible way to avoid distortion on a map projection.
true
The largest scale among the following representative fractions is ________.
1:10,000
The scale of "an inch on the map represents two miles on the surface of the Earth" would be CLOSEST to which representative fraction?
1:120,000
The scale of one inch equals one mile is ________ in a representative fraction.
1:63,000
The representative fraction equivalent to the statement "one inch equals one mile" is ________.
1:63,360
The smallest scale of the following is
1:900,000
The U.S. version of GPS is dependent on triangulation using a network of at least ________ satellites
24
Which of the following is not an example of a remote sensing system?
Lambert-conformal maps
The ERTS series of satellites, launched in the 1970s, is now known as
Landsat
The most important Earth resources satellite series was started in the 1970s and is known as
Landsat
Which of the following is most closely identified with "multispectral remote sensing"?
Landsat
________ is the property of map projections which causes areas to be portrayed at the same relative sizes they are on the globe.
Equivalence
________ is the "major dilemma" of mapmaking explained by the text.
Equivalence versus conformality
Which of the following is the acronym for the system of U.S. Department of Defense satellites which are used to establish exact locations on Earth?
GPS
_____________ are automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatially referenced data
Geographic Information Systems
On an orthophoto map, one might expect to find
distortion-free photographs
To use ________, aerial photographs must be carefully overlapped.
a stereoscope
Isoline is a generic term that refers to lines joining places of equal value or something. Isolines joining places of equal elevation are known as
contour lines
To represent elevation on maps, cartographers use ________, which are a form of isoline.
contour lines
A(n)_____ is a recent development in cartography that readily allows computer manipulation of maps of Earth's surface.
digital elevation model
Which mapmaking method would be used to minimize distortion of continents on a world map?
an interrupted projection
________ micrometers is a wavelength of visible light (ANY of the wavelengths will do).
any wavelength between .36 and .72 micrometers is acceptable
Globes are less frequently used than maps except for classroom purposes. This is because globes
are cumbersome
The main problem with conformal projections is that ________.
areas must be distorted to show proper shapes
A disadvantage of globes compared to maps is that globes are not
as portable
A(n) ________ map contains lines joining points of equal elevation.
contour
Which of the following would be a type of application in which a geographic information system could be used?
ALL OF THE ABOVE. integrating topographic information with vegetation information, environment site assessment, resource management, and environmental monitoring
Geographic information system technology is a direct result of advances in
ALL OF THE ABOVE. surveying, computer cartography, spatial statistics, and remote sensing
Maps can be made by projecting Earth's spherical grid onto
ALL OF THE ABOVE. a cone, cylinder, piece of paper and a plane
Which of the following is a form of remote sensing?
ALL OF THE ABOVE. aerial photography, color infrared photography, radar and thermal infrared imaging
A mountain appears in overlapping vertical aerial photographs. Which of the following measurements could be made by use of the photographs?
ALL OF THE ABOVE. exact altitudes, area, steepness of its slopes and contour lines
Which of the following has been accomplished using the new geopositioning technology?
ALL OF THE ABOVE. ocean floor mapping, earthquake prediction, natural disaster damage assessment, and volcano monitoring
Together, title, date, and legend on a map are known as
map essentials
MODIS is associated with which satellite series?
EOS
Which of the following is the most recent type of Earth resource satellites?
EOS
An example of a large-scale map is a classroom wall map of the world.
False
Which of the following choices represents a technology into which the other choices can be used as inputs?
GIS
Which of the following would be used for overlay map analysis where two or more map layers are superimposed or integrated?
GIS
In the Mercator projection, which piece of the Earth is portrayed ridiculously large in comparison to its actual size?
Greenland
The first cartographer to use isolines on a published map was ________.
Halley
Which of the following is an advantage of radar over all other remote sensing techniques?
It can operate at night
A Mercator map shows loxodromes as straight lines.
true
The ________ projection is probably the most famous and well-used projection for world maps.
Mercator
The most famous and, undoubtedly, most widely used of all the map projections is the ________ projection
Mercator
You wish to navigate your yacht from Europe to the United States. Which type of map projection would be most useful?
Mercator
________ is the science of taking reliable measurements from aerial photographs.
Photogrammetry
A globe is a better model of Earth as a whole than any map.
true
________ are multicolored, distortion-free photographic image maps. Displacements caused by camera tilt or differences in terrain elevations have been removed.
Orthophoto maps
________ is what enables aerial photographs to be viewed in "stereo."
Overlap
________ is the science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs.
Photogrammetry
A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence
true
Radar systems use radio waves as a means for remote sensing. Radio waves are shorter than which of these waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio waves are the longest waves
Which of the following is TRUE concerning GPS technology?
The technology is freely available to the public
_______ is the type of remote sensing imagery best suited to use at night
Thermal infrared
Isolines have all the properties EXCEPT the following:
They may cross each other
How much area is shown in an entire Landsat image?
a few thousand square kilometers
A loxodrome is
a line of constant compass bearing
A major disadvantage of oblique aerial photographs as compared to vertical air photographs is that ________.
accurate measurement is more difficult
For the geographer, the new mapping tools like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS are best viewed as
adjuncts to field study
The first airborne platform for aerial photography was a ________
balloon
Of the following, which is NOT considered a map essential?
color
The "false color" imagery of some aerial photographs is also termed ________.
color IR
Aside from normal photographic film, ________ film has proven very valuable for interpretation of Earth resources from airborne cameras.
color infrared
In ________ film photography, the photographic film is sensitive to wavelengths longer than visible light.
color infrared
Which of the following portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is sensed on FILM?
color infrared
On which type of aerial imagery would a football field of artificial grass be discernible from natural grass?
color infrared photography
Map projections that preserve the correct shapes of places and compromise area are known as
conformal
A Mercator map is constructed by projecting the grid of the globe onto a(n) ________.
cylinder
The global positioning system (GPS) is based on
data from satellites
On small scale maps, it is difficult to achieve ________.
equivalence
The characteristic of projections which portray accurate sizes but distort the shapes of land masses is called ________.
equivalence
Most of the maps in the text are drawn on ________ projections for an optimal portrayal of worldwide distributions.
equivalent
A(n) ________ scale is a type of map scale which makes use of a line marked off in graduated distances.
graphic
A(n) ________ scale remains correct even if the map is enlarged or reduced when reproduced.
graphic
Geopositioning technology
has accuracies better than the best base maps
Which of the following is essential for GPS to function?
highly accurate clocks
One difference between any two different map projections must always be
how the geographic grid is arranged
The map legend tells you
how to interpret the map
Which of the following is NOT part of a Geographic Information System?
human drawing of isolines on maps
The first aerial photographs were taken ________
in the middle 1800s
To construct an isoline on a map it is necessary to
interpolate between points of known value
Central meridians are essential features on a ________ projection.
interrupted
If one wished to produce a map which focused on the continents and showed little of the world's oceans, then she/he should use a(n) ________ projection.
interrupted
A(n) ________ is a line joining points of equal magnetic declination.
isogonic line
A line connecting points with equal precipitation is known as an ________.
isohyet
"Scale" relates ________ to ________
map distance, Earth distance
Title, date, and legend are three of the five ________ .
map essentials
A(n) ________ is the generic term for any map line which joins points of equal value
isoline
Misuse of the Mercator projection is a result of
latitudinal differences in scale
Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass?
near infrared
Which of the following is considered a "perfect" map projection in terms of the amount of distortion associated with it?
none of the above
Which remote sensing technology demonstrates universal applicability to most problems?
none of the above
Unlike aerial photography, Landsat imagery is interpreted through ________.
numerical manipulation of various wavelengths
Aerial photography of the Earth's surface taken from an angle other than straight down is termed ________.
oblique
A geometrically corrected map consisting of aerial photographs is known as a(n) ________ map.
orthophoto
Satellite data are analyzed in individual pieces representing several to many meters on the Earth's surface. These pieces are known as
pixels
On color infrared photography, living green vegetation would appear
red
________ is the measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device which is not in physical contact with the object under study.
remote sensing
A ________ is another name for a loxodrome.
rhumb line
A loxodrome is another term for ________.
rhumb line
The relationship between the map distance and the corresponding distance on the ground is known as the ________.
scale
In terms of remote sensing, geographers
should not stop using maps and field study
Maps nearly always have a special purpose. This purpose is to
show the distribution of selected phenomena
The main purpose of the interruption of projections is ________.
to highlight continents with minimum distortion
The global positioning system (GPS)
uses satellite measurements to provide navigation on Earth's surface
A map scale which says "1 in. = 21 mi" is a
verbal map scale
Three dimensional effects are best obtained with ________.
vertical aerial photographs
Which of the following bands are NOT used by the Earth-sensing satellites mentioned in the text?
x-rays
