Physics FINAL EXAM

24.) In a circuit of two lamps in series, where the current through one lamp is 1 A, what is the current through the other lamp? Defend your answer.

1 amp. The same current flows through lamps in series.

15.) A ball freely falling at 20 m/s will in the next second have a speed of ______.

30 m/s

13.) How is the density of a fish controlled? How is the density of a submarine controlled?

A fish changes its volume, whereas a submarine changes its weight.

6.) Why do we say that force is a vector quantity?

A force has a magnitude and a direction.

1.) According to Huygens, how does every point on a wavefront behave?

As a source of secondary wavelets

CH 18 THERMODYNAMICS

CH 18 THERMODYNAMICS

7.) What is a magnetic domain?

Clusters of atoms with their magnetic fields aligned

10.) What is condensation? Is condensation a warming or cooling process?

Condensation is when a gas becomes a liquid. It is a warming process.

4.) What two units of measurement are necessary for describing speed?

Distance and time

3.) The energy released by nuclear fission is in accord with the celebrated equation _________.

E = mc^2

1.) What term is used for "electricity at rest"?

Electrostatics

9.) What is the physicist's term for the measure of the amount of disorder?

Entropy

9.) How does faster-moving water between two ships affect the water pressure against the sides of the ships?

Faster-moving water decreases the pressure.

11.) What is the most abundant element in the known universe?

Hydrogen

13.) Which of the following is an element?

Hydrogen

18.) What is the gain in speed per second for a freely falling object?

It gains approximately 10 m/s.

16.) How does one isotope differ from another?

It has a different number of neutrons.

10.) When the speed of a moving car is doubled, how much more kinetic energy does it have?

It has four times as much.

2.) What happens to light when it falls upon a material that has a natural frequency equal to the frequency of the light?

It is absorbed.

12.) Time is required for light to travel along a path from one point to another. If this path is seen to be longer because of motion, what happens to the time it takes for light to travel this longer path?

It takes longer.

9.) What is the unit of electrical resistance?

Ohm

2.) What are the four common phases of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas, plasma

12.) How can astrophysicists tell whether a star is receding from or approaching Earth?

The Doppler shift of spectral lines is red for receding and blue for approaching.

3.) What happens to the force of attraction between two planets when the masses of both are doubled?

The force quadruples.

3.) Which part of an atom is positively charged, and which part is negatively charged?

The nucleus is positively charged and the electron cloud is negatively charged.

10.) How does faster-moving air above an airplane wing affect the pressure on the wing?

The speed increases as the air flows over the wing, so the pressure decreases.

1.) When you push against a wall, what pushes back?

The wall pushes back.

4.) Why can atoms be seen with an electron beam?

The wavelength of the electrons is smaller than an atom.

20.) What is the primary purpose of a lightning rod?

To prevent a fire caused by lightning

5.) What does a torque tend to do to an object?

Torque tends to twist or change the state of rotation of the object

2.) Which of these typically undergoes a chain reaction?

U-235

10.) What exactly does a step-down transformer step down?

Voltage

10.) Under what condition will you and a friend share the same realm of spacetime?

We experience the same spacetime when we are in the same frame of reference with zero velocity relative to each other.

7.) When is the potential energy of something significant?

When the potential energy changes

13.) When you stand at rest on a bathroom scale, how does your weight compare with the support force from the scale?

Your weight is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the support force from the scale.

16.) What is the net force on a crate sliding at an unchanging speed when pushed with a steady force of 75 N?

Zero

5.) Faraday's law states that induced voltage in a loop of wire depends upon the rate at which _________.

a magnetic field in the loop changes

8.) Specular reflection is common in the light reflected from _________.

a mirror

8.) Newton said that something was needed to change the motion of an object. A clear reading of his first law tells us that what is needed is ______.

a non-zero net force

11.) Air pressure over the surface of a bird's wings decreases when __________.

air speed increases there

7.) A fact in science is ______.

an agreement between trained investigators

6.) If a steady magnetic field exerts a force on a moving charge, that force is directed

at right angles to the direction of the motion.

14.) Boiling is evaporation that mainly occurs _________.

below the surface and throughout water

12.) Energy cannot be _______.

destroyed.

1.) When gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density

doubles

6.) Thermal convection applies mainly to _________.

fluids

8.) When you lift twice the load twice as high, in half the time, the increase in potential energy is _______.

four times.

4.) The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _________.

frequency

21.) Melting and freezing are _________.

opposite processes

3.) The direction of the force of friction on a sliding crate is _______.

opposite to the direction of sliding

8.) The direction of natural processes is from states of _________.

organized states to disorganized states

10.) Heat travels from the Sun to Earth by the process of _________.

radiation

23.) An electron and a baseball are traveling at the same speed. Which has the longer wavelength?

the electron

4.) A crate sits at rest on a factory floor. Friction between the crate and floor occurs _______.

when the crate is pushed horizontally, whether sliding or not.

30.) The electric field inside the dome of a highly-charged Van de Graaff generator is _________.

zero

1.) Briefly, what is science?

(All of the above) Science describes the order in nature and the causes of that order. Science is a way of knowing about the world and making sense of it. Science creates testable laws and theories.

6.) A balloon that weighs 1 N is suspended in air, drifting neither up nor down. (a) How much buoyant force acts on it? (b) What happens if the buoyant force decreases? (c) If the buoyant force increases?

(a) 1 N up; (b) it falls; (c) it rises.

14.) You are given two resistors, R1 and R2, respectively. You are also given a battery of voltage, V. (a) Sketch a circuit in which the resistors are in series with the battery. (b) Sketch a circuit in which the resistors are in parallel with the battery. (c) For which circuit (series or parallel) is the current the same for each resistor? (d) Describe the qualitative differences in the current through the second resistor (R2) if the first resistor (R1) is destroyed

(c) PARALLEL (d) The second resistor would become burnt up or damaged.

14.) How much air must a 100-ton blimp displace to float and neither rise nor sink?

100 tons

17.) What is the efficiency of a machine that miraculously converts all the input energy to useful output energy?

100%

10.) Escape speed from Earth is any speed equal to or greater than __________.

11.2 km/s

1.) While you are in a bus that moves at 100 km/h you walk from the back to the front at 10 km/h. What is your speed relative to the road outside?

110 km/h.

7.) How much energy is supplied to each coulomb of charge that flows through a 12-V battery?

12 joules

12.) Consider a book that weighs 15 N at rest on a flat table. How many newtons of support force does the table exert on the book?

15 newtons up

2.) Carefully state Newton's three Force Laws. Give examples to illustrate these laws

1st Law: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (EX: No force, ball stays still. Force, ball moves forever in the same direction unless stopped by another force.) 2nd Law: The more force there is, the more accelerated the object becomes. (EX: Pulling an empty wagon requires less force than pulling a loaded wagon) 3rd Law: in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects (EX: A balloon while it becomes deflated, air goes down [action], making the balloon itself go up [reaction].)

22.) What are the two assumptions (postulates) of special relativity?

1st Postulate: the idea that the laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference. 2nd Postulate: the idea that the speed of light c is a constant, independent of the relative motion of the source.

25.) If a voltage of 6 V is impressed across the circuit in the preceding question and the voltage across the first lamp is 2 V, what is the voltage across the second lamp? Defend your answer.

4 volts. The sum of the voltages across each lamp must add up to the total voltage across both lamps.

3.) About how far below a straight-line path does a satellite in close Earth orbit fall in the first second of fall?

5 meters

15.) If the pressure in a hydraulic press is increased by an additional 10 N/cm2, how much extra load will the output piston support if its cross-sectional area is 50 cm2?

500 N

26.) In a circuit of two lamps in parallel, where there is a voltage of 6 V across one lamp, what is the voltage across the other lamp?

6 volts

4.) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between two 1-kg bodies that are 1 m apart?

6.67 × 10 ^-11 N

18.) If an input of 100 J in a pulley system increases the potential energy of a load by 60 J, what is the efficiency of the system?

60%

2.) If you walk at 1 km/h down the aisle toward the front of a train that moves at 60 km/h, what is your speed relative to the ground?

61 km/h

16.) When thorium (atomic number 90) decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?

88

2.) What condition is necessary for the flow of heat? What analogous condition is necessary for the flow of charge?

A difference in temperature is needed for heat to flow. A difference in electrical potential is needed for charge to flow.

10.) Which of these will produce a continuous spectrum of colors?

A hot piece of wire

18.) How does a molecule differ from an atom? Give an example.

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms bonded together: H2O.

5.) What is meant by the fundamental frequency of a musical note?

A partial tone at the lowest frequency

12.) How does a plasma differ from a gas?

A plasma is made up of ionized atoms.

6.) What is a positive ion? What is a negative ion?

A positive ion is a neutral atom that has lost one or more electrons. A negative ion is a neutral atom that has gained one or more electrons.

7.) What is meant by the term nucleon?

A proton or neutron

8.) Distinguish between a rad and a rem.

A rad measures energy absorbed, whereas a rem measures biological damage done.

10.) What is a radioactive tracer?

A radioactive isotope of an element that by itself or in a molecule is used to trace biochemical pathways in plants and organisms

4.) In daily life, we see many cases of people who are caught misrepresenting things and who soon thereafter are excused and accepted by their contemporaries. How is this different in science?

A scientist who lies in a scientific publication will suffer professional excommunication.

15.) How does a semiconductor differ from a conductor or an insulator?

A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator - it has a middle range of resistivity.

11.) What is meant by the term vector resolution?

A vector can be broken into two components at right angles that add together to make the original vector.

1.) What is a wiggle in time called? What do you call a wiggle in space and time?

A vibration, a wave

20.) What are the three types of decay radiation? Give example of each decay reaction and rank their penetration strength from greatest to least.

ALPHA: (WEAKEST) an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. (EX: uranium-238 decays to form thorium-234.) BETA: (MIDDLE) a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar. (EX: When a proton changes into a neutron) GAMMA: (STRONGEST) type of radioactivity in which some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process. (EX: The γ-decay of barium-137. In this example, the parent atom is lowered in energy.)

25.) Does a solid release energy or absorb energy when it changes into a liquid? When it sublimes into a gas?

Absorb, absorb

24.) Does a liquid release energy or absorb energy when it changes into a gas? Into a solid?

Absorb, release

2.) How does acceleration depend on the net force?

Acceleration is proportional to the net force.

3.) How does the law of the conservation of energy relate to the first law of thermodynamics?

Adding heat flow to the law of conservation of energy gives the first law of thermodynamics.

18.) Distinguish between adhesive and cohesive forces.

Adhesive forces are between unlike substances, whereas cohesive forces are between like substances.

1.) As the text cites, atoms are incredibly tiny, numerous, perpetually moving, and what else?

Ageless

5.) Why does the sky normally appear blue?

Air molecules have resonances in the ultraviolet, so they scatter blue light more than red light.

8.) What is meant by saying that charge is quantized?

All charged objects have a charge that is an integer multiple of the charge of an electron.

4.) How does the charge of one electron compare to that of another electron? How does it compare with the charge of a proton? How do the masses of protons and electrons compare?

All electrons have the same charge. Electron charge is equal and opposite to the proton charge. A proton has 1800 times the mass of an electron.

9.) Draw the Gravitational field of the earth, the electric field of a negative charge and the magnetic field of a magnet bar. Can we shield all the fields?

All fields can be shielded except magnetic fields. Magnetic fields can be redirected rather than shielded.

18.) What kind of waves can exhibit interference?

All kinds of waves

4.) What is the same in Einstein's first postulate?

All laws of nature in all uniformly moving frames of reference

3.) In what way are magnetic poles very different from electric charges?

All magnets have both south and north poles. Electric charges can exist as singular entities.

10.) Cite a major advantage of fission power. Cite a major drawback.

All of the above. (It eliminates megatons of sulfur oxides, but it risks large releases of radioactivity; It provides plentiful electricity, but it produces weapons-grade plutonium; It eliminates the release of the greenhouse gas CO2, but it produces radioactive waste)

4.) How can a projectile "fall around the Earth"?

All of the above. (The projectile falls 5 m for every 8 km and so does Earth, A projectile can "fall around Earth" if the distance it falls matches the curvature of Earth, In a circular orbit around a spherical planet, the force and the fall are always toward the center.)

18.) Standing waves are a result of

All of these (Interference; Waves overlapping in phase and out of phase; Waves reflecting upon themselves)

16.) What kinds of waves can show interference?

All waves show interference.

18.) What is the change in the atomic mass number for each of the reactions in the preceding two questions?

Alpha emission -4, beta emission 0

14.) When a cannonball is fired from a cannon, the cannon and cannonball experience equal

Amounts of force

19.) What is meant by a blue shift and a red shift for light?

An approaching source has increased light frequency - a blue shift. A receding source has a decreasing frequency - a red shift.

22.) In terms of net charge, how does an electrically polarized object differ from an electrically charged object?

An electrically polarized object can have zero net charge, while a charged object cannot have zero net charge.

11.) How does an absorption spectrum differ in appearance from an emission spectrum?

An emission spectrum consists of bright lines against a dark background, whereas an absorption spectrum consists of dark lines against a bright rainbow background.

11.) In what form does radiant energy travel?

As electromagnetic waves

20.) How fast must a bug swim to keep up with the waves it produces? How fast must it move to produce a bow wave?

As fast as the wave speed; as fast as or faster than the wave speed

18.) What happens to the water pressure at the bottom of a geyser when some of the water above gushes out? What is the result?

As water rushes out, the pressure on the remaining water is reduced, so the water boils.

24.) How does the correspondence principle relate to special relativity?

At everyday low velocities, relativistic equations approach the Newtonian equations.

16.) Why are all tides greatest at the time of a full Moon or new Moon?

At full Moon and new Moon, the tides from the Moon and the Sun add because they are in line with Earth.

8.) In what direction are the vibrations relative to the direction of wave travel in a transverse wave?

At right angles to the direction of wave travel

3.) Why can't atoms be seen with a powerful optical microscope?

Atoms are much smaller than a wavelength of light.

17.) What is a compound? Cite two examples.

Atoms of different elements with bonds between them: NaCl and H2O

CH 19 VIBRATIONS & WAVES

CH 19 VIBRATIONS & WAVES

CH 2 NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION (INERTIA)

CH 2 NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION (INERTIA)

CH 20 SOUND

CH 20 SOUND

CH 21 MUSICAL SOUNDS

CH 21 MUSICAL SOUNDS

CH 22 ELECTROSTATICS

CH 22 ELECTROSTATICS

CH 23 ELECTRIC CURRENT

CH 23 ELECTRIC CURRENT

CH 24 MAGNETISM

CH 24 MAGNETISM

CH 25 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

CH 25 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

CH 26 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

CH 26 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

CH 27 COLOR

CH 27 COLOR

CH 28 REFLECTION & REFRACTION

CH 28 REFLECTION & REFRACTION

CH 29 LIGHT WAVES

CH 29 LIGHT WAVES

CH 3 LINEAR MOTION

CH 3 LINEAR MOTION

CH 30 LIGHT EMISSION

CH 30 LIGHT EMISSION

CH 31 LIGHT QUANTA

CH 31 LIGHT QUANTA

CH 35 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

CH 35 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

CH 36 GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

CH 36 GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

CH 5 NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

CH 5 NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

CH 7 ENERGY

CH 7 ENERGY

CH 8 ROTATIONAL MOTION

CH 8 ROTATIONAL MOTION

CH 9 GRAVITY

CH 9 GRAVITY

10.) Which BEST describes what occurs when a body accelerates?

Change in velocity per unit time

8.) Does electric charge flow across a circuit or through a circuit? Does voltage flow across a circuit or is it impressed across a circuit?

Charge flows through and voltage is impressed across a circuit.

17.) What kind of charging occurs when you slide your body across a plastic surface?

Charging by friction occurs. Electrons are transferred when one object rubs against another.

16.) Distinguish between weather and climate.

Climate is what you expect, whereas weather is what you get.

7.) Which of these ejects into the atmosphere the greatest amount of dangerous radiation?

Coal-fired power plants

9.) Which of these puts the greatest amount of pollutants into the atmosphere?

Coal-fired power plants

11.) What are the three ways of heat transfer? Why restaurants serve baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil?

Conduction (direct contact), Convection (through fluid), Radiation (electromagnetic waves) The aluminum foil helps increase the amount of time that the baked potatoes are hot/warm. Aluminum foil is a bad conductor for radiation, so the heat of the recently-made baked potatoes stay inside of the foil if it is wrapped up.

15.) Distinguish between constructive interference and destructive interference.

Constructive interference occurs when the crests of two waves add together. Destructive interference occurs when a crest of one wave is reduced by the trough of another.

1.) Define displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

DISPLACEMENT: an object's change in position, only measuring from its starting position to the final position. SPEED: distance traveled per unit of time. It is how fast an object is moving. VELOCITY: measurement of the rate and direction of motion. ACCELERATION: the rate at which an object changes its velocity.

16.) If a machine multiplies force by a factor of 4, what other quantity is diminished, and by how much?

Distance is diminished to one-quarter.

11.) Does sound tend to bend upward or downward when its speed is less near the ground?

Downward

8.) Why won't a very bright beam of red light impart more energy to an ejected electron than a feeble beam of violet light?

Each electron receives energy from a single photon and violet photons have more energy than red photons.

17.) Earth's gravitational field is strongest at _______.

Earth's surface

3.) What classical idea about space and time did Einstein reject?

Einstein rejected the idea that space and time are independent.

14.) Does Einstein's theory of gravitation invalidate Newton's theory of gravitation? Explain.

Einstein's theory agrees with Newton's because of the correspondence principle. Einstein's theory reduces to Newton's in the realm in which Newton's had been tested and proved.

10.) Objects are in equilibrium if they are

Either of these (At rest; Moving at a constant velocity)

1.) What type of force holds atoms together in a crystal?

Electric

15.) What kind of attraction pulls electrons close to the atomic nucleus?

Electric

6.) What produces a magnetic field?

Electric charges in motion

1.) What is the source of the magnetic force?

Electric charges in motion are the sources of magnetic forces.

1.) What kind of rays are X-rays?

Electromagnetic

4.) Why are electrons, rather than protons, the principal charge carriers in metal wires?

Electrons are free to move through the metal, whereas protons are fixed in place.

14.) Why are materials such as glass and rubber good insulators?

Electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, making them poor conductors of heat.

9.) Since atoms are mostly empty space, why don't we fall through a floor we stand on?

Electrons in one atom repel the electrons in another.

17.) At what speed do electrons in a battery driven automotive circuit travel along a wire? At what speed does the electric field propagate along a wire?

Electrons move at 0.01 cm/s. The electric field propagates at nearly the speed of light.

18.) What happens to electrons in any charging process?

Electrons transfer from one place to another.

8.) What do electric and magnetic fields contain and transport?

Energy

17.) Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

Evaporation happens at a liquid surface, whereas boiling occurs in the bulk of the liquid.

5.) What is evaporation?

Evaporation is when the fastest molecules at the surface of a liquid have escape velocity and leave to become a gas.

21.) What is the difference between fusion and fission? Why both reaction will generate massive energy?

FUSION: When two of the same atoms combine together to form one different atom. FISSION: When the nucleus of an atom splits into two smaller, lighter nuclei. (Releases energy in the process) In FUSION, energy is released since the nuclei of the different atom doesn't require much energy. In FISSION, energy is released when the nucleus has split into two.

23.) Why doesn't water freeze at 0°C when foreign molecules or ions are present?

Foreign molecules or ions get between water molecules and ice crystals, thus impeding crystal formation.

3.) What is the role of "loose" electrons in heat conductors?

Free electrons can move through a material carrying heat, jostling atoms and other electrons.

18.) Why are metals shiny?

Free electrons in metals vibrate when light strikes them, thereby reemitting the light as reflected light.

2.) What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales? For boiling water?

Freezing: 0°C, 32°F; boiling: 100°C, 212°F

7.) How are frequency and period related to each other?

Frequency and period are reciprocals.

8.) What are the similarities and differences between the gravitational field, magnetic field and electrical field?

GRAVITATIONAL: the influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. MAGNETIC: the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. ELECTRICAL: Electric force per unit charge. SIMILARITIES: Both Electrical and Magnetic Forces take place between two charged objects.

4.) Why aren't gamma rays deflected in a magnetic field?

Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation and so have no charge. Electric and magnetic fields deflect charges.

5.) What were the two methods used to separate U-235 from U-238 in the Manhattan Project during World War II?

Gaseous diffusion and magnetic separation

17.) How does glass act like a one-way valve for a conventional greenhouse? Does the atmosphere similarly act as a one-way valve?

Glass transmits solar radiation into the greenhouse and blocks infrared radiation from leaving the greenhouse. The same thing happens in the atmosphere.

2.) Which of the following has the greatest density?

Gold

4.) Exactly what is equivalent in the principle of equivalence?

Gravitation and acceleration

11.) How is the magnetic force on a particle moving in a magnetic field different from gravitational and electric forces.

Gravitational and electric forces act along the line connecting two interacting objects, whereas magnetic forces are perpendicular to the motion of the particle and the magnetic field.

23.) Give two examples of common force fields and name the sources of these fields.

Gravity fields made by mass, electric fields made by charge

1.) When air resistance is neglected, why does the vertical component of velocity for a projectile change with time, whereas the horizontal component of velocity doesn't change?

Gravity is a purely vertical force.

5.) What is meant when we say that a thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with another object?

Heat no longer flows between the object and thermometer when both are at the same temperature.

6.) How does the second law of thermodynamics relate to the direction of heat flow?

Heat of itself never flows from a cold object to a hot object.

2.) How does a high-pitch musical note relate to frequency?

High pitch is how the ear perceives high frequencies.

13.) In which element is the mass per nucleon greatest? Least?

Hydrogen is greatest; iron is least.

14.) An apple hanging from a limb has potential energy because of its height. If it falls, what becomes of this energy just before it hits the ground? When it hits the ground?

Immediately before hitting the ground the apple's energy is kinetic energy; when it hits the ground, its energy becomes thermal energy.

3.) Distinguish between force and impulse.

Impulse is force times a time interval.

4.) In which is momentum conserved: An elastic collision, or an inelastic collision?

In INELASTIC collisions, momentum is conserved since both objects stay with the same momentum before the collision and after.

6.) Distinguish between a compression and a rarefaction.

In a compression, the molecules are closer together than average; in a rarefaction, they are further apart.

17.) What is a node? What is an antinode?

In a standing wave, a node always has zero displacement and an antinode always has maximum displacement.

21.) The difference between AC and DC in electric circuits is that in DC, charges flow

In one direction only

20.) Why does increasing the temperature of a solid make it melt?

Increasing the temperature increases molecular vibrations until attractive forces can no longer hold the molecules in one place.

9.) How does the power input to an efficient transformer compare with the power output?

Input power equals output power.

4.) What is the difference between sound intensity and loudness?

Intensity is power per meter squared, whereas loudness is the physiological perception of intensity.

6.) Does a hot object contain internal energy or does it contain heat?

Internal energy

8.) Does Bernoulli's principle refer to changes in the internal pressure of a fluid or to pressures the fluid may exert on objects?

Internal pressure only

12.) Which of these elements cannot produce energy by fission or fusion?

Iron

15.) What does it mean to say that a certain current is 60 Hz?

It alternates back and forth 60 times a second.

5.) What type of path does a moving object follow in the absence of a force?

It continues to move in a straight line at a constant speed.

5.) In a neon tube, what occurs immediately after an atom is excited?

It de-excites and emits light.

8.) What factors does the speed of sound depend upon? What are some factors that it does not depend upon?

It depends on temperature and humidity, not on loudness and frequency.

2.) In what sense does the Moon "fall"?

It falls away from the straight path that it would follow if there were no forces acting on it.

3.) As distance increases between most of the mass of an object and its center of rotation, how does rotational inertia change?

It increases

10.) Does heating a metal wire increase or decrease its electrical resistance? Why?

It increases resistance because atoms at higher temperatures jostle into the way of moving electrons.

19.) What happens to the strength of the gravitational field at the surface of a star that shrinks?

It increases.

16.) What property of a diode enables it to convert ac to pulsed dc?

It is a one-way valve that allows electrons to in one direction only.

12.) If the voltage impressed across a circuit is held constant while the resistance doubles, what change occurs in the current?

It is cut in half.

13.) If the resistance of a circuit remains constant while the voltage across the circuit decreases to half its former value, what change occurs in the current?

It is cut in half.

8.) How does the electric charge of a proton compare with the electric charge of an electron?

It is equal and opposite.

10.) Why is centrifugal force in a rotating frame called a "fictitious force"?

It is not a fundamental force of nature. Instead, it is a force that only appears in an accelerating frame of reference

6.) What is meant by the "lever arm" of a torque?

It is the perpendicular distance from the rotational axis to the line along which the force acts

19.) Why doesn't the water at the bottom of a geyser boil when it is at 100°C?

It is under pressure from the water above.

9.) If a car is moving at 90 km/h and it rounds a corner, also at 90 km/h, does it maintain a constant speed? A constant velocity?

It maintains a constant speed, but does not maintain a constant velocity.

14.) What does it mean to say that momentum is conserved?

It means momentum does not change.

11.) Compared with a car moving at some original speed, how much work must the brakes of a car supply to stop a car that is moving twice as fast? How will the stopping distances compare?

It takes four times the work and four times the stopping distance.

7.) If you toss a stick into the air, it appears to wobble all over the place. Specifically, about what place does it wobble?

It will rotate about the center of mass

5.) A car is raised a certain distance in a service-station lift, thus giving it potential energy relative to the floor. If it were raised twice as high, how much more potential energy would it have?

It would have twice as much potential energy.

18.) If Earth shrank, but there was no change in its mass, then what would happen to your weight at the surface?

It would increase

19.) In the photoelectric effect, does brightness or frequency determine the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons? Which determines the number of the ejected electrons? Explain why a bright red is not as effective as a dim violet light to eject electrons.

Kinetic energy determined by frequency. Number of ejected electrons determined by brightness. Electrons receive energy from photons, and violet light has much more photons than red light no matter the brightness.

3.) What is meant by "translational" kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy of motion that carries a molecule from one place to another

14.) Which contains the higher percentage of neutrons: large nuclei or small nuclei?

Large nuclei (more than 50%)

9.) About how much of the measured electromagnetic spectrum does visible light occupy?

Less than 1 millionth of 1%

11.) When does light behave as a wave? When does it behave as a particle?

Light is emitted and detected as a particle and travels as a wave.

4.) What is Fermat's principle of least time?

Light takes the quickest path in going from one place to another.

18.) When does light behave as a wave? When does it behave as a particle?

Light travels like a wave. Light absorbs/releases energy like a particle.

2.) How is the rule for the interaction between magnetic poles similar to the rule for the interaction between electrically charged particles?

Like poles repel, unlike poles attract, and the force is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between two poles.

26.) Describe the condensation, evaporation, and heat flows that happen in a refrigerator.

Liquid evaporates inside the refrigerator, absorbing energy. Gas condenses outside the refrigerator, releasing energy.

8.) When you are struck by a moving object, is it favorable that the object makes contact with you over a short time or over a long time?

Long contact time decreases the magnitude of the average force and is favorable.

5.) For an opening of a given size, is diffraction more pronounced for a longer wavelength or for a shorter wavelength?

Longer wavelengths

12.) What effect does mass have on spacetime?

Mass warps spacetime.

10.) Of all the planets, why is Mercury the best candidate for finding evidence of the relationship between gravitation and space?

Mercury is in the strongest solar gravity of all the planets.

4.) If you touch the metal sides in an oven with your bare hand, you're in trouble. But hold your hand briefly in the oven air and you're okay. What does this tell you about the relative conductivities of metal and air?

Metal is a good conductor of heat, whereas air is a terrible conductor of heat.

17.) What is the cause of surface tension?

Molecular attraction

3.) In a collision on level, frictionless ice, which of the following must be conserved, momentum, kinetic energy, and/or potential energy?

Momentum and potential energy must be conserved.

18.) In which is momentum conserved: an elastic collision or an inelastic collision?

Momentum is conserved in elastic and inelastic collisions.

9.) Would the springs inside a bathroom scale be more compressed or less compressed if you weighed yourself in an elevator that was accelerating upward? Downward?

More compressed while accelerating upward, but less compressed while accelerating downward

22.) A 10-Ω resistor has 10 A of current flowing through it. The voltage across the resistor is

More than 0 but less than 10 V

2.) Are most of the atoms around us younger or older than the Sun?

Most are older than the Sun

2.) How is a flywheel constructed to maximize its rotational inertia?

Most of the mass is concentrated far from the axis

2.) What class of motion did Aristotle attribute to the Moon?

Natural

1.) What two classes of motion did Aristotle advocate?

Natural motion and violent motion

7.) With respect to orderly and disorderly states, what do natural systems tend to do? Can a disorderly state ever transform into an orderly state? Explain.

Natural systems tend to go from order to disorder unless work is done on them to bring order out of disorder.

24.) If you were to travel at a speed close to the speed of light, you might notice that your own

Neither of these (Mass changes; Pulse changes)

7.) What is meant by conservation of charge?

Net charge cannot be created or destroyed.

5.) What is the most common net charge of an atom?

Neutral

13.) What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?

Neutrons contribute strong nuclear force attraction without adding in electric force repulsion, so they help hold the nucleus together.

8.) The unit of mass is the kilogram, and the unit of weight is the _______.

Newton

11.) For what kind of gravitational field is Newton's law of gravity valid?

Newton's law is a good approximation in weak gravity fields.

12.) How is Coulomb's law similar to Newton's law of gravitation? How is it different?

Newton's law of gravitation is attractive, whereas Coulomb's law is attractive or repulsive. Both are proportional to the inverse square of distance.

14.) Which of Newton's three laws focuses on interactions?

Newton's third law

9.) Does the medium in which a wave travels move with the wave?

No

5.) What condition is necessary for a process to be adiabatic?

No heat enters or leaves the system.

16.) Can you produce a net impulse on an automobile if you sit inside and push on the dashboard.

No, never.

15.) Can an object be both a good absorber and a good reflector at the same time?

No. A good absorber reflects very little light.

21.) If you were traveling in a high-speed rocket ship, would metersticks on board appear to you to be contracted? Defend your answer.

No. The stick is in your frame of reference.

13.) When a car speeds up to three times its original speed, its kinetic energy is

None of these (The same; Twice as great; Three times greater)

7.) What isotope is produced when U-239 emits a beta particle?

Np-239

19.) Which energy production method does not ultimately depend on the Sun?

Nuclear fission

12.) How are most of the elements with nuclei heavier than those of hydrogen and helium formed?

Nuclear fusion in stars

6.) Which of these comprises the least radiation in the everyday environment?

Nuclear power plants

6.) Two balls are tossed off the edge of a cliff at the same speed but at different angles. One tossed horizontally and the other one tossed at 45 degrees. Compare their PEs, KEs and times of flight while airborne.

PEs are the same for both balls KEs are the same for both balls The ball tossed at 45 degrees has a longer flight than the ball tossed horizontally.

10.) In what direction are the vibrations relative to the direction of wave travel in a longitudinal wave?

Parallel to the direction of wave travel

1.) Does the photoelectric effect support the wave theory of light? The particle theory of light?

Particle theory

12.) What evidence can you cite for the wave nature of particles?

Particles exhibit two-slit interference.

5.) Distinguish between these different aspects of a wave: period, amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.

Period is the time from one crest to the next, amplitude is the distance from the midpoint to a crest, wavelength is the distance from one crest to the next, and frequency is the number of crests that pass per second.

12.) In what direction relative to a magnetic field does a charged particle move in order to experience maximum deflecting force? To experience minimum deflecting force?

Perpendicular for maximum force, parallel for minimum force

10.) Which of these is the most basic science?

Physics

2.) What is the relationship between frequency and pitch?

Pitch is the human perception of sound frequency.

1.) What are the three principal characteristics of musical tones?

Pitch, loudness, quality

10.) What phenomenon distinguishes longitudinal waves from transverse waves?

Polarization

2.) What two elements did Pierre and Marie Curie discover?

Polonium and radium

20.) When you brush your hair and electrons move from your hair to the brush, the charge of your hair becomes

Positive

9.) Which particle has exactly one quantum unit of charge?

Proton

17.) What is the principle of complementarity?

Quantum phenomena exhibit either wavelike or particle-like properties depending on the experiment conducted.

1.) Which of these colors of light represents the lowest visible frequency?

Red

5.) Which has the lower energy quanta: red light or blue light? Radio waves or X-rays?

Red, radio

9.) What is an echo?

Reflection of sound is an echo.

11.) Is a mirage the result of reflection or refraction? Why does it happen?

Refraction. Light curves through warm, low-density air near the ground, where it travels faster.

5.) Relative to solids and liquids, how does air rank as a conductor of sound?

Relative to solids and liquids, air is a poor conductor of sound.

9.) Clearly distinguish between science and technology.

Science gathers the knowledge that technology uses for practical purposes.

11.) Shake something to and fro and you're measuring its what? Lift it against gravity and you're measuring its what?

Shaking measures mass, whereas lifting measures weight.

12.) Relatively speaking, do high-frequency waves have long wavelengths or short wavelengths? Name an electromagnetic wave with higher frequency than blue light.

Short, ultraviolet

12.) Why is it incorrect to say that, when a hot object warms a cold object, temperature flows between them?

Since one object is colder than another object, it is bringing the temperature of the hot object down when made physical contact. It does not mean they will become the same temperature.

12.) What will these objects do in water: an object denser than water, an object less dense than water, an object that has the same density as water.

Sink, float, neither float nor sink

1.) What is the energy source for the motion of gas in the atmosphere? What prevents atmospheric gases from flying off into space?

Solar energy, gravity

4.) Do the molecules in a liquid all have about the same speed, or do they have a wide variety of speeds?

Some are slow and some are fast.

12.) What is ultrasound?

Sound above the frequency of human hearing

1.) How does sound relate to energy?

Sound waves transport energy from one place to another.

2.) What is the principal difference between the theory of special relativity and the theory of general relativity?

Special relativity applies to frames of reference moving at constant velocity, whereas general relativity includes accelerating reference frames.

24.) What is the principal difference between the theory of special relativity and the theory of general relativity? Which one explains the bending of light? Explain why.

Special relativity applies to frames of reference moving at constant velocity, whereas general relativity includes accelerating reference frames. General relativity explains the bending of light since most objects are slower than the speed of light.

For an Earth satellite in an elliptical orbit, list all the values that do change.

Speed, gravitational force, and distance from Earth

7.) What is the effect of strong gravitation on measurements of time?

Strong gravitational fields increase measured time intervals.

7.) What is sublimation? Is it a heating or cooling process?

Sublimation is when the fastest molecules at the surface of a solid have escape velocity and leave to become a gas. It leaves behind the slower, cooler molecules.

13.) Distinguish between monochromatic light and sunlight.

Sunlight has a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, whereas monochromatic light has one wavelength and one frequency.

14.) Distinguish between coherent light and sunlight.

Sunlight has a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and phases, whereas coherent light has one wavelength, one frequency, and one phase.

16.) How does the flow of current differ in a superconductor compared with the flow in ordinary conductors?

Superconductors have infinite conductivity (current flows forever), whereas ordinary conductors have a small resistance to the flow of electric charge.

15.) The pressure at the bottom of a pond does not depend on the

Surface area of the pond

3.) What relationship between the Sun and Earth did Copernicus formulate?

The Earth revolved in a circle about the Sun.

13.) What is the cause of the aurora borealis (the northern lights)?

The Earth's magnetic field guides trapped charged particles to follow field lines toward the poles, where they collide with the atmosphere, causing a glow.

1.) What did Newton discover about gravity?

The Newtonian synthesis, The law of universal gravitation, The equation for the force of gravity (basically all of the above)

13.) Describe how the gravitational forces from the Sun and the Moon compare from one side of Earth to the other.

The Sun exerts a stronger force on the side of Earth nearest the Sun, and the Moon exerts a stronger force on the side nearest the Moon.

21.) What is the acceleration of a falling object that has reached its terminal velocity?

The acceleration is 0.

14.) How does the direction of acceleration compare with the direction of the net force that produces it?

The acceleration is in the direction of the net force.

12.) If the net force acting on a sliding block is somehow tripled, what happens to the acceleration?

The acceleration triples.

5.) Cite the law of reflection.

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

15.) How does the average speed of light in glass compare with its speed in a vacuum?

The average speed of light in glass is about 67% of the speed of light in a vacuum.

14.) What did Galileo discover about the amount of speed a ball gained each second when rolling down an inclined plane? What did this say about the ball's acceleration?

The ball had constant acceleration, so it gained the same speed every second.

14.) Does a battery produce dc or ac? Does the generator at a commercial power station produce dc or ac?

The battery is dc; the generator is ac.

12.) Why is a larger nucleus generally less stable than a smaller nucleus?

The electric force of repulsion between protons is a long-range force, while the attractive strong nuclear force is short-range. Repulsion wins for larger nuclei.

10.) Why does a piece of iron in a current-carrying loop increase the magnetic field strength?

The electromagnetic field of the current-carrying loop is amplified because it aligns the domains in the iron.

7.) How is the energy of a photon related to its vibrational frequency?

The energy is proportional to the frequency.

6.) How does the difference in energy between energy levels relate to the energy of the photon that is emitted by a transition between those levels?

The energy of the photon is equal to the difference in energy between the energy levels.

2.) Did Max Planck consider the energy of vibrating atoms to be quantized? The energy of light itself?

The energy of the vibrating atoms

20.) Why is a black hole invisible?

The escape velocity of the black hole is greater than the speed of light.

9.) Why isn't Millie's hand burned when she holds it above the escape valve of the pressure cooker (see Figure 16.7 in the textbook)?

The escaping gas is cooled by expansion.

22.) If two objects of the same size move through the air at different speeds, which encounters the greater air resistance?

The faster object encounters more air resistance.

4.) How does magnetic field strength relate to the closeness of magnetic field lines about a bar magnet?

The field strength is stronger where the field lines are closer.

5.) What exactly is an ampere?

The flow of one coulomb per second

6.) How does the force of gravity between two bodies change when the distance between them is doubled?

The force decreases to ¼ of its initial value.

20.) What two principal factors affect the force of air resistance on a falling object?

The force depends mostly on frontal area and speed.

5.) Why doesn't the force of gravity change the speed of a satellite in circular orbit?

The force is at a right angle to the velocity.

4.) In the formula E = hf, what does f stand for?

The frequency of electromagnetic oscillation

13.) What is the reason one's hair stands out while touching a charged Van de Graff generator? Why can I light up a fluorescent lamp by holding it at middle of the lamp and letting one end close to the Van de Graff generator?

The generator, once on, transfers its energy to the person. Hair results in getting the same charge as the generator, so it tries to repel each other, causing hair to go up. Since the generator is close to the fluorescent lamp, its negative charge is transferred, causing the fluorescent lamp to light up.

13.) Northeastern Canada and much of Europe receive about the same amount of sunlight per unit area. Why, then, is Europe generally warmer in the winter?

The gulf stream carries warm, high heat capacity water past the west coast of Europe.

4.) What is the relationship among heat added to a system, a change in the system's internal energy, and external work done by the system?

The heat added to a system is equal to the change in internal energy plus the external work done by the system.

11.) How does a hologram differ from a conventional photograph?

The hologram appears to be three dimensional. You can look around objects in a hologram.

6.) Relative to the distance of an object in front of a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is the image?

The image is the same distance behind the plane mirror as the object is in front of it.

3.) Iridium is not the heaviest atom found in nature. What, then, accounts for a chunk of pure iridium being the densest substance on Earth?

The iridium atoms are closer together in the crystalline form.

16.) What two main obstacles prevent us from traveling today throughout the galaxy at relativistic speeds?

The large quantity of energy needed and radiation shielding

12.) When the wheel of a cart rolls from a smooth sidewalk onto a plot of grass, the interaction of the wheel with the blades of grass slows the wheel. What slows light when it passes from air into glass or water?

The light oscillates electrons in the atoms of the glass or water. The electrons absorb some of the energy and reemit it after a delay at each atom.

4.) Which has the longer period, a short or a long pendulum?

The long pendulum has the longer period.

6.) Why does the Sun look reddish at sunrise and sunset but not at noon?

The longer path length of sunlight at sunrise and sunset scatters out more blue light.

9.) Why is the magnetic field strength greater inside a current-carrying loop of wire than about a straight section of wire?

The magnetic field of each segment of wire in the loop, due to electrons moving in the wire, adds together inside the loop, thereby making the field become bunched-up.

3.) What must change in order for electromagnetic induction to occur in a wire coil?

The magnetic field through the coil must change.

8.) Why is iron magnetic and wood not?

The magnetic fields of individual iron atoms are strong enough to align the magnetic fields of neighbor atoms. The atoms in wood have much weaker magnetic fields.

7.) A Volkswagen Bug and a Volvo truck have a head-on collision. Which statement is true?

The magnitudes of both forces are the same.

15.) What is meant by critical angle?

The minimum angle of incidence inside a medium where light is totally reflected

3.) In a spaceship accelerating at g, far from Earth's gravity, how does the motion of a dropped ball compare with the motion of a ball dropped at Earth's surface?

The motions of the ball are the same.

10.) What is the net force on a bag pulled down by gravity with a force of 18 newtons and pulled upward by a rope with a force of 18 newtons?

The net force is zero newtons.

9.) What is the net force on an object that is pulled with forces of 80 newtons to the right and 80 newtons to the left?

The net force is zero newtons.

15.) What is the net force on an object in either static or dynamic equilibrium?

The net force is zero.

14.) What does the atomic number of an element tell you about the element?

The number of protons in its nucleus

13.) Why are metals good conductors of both heat and electricity?

The outer shell electrons in metals are free to move from atom to atom.

11.) In a step-down transformer, how does the input current compare with the output current?

The output current is greater than the input current.

13.) How does the peak frequency of radiant energy relate to the absolute temperature of the radiating source?

The peak frequency increases as temperature increases.

7.) What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed increases?

The pressure decreases when the speed increases.

4.) How does pressure at the bottom of a body of water relate to the weight of water above each square meter of the bottom surface?

The pressure is the weight of the water divided by 1 m^2.

7.) Why does the buoyant force act upward on an object submerged in water?

The pressure upward on the deeper bottom is greater than the downward pressure on the top.

5.) How does the water pressure 1 m below the surface of a small pond compare with the water pressure 1 m below the surface of a huge lake?

The pressure will be the same.

3.) How does the pressure at the bottom of a 76-cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere?

The pressures are equal.

11.) What is special about the ratio of the distance traveled by a flash of light to the time the light takes to travel this distance in a vacuum?

The ratio is always the same, the speed of light.

16.) Why doesn't a heavy object accelerate more than a light object when both are freely falling?

The ratio of the weight to mass is the same for all objects in the same locality.

19.) How do the rods in the eye differ from the cones?

The rods are rod-shaped and are more sensitive to dim light. The cones are cone-shaped and are color-sensitive.

19.) What is the result of a mirror image of a sound signal combining with the sound itself?

The sound is cancelled when added to its mirror image.

2.) What is the source of all waves?

The source is something that is vibrating.

19.) Railroad car A rolls at a certain speed and makes a perfectly elastic collision with car B of the same mass. After the collision, car A is observed to be at rest. How does the speed of car B compare with the initial speed of car A?

The speed of car B is equal to the initial speed of A.

5.) What is constant in Einstein's second postulate?

The speed of light in a vacuum

3.) What does it mean to say an energy state is discrete?

The state has a precise energy

11.) Why is a steam burn more damaging than a burn from boiling water at the same temperature?

The steam releases considerable energy when it condenses to liquid on the skin.

27.) How do the currents through the branches of a simple parallel circuit compare with the current in the voltage source?

The sum of the currents in the branches equals the current through the source.

14.) Why will a struck tuning fork sound louder when it is held against a table?

The table is forced to vibrate, and its large surface vibrates more air than the tuning fork.

3.) What is meant by the period of a pendulum?

The time interval of a to-and-fro swing

16.) What is the uncertainty principle with respect to momentum and position?

The uncertainty in position times the uncertainty in momentum is greater than or equal to h-bar.

12.) How does the magnitude of the vertical component of velocity for a ball tossed at an upward angle change as the ball travels upward? How about the horizontal component of velocity when air resistance is negligible?

The vertical component decreases in magnitude until it reaches the maximum height and then increases; the horizontal component is constant.

12.) How is the wavelength of light related to its frequency?

The wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency.

10.) Would the springs inside a bathroom scale be more compressed or less compressed if you weighed yourself in an elevator that was moving upward at constant velocity? Downward at constant velocity?

There would be no more compression and no more expansion for both upward and downward motion.

1.) What is the origin and meaning of the word thermodynamics?

Thermodynamics is from the Greek root meaning movement of heat.

7.) How is heat similar to and different from internal energy?

They are both forms of energy, but heat flows, whereas internal energy does not.

5.) How does the weight of mercury in a barometer compare with the weight of an equal cross-section of air from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

They are equal.

12.) Why are occupants of the International Space Station weightless?

They are in free fall

10.) When there is faster-moving water between two ships, are the ships sucked together or pushed together? Explain.

They are pushed together, because faster flow between the ships decreases the pressure between them compared to the exterior pressure.

10.) How does the frequency of a radio wave compare to the frequency of the vibrating electrons that produce it?

They are the same.

16.) How does the speed of light that emerges from a pane of glass compare with the speed of light incident on the glass?

They are the same.

17.) What concept was not understood in the 16th century when people couldn't conceive of a moving Earth?

They did not understand inertia.

16.) Name one benefit and one drawback to breeder reactors.

They generate more fuel than they use, but they are complex to operate safely.

23.) Do the relativity equations for time, length, and momentum hold true for everyday speeds? Explain.

They hold true but the differences they predict are hard to measure.

3.) What do the electrons affected by illumination do when they are made to vibrate with greater energy?

They reemit more light or collide with neighbors, thereby converting light energy to more internal energy.

7.) Do compressions and rarefactions travel in the same direction, or in opposite directions, in a wave.

They travel in the same direction at the same speed.

13.) Are eyeglasses made with "high index of refraction" materials thinner or thicker? Why?

Thinner. Light bends more entering high index of refraction materials.

19.) A tipped domino sends a pulse along a row of standing dominoes. Is this a good analogy for the way electric current, sound, or both travel?

This is the way sound travels but not how electric current travels.

6.) Galileo's definition of speed was a breakthrough because he is acknowledged to be the first to consider ______.

Time

9.) What shifts in the gravitational red shift?

Time

13.) What do we call the "stretching out" of time?

Time dilation

23.) What is the time dilation? Use the light clock experiment to explain time dilation.

Time dilation is the slowing of time. In the light clock, light is bouncing inside at one another. The experiments include two light clocks, one is still and the other is moving. The moving clock is ticking slower than the still clock, which shows that time can be dilated.

4.) Which forms of energy determine temperature: translational kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational kinetic energy, or all of these?

Translational only

14.) If a flashing light source moves toward you fast enough so that the time interval between flashes is half as long, how long will the time interval between flashes be if the source is moving away from you at the same speed?

Twice as long

19.) Compared with a fundamental tone, the frequency of its second harmonic is

Twice as much

3.) How many forces are required for an interaction?

Two forces, an action and a reaction, are needed for an interaction.

8.) Name two isotopes that can undergo fission when they absorb a neutron.

U-235, Pu-239

17.) What element reacts in a breeder reactor to breed nuclear fuel?

U-238

6.) What isotope is produced when U-238 absorbs a neutron?

U-239

13.) In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the resonant frequency of electrons in glass?

Ultraviolet

14.) What is the fate of the energy in ultraviolet light that is incident upon glass?

Ultraviolet light will be absorbed by the resonant vibration of electrons and turned into internal energy and a temperature increase.

7.) What is the main difference between speed and velocity?

Velocity includes a direction, but speed does not.

17.) Why do opaque materials become warmer when light shines on them?

Vibrations given by the light to their electrons, atoms, and molecules that absorb the light become internal energy, thus leading to a temperature increase.

7.) Which are more successful in dislodging electrons from a metal surface: photons of violet light or photons of red light? Why?

Violet light is more successful because the higher energy of a violet photon interacts with a single electron and gives it enough energy to escape the metal.

14.) Which travels more slowly in glass, red light or violet light? Why?

Violet light travels slower because it is closer in frequency to the ultraviolet resonance of the atoms in the glass.

2.) Electrons made to vibrate to and fro at a few hundred thousand hertz emit radio waves. What class of waves is emitted from electron vibrations of a few million billion hertz?

Visible light

8.) Which of these does a transformer change: voltage, current, energy, power?

Voltage and current

11.) Does the buoyant force on a submerged object depend on the volume of the object or on the weight of the object?

Volume

19.) How does the height to which water is lifted in a capillary tube relate to adhesion and the weight of the water lifted?

Water rises to a height where the adhesive forces equal the weight of the water lifted.

12.) What is the relationship among frequency, wavelength, and wave speed?

Wave speed is frequency multiplied by wavelength.

10.) Does light travel from one place to another in a wavelike or a particle-like way?

Wavelike

10.) Which varies with location, mass or weight?

Weight varies with location, but mass does not.

7.) What accounts for the whiteness of a cloud?

What accounts for the whiteness of a cloud?

20.) What occurs when a proton and an antiproton meet?

What occurs when a proton and an antiproton meet?

17.) When is it possible for one wave to cancel another?

When both waves have the same amplitude and when the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another

15.) How do forced vibrations relate to resonance?

When forced vibrations match an object's natural frequency, resonant amplification occurs.

15.) What is the condition for an object experiencing free fall?

When gravity is the only force acting on an object, it is in free fall.

19.) How do matter and antimatter differ?

When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate in a flash of energy.

6.) Why is evaporation a cooling process?

When the fastest molecules leave during evaporation, the slower, cooler ones remain.

9.) When is the angle at which a ray of light strikes glass not the same as the angle it exits?

When the light strikes the glass in one medium (such as air) and exits the glass in another medium (such as water)

20.) When are objects on the periphery of your vision most noticeable?

When they are moving

14.) What is meant by the superposition principle?

When two or more waves occupy the same space, wave displacements add at every point.

16.) Distinguish between a converging lens and a diverging lens.

When two parallel rays of light pass through a converging lens, the rays bend towards each other. When they pass through a diverging lens, the rays move apart from each other.

15.) Why does all the water in a lake have to be cooled to 4°C before the surface water can be cooled below 4°C?

When water is cooled to 4°C, it sinks and deeper, warmer, water rises to the surface.

20.) What is the error in saying the source of electrons in a circuit is the battery or generator?

Wires are full of mobile electrons.

6.) Why must the Sun be eclipsed to measure the deflection of starlight passing near the Sun?

Without an eclipse, the Sun's glare makes it impossible to see stars near the Sun.

5.) Explain why a firewalker can step quickly without harm on red-hot coals with bare feet.

Wood, even as glowing coals, is a poor conductor of heat.

3.) A force sets an object in motion. When the force is multiplied by the time of its application, we call the quantity impulse, and an impulse changes the momentum of that object. What do we call the quantity force multiplied by distance?

Work

4.) What is the color of the peak frequency of solar radiation when it is plotted versus wavelength?

Yellow-green

15.) Is it correct to say that, if no net impulse is exerted on a system, then no change in the momentum of the system will occur?

Yes, always.

8.) If a car moves with a constant velocity, does it also move with a constant speed?

Yes, because constant velocity requires constant speed in the same direction.

15.) Do tides occur in the molten interior of Earth for the same reason that tides occur in the oceans?

Yes, due to the difference in gravitational force across the core

14.) A bowling ball at rest is in equilibrium. Is the ball in equilibrium when it moves at constant speed in a straight-line path?

Yes, the bowling ball is in equilibrium because ΣF = 0.

8.) Earth pulls down on you with a gravitational force that you call your weight. Do you pull up on Earth with the same amount of force?

Yes, you pull up on Earth with the same force.

6.) In the equation E = hf, the h is _________.

a proportionality constant

1.) The general theory of relativity focuses on systems that are _________.

accelerated

13.) Gravitational waves are thought to emanate from _________.

accelerating matter

12.) Galileo discovered that when air resistance can be neglected, all objects fall with the same ______.

acceleration

16.) When we are talking about how quickly "how fast" changes, we're talking about ______.

acceleration

8.) The electric vectors that make up polarized light are _________.

aligned

15.) Tritium, a choice fuel for fusion, is _________.

almost completely absent in nature

16.) Which is greater-an increase in temperature of 1 Celsius degree or an increase of 1 Fahrenheit degree?

an increase of 1 °C is larger

3.) Water pressure in a lake is greater __________.

at the bottom

10.) When Monkey Mo dangles by a rope and pulls on his cage, each at different angle from the vertical, the rope tension will be greater than _______.

both his weight and the pull on his cage

1.) In order that electromagnetic induction occurs in a circuit there must be a _________.

change in magnetic field intensity

9.) The inside surface of a glass window becomes wet when the temperature outside is _________.

colder

14.) In the process of nuclear fusion, elements _________.

combine

9.) The unifying factor that unites different realms of spacetime is the _________.

constant speed of light

28.) A highly-charged party balloon is not dangerous when it _________.

contains little overall energy

2.) Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. If equal masses of each are placed in a flame, which will increase in temperature faster?

copper

7.) When air rapidly expands, its temperature normally _________.

decreases

3.) Any bending of light that is not reflected or refracted is due to _________.

diffraction

9.) When a rock tied to a string whirled in a horizontal circle somehow doubles in mass but keeps the same speed, the string tension _______.

doubles

12.) When a cannonball is fired from a cannon, the momentum of the recoiling cannon is momentarily _______.

equal and opposite to the momentum of the fired cannonball.

6.) A boxer rides with the punch so as to reduce _______.

force

4.) The torque exerted by a crowbar on an object increases with increased _______.

force and leverage distance

21.) When a sound source approaches a stationary listener, the listener experiences an increase in sound _________.

frequency

2.) When your foot stands on a tile floor, thermal energy always flows _________.

from either your foot or the tile, depending on the temperature of the tile

22.) A friend is in a spaceship that whizzes horizontally past you at 0.5c. You see the length of the spaceship _________.

half as long as normally

9.) Cassy can get more force on the bricks she breaks with a blow of her bare hand when _______.

her hand is made to bounce from the bricks.

5.) Why is it inaccurate to say that heavy objects sink and light objects float? Explain.

if the weight of the object is greater than the buoyant force acting on the object, it will sink. No matter how heavy or light an object is, it depends on whether or not the buoyant force is less or greater than the object.

5.) Follow through is important in golf because it results in a greater _______.

impulse on the ball.

1.) Rotational inertia about the midpoint of an object becomes greater with _______.

increased mass and increased distance to mass concentration

17.) As a skydiver gains speed in falling through the air, air resistance _______.

increases

4.) An impulse can be increased by

increasing the force or increasing the time interval.

3.) A speedometer normally measures ______.

instantaneous speed

21.) The phenomenon of beats is most closely related to _________.

interference

7.) A diffraction grating separates light into its component colors by the process of _________.

interference

1.) A slowly moving ship can have a greater momentum than a fast-moving racing car when _______.

its mass times velocity is greater than that of the car.

20.) Resonance occurs when forced vibration _________.

matches natural frequency

6.) Two events that are simultaneous in one frame of reference _________.

may or may not be simultaneous in a frame moving relative to the first frame

13.) The wavelength of a matter wave is inversely proportional to its _________.

momentum

14.) The entity that is simultaneously uncertain in Heisenberg's uncertainty principle for momentum is _________.

position

1.) A flow of electric charge in a wire normally requires a _________.

potential difference across the ends of the wire

16.) Boiling can occur in cold water when _________.

pressure is sufficiently lowered

15.) The purpose of a pressure cooker is to _________.

prevent cooling from occurring

2.) The quantity that is called impulse can be measured by the _______.

product of force and time.

11.) In the celebrated equation E = mc^2, the c^2 is the _________.

proportionality constant of energy and mass

6.) A glass prism separates light into its component colors by the process of _________.

refraction

9.) When a blinking light source moves relative to you, the speed of the light

remains constant but its frequency can change.

4.) The force that propels a rocket is that provided by _______.

the expelled gas pushing on the rocket

11.) A ball rolling down an inclined plane each second picks up ______.

the same amount of speed each second

2.) A boxer cannot exert much force on a piece of tissue paper suspended in air because _______.

the tissue paper has too little mass to exert as much force on the boxer's fist.

13.) When a cue ball strikes an 8 ball head-on in a game of pool, the cue ball _______.

transfers its momentum to the 8 ball.

5.) Materials that clearly transmit visible light are said to be _________.

transparent

6.) The electromagnetic radiation mostly absorbed in ordinary glass is _________.

ultraviolet

6.) A stone submerged in water displaces the _________.

volume of water

13.) The speed of a wave can be found by multiplying its frequency by its _________.

wavelength

2.) Atmospheric pressure is mainly due to the ___________.

weight of air

4.) Electromagnetic induction occurs in a loop of wire _________.

when there is relative motion of the loop and a nearby magnet or when current changes in a nearby loop

29.) The net charge on an energized capacitor is normally _________.

zero

19.) What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits an alpha particle? A beta particle? A gamma ray?

-2, +1, 0

2.) What is the lowest possible temperature on the Celsius scale? On the Kelvin scale?

-273°C, 0 K

4.) What is meant by the idea of a critical mass?

A critical mass of uranium is large enough so that neutrons ejected from one fissioning nucleus will hit another nucleus before exiting the mass.

3.) What does a decibel measure?

A decibel is a logarithmic measure of sound intensity.

3.) Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.

A hypothesis is an educated guess, whereas a theory encompasses well tested and verified hypotheses.

5.) What is the test for whether a hypothesis is scientific or not?

A hypothesis is scientific if it is possible to prove it wrong.

12.) Does a substance that heats up quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?

A low specific heat capacity

5.) What is the purpose of a model in science?

A model is an abstraction that helps us visualize and predict.

9.) Does light behave primarily as a wave or as a particle when it interacts with the crystals of matter in photo- graphic film?

A particle

11.) A scientific theory is

A vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts

22.) Why does decreasing the temperature of a liquid make it freeze?

Cooling slows molecular motion until attractive forces between molecules can hold them in place.

21.) When you make your household electric payment at the end of the month, are you billed for voltage, current, power, or energy?

Energy

6.) Where in the atom is most of its mass concentrated? What is this mass composed of?

In the nucleus as protons and neutrons

2.) How does incident light that falls on an object affect the motion of electrons in the atoms of the object?

Incident light makes the electrons oscillate. The electrons then emit light or absorb the light and convert it to heat.

4.) What is inertia?

Inertia is the tendency of a body to maintain its state of motion in the absence of applied forces.

13.) Fill in the blanks: Newton's first law is often called the law of ____; Newton's second law is the law of ____; and Newton's third law is the law of ____.

Inertia, acceleration, action -reaction

8.) What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is most absorbed by water?

Infrared

4.) Distinguish between infrasonic and ultrasonic sound waves.

Infrasonic is too low in frequency (below 20 Hz) for humans to hear, whereas ultrasonic is too high (above 20,000 Hz).

5.) What kind of speed is registered by an automobile speedometer?

Instantaneous speed

15.) If a certain isotope has a radioactive half-life of 10 years, how much of the isotope will remain at the end of 20 years?

One quarter

1.) Why doesn't a chain reaction normally occur in uranium mines?

Only a small fraction of natural uranium is the fissionable U-235, so most of the released neutrons do not trigger another fission.

15.) In which of the following are quantum uncertainties significant: measuring simultaneously the speed and location of a baseball, a spitball, or an electron?

Only for the electron

18.) In the Doppler effect, does frequency change? Does wave speed change?

Only frequency changes.

22.) What is the relationship among electric power, current, and voltage?

Power is current times voltage.

2.) How does pressure relate to force?

Pressure is force per unit area.

13.) Why does warm, moist air form clouds when it rises?

Rising air expands and cools. Water drops condense when moist air cools.

2.) A stone is thrown upward at an angle. What happens to the horizontal component of its velocity as it rises? As it falls?

Rising or falling, it does not change.

SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE

SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

7.) Inside the moving compartment of Figure 35.4, light travels a certain distance to the front end and a certain distance to the back end of the compartment. How do these distances compare as seen in the frame of reference of the moving rocket?

The distances travelled by light are the same.

8.) How are the speeds of molecules of air affected as they separate from one another when escaping from the nozzle of a party balloon? What happens to the temperature of the air?

Speeds decrease; temperature decreases.

16.) What geometrical shape has the smallest surface area for a given volume?

Sphere

14.) Which has the higher tides: spring tides or neap tides? Why?

Spring tides are higher, because the tides from the Moon and Sun add together.

6.) Which is normally greater: static friction or sliding friction on the same object?

Static friction is normally greater than dynamic friction.

15.) How many frames of reference does the stay-at-home twin experience in the twin trip? How many frames of reference does the traveling twin experience?

Stay-at-home, 1; traveler, 2

2.) Why does the gravitational force between Earth and Moon predominate over electrical forces?

The electric force between Earth and Moon cancels out because they have an equal number of positive and negative charges.

11.) Why doesn't the repulsive electrical force of protons in the atomic nucleus cause the protons to fly apart?

The attractive strong nuclear force holds the nucleus together.

7.) Will a swimmer gain or lose buoyant force as she swims deeper in the water? Or will her buoyant force remain the same at greater depth? Defend your answer.

The buoyant force from water increases at greater depths because of the higher pressure at greater depths.

6.) Two cars are raised to the same elevation on service-station lifts. If one car is twice as massive as the other, compare their gains of potential energy.

The car with twice the mass has twice the gain of potential energy.

8.) Where is the center of mass of a baseball? Where is its center of gravity?

The center of mass and the center of gravity are both at the center of the spherical ball

8.) Which runs slower: a clock at the top of the tallest skyscraper in Chicago or a clock on the shore of Lake Michigan?

The clock on the lakeshore runs slower.

9.) What do the various colors displayed in the flame of a burning log indicate?

The colors of the flames indicate the types of atoms that are emitting light in the flame.

14.) According to the law of conservation of energy, if ocean water cools, then something else should warm. What is it that warms?

The cooling ocean warms the air.

24.) How is the direction of an electric field defined?

The direction of the field is the direction of the force on a positive test charge.

8.) How do the distances in Reading Check Question 7 compare as seen in the frame of reference of an observer on a stationary planet?

The distance travelled by light to the back is shorter.

9.) How is the energy value of foods determined?

The food is burned and the energy released is measured.

8.) What happens to the force of attraction between two planets when the distance between them is doubled?

The force decreases to one quarter.

5.) How does the force of friction for a sliding object vary with speed?

The force of friction is approximately independent of speed.

9.) Why is kinetic energy a constant for a satellite in a circular orbit but not for a satellite in an elliptical orbit?

The force of gravity is perpendicular to the motion in a circular orbit but not in an elliptical orbit.

6.) Consider hitting a baseball with a bat. If we call the force on the bat against the ball the action force, identify the reaction force.

The reaction force is the force by the ball on the bat.

6.) What determines the musical quality of a note?

The relative intensities of the various partials

16.) How did wind-generated resonance affect the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the state of Washington in 1940?

The resonant amplification of bridge motion destroyed the bridge.

7.) What is the resultant of a pair of one pound forces at right angles to each other?

The resultant is a force of 1.41 pounds in a direction bisecting the 90-degree angle between the two vectors.

9.) Identify the force that propels a rocket.

The rocket is propelled by the reaction force from the particles accelerated out the rear by an action force from the rocket.

20.) If the equally massive cars of the preceding question stick together after colliding inelastically, how does their speed after the collision compare with the initial speed of car A?

Their speed is half the initial speed of car A.

21.) Which is more prevalent in the food we eat: carbon-12 or carbon-14?

There is about one carbon-14 atom for every 100 billion carbon-12 atoms.

18.) Cite three ways in which a Thermos bottle inhibits heat transfer.

There is no conduction and no convection through a vacuum, and silvered surfaces stops radiation.

17.) What is the universal standard of time?

There is none.

10.) Does the law of reflection hold for curved mirrors? Explain.

Yes. It is as if the curved mirror is made of many small plane mirrors at slightly different orientations to each other.

7.) Can a surface be considered polished for some waves and not for others? Cite an example.

Yes. The mesh of a radio dish is polished for long wavelength radio waves and yet rough for short wavelength light waves.

9.) Is the human body radioactive? Explain.

Yes. The potassium in our bodies has a radioactive isotope that is the main internal source of radiation for a human body.

2.) As you read this in your chair, how fast are you moving relative to the chair? Relative to the Sun?

You are not moving relative to the chair, but you are moving over 100,000 km/h relative to the Sun.

7.) Once the crate is sliding, how hard do you push to keep it moving at constant velocity?

You push with a force equal to and opposite the dynamic friction force.

7.) Where do you weigh more: at the bottom of Death Valley or atop one of the peaks of the Sierra Nevada? Why?

You weigh more in Death Valley because you are closer to the center of Earth.

19.) Air resistance on a parachutist at terminal speed _______.

is greater for a heavier person

7.) Strictly speaking, the light that meets and passes through a pane of window glass _________.

is not the same light that emerges

2.) What is the unit of work?

joule

17.) Total internal reflection occurs when the speed of light in a material is _________.

less than the speed outside the material

5.) The fundamental rule for the attraction and repulsion of magnets is that _________.

like poles repel each other while opposite poles attract

8.) According to the uncertainty principle, the more we know about a particle's momentum, the less we know about its

location

5.) A difference between electric forces and gravitational forces is that gravitational forces are not affected by

repulsive interaction.

18.) A 1-kg stone and a 10-kg stone have the same acceleration in free fall because _______.

the ratio of weight to mass is the same for each.

6.) A primary difference between a motor and a generator is _________.

the reversed roles of input and output

1.) Whenever a net force acts on an object, there is a change in the object's _______.

velocity

8.) Condensation is a change of phase _________.

from gas to liquid

3.) Evaporation is a change of phase _________.

from liquid to gas

17.) What exactly is meant by a "freely falling" object?

An object in free fall falls under gravity alone with no friction.

10.) If a 1-L container is immersed halfway into water, what is the volume of the water displaced? What is the buoyant force on the container?

0.5 L displaced, 5 N buoyant force

11.) How does one coulomb of charge compare with the charge of a single electron?

A coulomb of charge is the charge associated with 6.25 × 10^18 electrons.

11.) What does it mean to say something is in mechanical equilibrium?

An object in mechanical equilibrium experiences a zero net force.

9.) What is the mass of 1 L of water? What is its weight in newtons?

1 kg; 10 N

20.) How long would the meterstick in the preceding question appear to be if it were traveling with its length perpendicular to its direction of motion?

1 m

CH 32 THE ATOM & THE QUANTUM

CH 32 THE ATOM & THE QUANTUM

4.) What produces an electromagnetic wave?

An oscillating or accelerating electric charge

19.) How long would a meterstick appear to be if it were traveling like a properly thrown spear at 99.5% of the speed of light?

1/10 m

CH 33 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS & RADIOACTIVITY

CH 33 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS & RADIOACTIVITY

CH 34 NUCLEAR FISSION & FUSION

CH 34 NUCLEAR FISSION & FUSION

CH 4 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

CH 4 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

CH 6 MOMENTUM

CH 6 MOMENTUM

5.) What is the magnitude of Earth's gravitational force on a 1-kg body at Earth's surface?

10 N

13.) What is the acceleration of a car moving along a straight road that increases its speed from 0 to 100 km/h in 10 s?

10 km/h·s

4.) What is the mass density of water? What is the weight density of water?

1000 kg/m^3; 9800 N/m^3

6.) How many vibrations per second are represented in a radio wave of 101.7 MHz?

101,700,000 vibrations

12.) Why does water vapor in the air condense when the air is chilled?

Cool air contains more slow water molecules, which stick together more often when they collide.

1.) What are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the Kelvin temperature scale?

273 K, 373 K

17.) The process of evaporation tends to

Cool the liquid

3.) What is the average range of a young person's hearing?

20 to 20,000 hertz

13.) If you push a crate horizontally with 100 N across a 10-m factory floor and the friction between the crate and the floor is a steady 70 N, how much kinetic energy does the crate gain?

300 J

11.) What is the wavelength of a wave that has a frequency of 1 Hz and travels at 300,000 km/s?

300,000 km

10.) How many joules (J) are needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C?

4.19 J

11.) At what temperature do the combined effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume for water?

4°C

16.) When you scale up an object to 3 times its linear size, the surface area increases by

9 and the volume by 27

3.) What condition is necessary for the sustained flow of water in a pipe? What analogous condition is necessary for the sustained flow of charge in a wire?

A continuous pressure difference, often provided by a pump, is needed for water to flow. A continuous potential difference, often provided by a battery, is needed for charge to flow.

17.) When thorium decays by emitting a beta particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?

91

10.) In the preceding question, which case requires the greatest impulse?

A baseball that is caught and then thrown back

11.) Which undergoes the greatest change in momentum (if all of the baseballs have the same speed just before being caught and just after being thrown)?

A baseball that is caught and then thrown back

2.) What does a changing magnetic field induce?

A changing electric field

3.) What does a changing electric field induce?

A changing magnetic field

3.) Which warms more quickly in sunlight - a colorless or a colored piece of glass? Why?

A colored piece of glass warms quickest because it absorbs more frequencies of light, thus converting the energy to temperature.

18.) Distinguish between a virtual image and a real image. Mention in each case whether the image made by a single lens is right-side up or inverted.

A virtual image, unlike a real image, cannot be displayed on a screen. A virtual image is upright, whereas a real image is inverted.

21.) Which molecule is an example of a common electric dipole?

A water molecule

23.) Between a watt, a kilowatt, and a kilowatt-hour, which is a unit of power and which is a unit of energy?

A watt is power, a kilowatt is power, and a kilowatt-hour is energy.

6.) Name two kinds of practical "electric pumps."

Batteries and automobile alternators

25.) Why is there no electric field at the center of a charged spherical metal ball?

Because of mutual repulsion, mobile electrons in the conductor will spread out uniformly over the outer surface of the ball, so the force and the field on a test charge at the center is zero because opposing forces balance in every direction.

14.) Which will normally warm faster: a black pot of cold water or a silvered pot of cold water? Which will cool faster?

Black, black

8.) Which has the higher frequency: red or blue light? Which has the greater energy per photon: red or blue light?

Blue light, blue light

5.) Compare the bending of the paths of baseballs and photons by a gravitational field.

Both follow bent paths.

4.) Which requires more work: lifting a 50-kg sack a vertical distance of 2 m or lifting a 25-kg sack a vertical distance of 4 m?

Both take the same 1000 J.

CH 1 ABOUT SCIENCE

CH 1 ABOUT SCIENCE

CH 10 PROJECTILE & SATELLITE MOTION

CH 10 PROJECTILE & SATELLITE MOTION

CH 11 THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER

CH 11 THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER

CH 12 SOLIDS

CH 12 SOLIDS

CH 13 LIQUIDS

CH 13 LIQUIDS

CH 14 GASES

CH 14 GASES

CH 15 TEMPERATURE, HEAT, & EXPANSION

CH 15 TEMPERATURE, HEAT, & EXPANSION

CH 16 HEAT TRANSFER

CH 16 HEAT TRANSFER

CH 17 CHANGE OF PHASE

CH 17 CHANGE OF PHASE

16.) What are the differences between the continuous, emission and absorption spectra?

CONTINUOUS: All colors in the spectrum are shown. EMISSION: Everything is absorbed except for a distinct pattern of lines given to each element, so the elements can be identified by their unique pattern. ABSORPTION: Opposite of emission. Most of the colors in the spectrum are shown except for the distinct pattern of lines given to each element.

15.) What is diffraction? Is the diffraction more pronounced through a small or large opening? For the same opening size, is diffraction more pronounced for a longer or shorter wavelength?

DIFFRACTION: When a wave bends as a result of an obstacle or a slit in its direction. SMALL OPENING LONGER WAVELENGTH

10.) What is the cause of refraction?

Different speeds of sound in a medium

4.) Is diffraction more pronounced through a small opening or through a large opening?

Diffraction is more pronounced through a small opening, where small is compared to a wavelength.

17.) Distinguish between fluorescence and phosphorescence in terms of exciting source and duration of response.

FLUORESCENCE: The electrons become excited and jump to the second next level, drops down one level, and then drops back to its original state. PHOSPHORESCENCE: Same pattern as fluorescence but takes much longer for the electrons to de-excite.

11.) When is your weight measured as mg?

For a non-accelerating mass near the surface of Earth

5.) State Newton's third law of motion.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

8.) Why isn't there a horizontal buoyant force on a submerged object?

Force vectors on the sides cancel one another.

15.) Can a machine multiply input force? Input distance? Input energy?

Force: Yes; Distance: Yes; Energy: No

3.) Which of these is electromagnetic radiation?

Gamma radiation

12.) Which of these cannot be deflected by electric or magnetic fields?

Gamma rays

5.) Which has the higher frequency: X-rays or gamma rays?

Gamma rays

2.) What are steps of the scientific method.

Hypothesis, predictions, and experimental findings.

8.) What role does temperature have in the direction of heat flow?

Heat flows spontaneously from high temperature to low temperature.

10.) What element has the lightest atoms?

Hydrogen

19.) What kind of charging occurs during thunderstorms?

Ice crystals are charged by friction and the ground is charged by induction.

13.) Give an example of what it means to say mass and weight are proportional to each other?

If the mass doubles, then the weight doubles, too.

18.) What is meant by drift velocity?

The net flow of electrons along a wire.

4.) How does the mass of the air in your bedroom compare to your mass?

They are approximately equal.

6.) A theory in science is ______.

a synthesis of well-tested ideas

1.) Changes of phase most always require _________.

a transfer of energy

26.) An electric field is basically _________.

a vector quantity

1.) The blackness of the type on a page is due to _________.

absorption

18.) The hypothetical twin trip featured in the book states that a traveling twin would return to her Earth-bound twin _________.

actually younger

13.) The speed of sound in air varies with _________.

air temperature

9.) When traveling twice as fast your kinetic energy is increased _______.

by a factor of four.

1.) The pressure increases on a block resting on a table when you increase the __________.

downward force on the block

3.) A Doppler effect occurs when a source of sound moves

either towards you or away from you.

1.) Electromagnetic waves are composed of _________.

electric and magnetic fields

1.) The emission of light has most to do with the behavior of _________.

electrons

1.) Thermal conduction mostly involves the motion of _________.

electrons

8.) Kepler was the first to be credited for discovering that planets follow __________.

elliptical paths

11.) What travels in a wave from one location to another is _________.

energy

7.) To impart the greatest momentum to an object, you must

exert the greatest force over the longest time.

1.) The work that is done when twice the load is lifted twice the distance is _______.

four times as much.

9.) Light reflecting from a horizontal surface is likely to be polarized _________.

horizontally

7.) Which force field can accelerate an electron, but never change its speed?

magnetic field

20.) Carbon-14 in the atmosphere is transformed from _________.

nitrogen

7.) The foci of the elliptical path for an Earth satellite are __________.

one at Earth's center and the other elsewhere

2.) Huygens' principle features wavefronts that are composed of _________.

overlapping waves

1.) The famous Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment showed that the speed of light was _________.

of the same value in any state of relative motion

7.) A generator normally produces ac because the magnetic field experienced by interior coils _________.

periodically alternates

14.) The force that acts on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field is _________.

perpendicular in direction to the magnetic field

4.) When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges

quadruples

3.) A quantum of light is a _________.

smallest lump of light

Fossil fuels, hydroelectric power, and wind power ultimately get their energy from _______.

the Sun

17.) When a falling firecracker explodes, the momenta of its pieces _______.

vectorally add up to equal the initial momentum of the firecracker

10.) When we say charge is conserved, we mainly mean that charge can be _________.

transferred without loss like money in a bank

11.) The electric resistance in a length of wire is doubled when the wire is _________.

twice as long

27.) Electric potential, unlike electric potential energy, is measured in units of _________.

volts

9.) Which depends on gravity?

weight

2.) When a magnet is quickly pushed into a coil of wire connected to a circuit _________.

work is needed to overcome a resistance to the push

8.) A scientific hypothesis deemed valid must have a test for proving it ______.

wrong