Physio Psych Final Review
Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforcement?
release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary conditon for reinforement
Which of the following is true of withdrawal symptoms?
Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the effects of the drug
Carrying the SRY gene on the _____, leads to the production of _________, which are responsible for masculinizing the ______ through the release of androgens
Y Chromosome, Testes, Wolffian System
The term congenital refers to
a condition present at birth
Long term depression (LTD) is associated with
a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron
We would expect that ____ would block the induction of LTP in the hippocampus
a drug that blocks NMDA receptors
We would expect that _____ would block the induction of LTP in the hippocampus
a drug that blocks the NMDA receptors
Damage to the medial geniculate nucleus would cause
an inability to hear/perceive sound
Another term for rostral is
anterior
The memory deficit noted in Alzheimer's disease involves
anterograde amnesia similar to that of Korsakoff's syndrome
The use of _____ when performing immunochemistry allows scientist to identify the location of specific ______
antibodies; proteins
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the development of schizophrenia?
being born five months after a major flu epidemic
A meningioma is a ______ tumor that arises from _______
benign; dural or arachnoid cells
Which of the following will produce a hemorrhagic stroke?
bleeding in the brain
A drug such as amphetamine, which causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse, would
block the reuptake of dopamine and spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft
Associative long term potentiation reflects increased ______ produced by changes in _______
calcium entry, NMDA receptors
The ____ allows CSF to flow from the third to the fourth ventricle
cerebral Aqueduct
Whe presented with this image, individuals with the _________5-HTT allele are likely to have ______ amygdala activity than individuals with the ________allele
Short, higher, long
If we apply enough stimulation to elicit an action potential at the axon hillock we would expect which event to happen first?
sodium channels open
The primary visual cortex receives visual information from the thalamus, processes that information, and then send that processed information primarily to _____
the extrastriate cortex
A key function of apoptosis is
to remove brain cells that are no longer needed
Research suggests that for most people, _____ attuned to emotional recognition and comprehension, as well as expression
the right hemisphere is more
The initial phase of grand mal seizure is termed the _____ and is denoted by _______
tonic phase; forceful contraction of all muscles
Misfolded prion proteins may be toxic to brain cells because these
trigger apoptosis in a neuron
The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that
we are unable to talk about implicit memories
The _____ is a measure of the safety of a drug
therapeutic index
Reproduction in humans requires that joining of two gametes. In addition to the 22 autosomal chromosomes, gametes carry a _______; after fertilization, the zygote will most likely contain ______ (and be male) or ______ (and be female)
sex chromosome; XY; XX
Retinal ganglion cells of the ON type
show an excitatory burst of potentials to a light placed within a circular center
Patients with anterograde amnesia and NOT capable of which type of learning
complex relational
An important cause for Multiple Sclerosis involves
damage to myelin induced by the person's immune system
Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?
difficulty in naming an object the person can touch but not see
In a resting nerve cell, which of the forces listed below will act to push sodium ions into the cell?
diffusion and electrostatic pressure (charge)
Galvani's Experiment showed that ____ of a frog nerve caused _____ of the attached muscle
electrical stimulation; movement
Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would be expected to alter
emotion
In classical conditioning an organism
shows a species typical behavior in response to a previous unimportant stimulus
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the
entorhinal cortex
Receptors for _______ are involved in long term potentiation
glutamate
You'd like to examine how inactivation of the vlPOA affects sleep patterns in rats. One way you could temporarily lesion the vlPOA is by
injecting muscimol into the region
A _______ is a bump or bulge located between adjacent grooves or sulci in the surface of the human cortex.
Gyrus
Which of the following is a current explanation of the role of the hippocampus in memory
The efferent connections of the hippocampus tie together the memories that are consolidated in other brain regions
Which of the following is true of most color sensitive ganglion cells?
The ganglion cells respond to pairs of primary colors such as red- green or blue-yellow
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is _______ dependent and ______ dependent
neurotransmitter, Voltage
Which of the following will produce an EPSP
opening a sodium channel
The all or none law refers to the observation that an action potential
os produced in full whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold
Simple perceptual learning involves
our recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli
A critical intracellular trigger for the development of Alzheimer's disease is
overproduction of the long form of the B- amyloid protein
Rods are ________ that help______
photoreceptors; detect light under low levels of illumination
The dorsal stream of the visual association cortex continues into the ______ carries information relating to _____
posterior parietal cortex; object location
A drug that inactivates AChE would be expected to
prolong the effects of ACh in the synapse
The frequency of light waves determines the psychological dimension of brightness
False
The term contralateral means that two structures lie on the same side of the body
False
The sodium/potassium pump, burns _____ in order to move_______ ions out of the neuron and ________ ions into the neuron
ATP, Na+, K+
Long term potentiation is associated with the movement of ______ to the ____________
AMPA receptors, tips of the dendritic spines
_________ is the most common of the seizure disorders noted in children
Absence
Which of the following is TRUE of NMDA receptors?
Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions into the nerve cell
Astrocytes perform which of the following functions
All of the above are correct
Which of the following is true of anterograde amnesia
Amnesiacs can show certain forms of leaning, but do not recall the learning experience
Fear is primarily processed in the _______; and the order in which fear processing usually occurs is
Amygdala; Input> lateral nucleus>basal nucleus>central nucleus>output
Which category of hormones need to exert an activational effect in circuit and what are the consequences if they are missing?
Androgens; failure to intiate mounting and thrusting
_______ reverses the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms by schizophrenia by acting as a______ in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
Aripiprazole; partial agonist
In rodents, fear conditioning can be studied by pairing a neutral ______ with an uncomfortable________ and then measuring the amount of ______ in response to the CS.
CS, US, freezing
Natural ablations were found in many stroke victims. Two famously early neuroscientist noted distinct problems in speech one relating to speech production and one relating to the formulation of proper syntax.
Broca and Wernicke
The________ is comprised of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
_______ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long term memories
Consolidation
The molecular blueprints that code for individual proteins are contained within the
DNA
Administration of a drug that binds to a postsynaptic ionotropic receptor and blocks the natural neurotransmitter from binding, but does not open the ion channel would be termed a
Direct Antagonist
To process location and movement visual information, the brain sends the visual info along the ______; whereas, to process the identity of the object, the brain sends visual information along the _______
Dorsal Stream; Ventral Stream
Motor learning is an example of a declarative memory
False
The _____ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and lies closest to the skull
Dura Mater
Withdrawal from heroin results in ______, which involves a feeling of anxious misery.
Dysphoria
Only axons are capable of producing action potentials
False
People with Korsakoff's syndrome can form new memories, but are unable to remember events that occurred prior to their brain damage
False
Damage to the ________ will likely lead to Prosopagnosia, which is ________
FFA; the inability to recognize particular faces
An action potential decreases in size as it moves along the axon toward the terminal buttons
False
An embolus is a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel
False
Circulation of the CSF begins with formation in the spinal cord and terminates with absorption in the lateral ventricles
False
De-feminization of internal reproductive organ systems is the same as enhancing male typical features of those organ systems
False
Huntington's disease is a sporadic disease
False
Huntingtons is a sporadic disease
False
Identical tins share approximately 50 percent of their genes whereas fraternal twins share, on average, about 75 percent of their genes
False
Mullerian systmes turns into_________ if allowed to develop
Fillopian Tubes + Uterus
The first signs of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease involve loss of
GABAergic neurons of the putamen
Which two major categories of cells make up the meat of the brain?
Glia, Neurons
Which of the following is true of Huntington's disease
HD is a hereditary disorder involving chromosome 4
If i had damage to my ______ I might have difficulty forming new memories
Hippocampus
The GABAa receptor is an ________ receptor that controls a _____ channel
Ionotropic; Chloride
The _____ thalamic nuclei receive information from the eyes and then relay that information to the ______
Lateral geniculate; primary visual cortex
Which of the following will produce and IPSP?
Letting potassium flow out or letting chloride flow in
Heroin overdose or damage to the ______ would most likely be fatal due to inability regulate breathing and heart rate.
Medulla Oblongata
If I have difficulty sensing "brief taps" it might be because my ________ didn't develop properly next to the _____
Meissner's; epidermis
If you wanted to measure the concentration of dopamine in the reward centers of the brain after exposure to cocaine, you could use what technique?
Microdialysis
Which of the following is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to a behavior?
Monozygomatic twins have a higher concordance rate than do dizygotic twins
In which test condition below would you expect a memory deficit in a rat with hippocampal damage
Morris Water Maze; released from a different starting point on each trial
_______ is autoimmune demyelinating disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Describe the concept and process of neuronal integration.
Neuronal integration is the process of a post- synaptic neuron combining a;; the EPSPs and IPSPs it receives from pre synaptic neurons. If there are enough EPSPs the neuron will likely fire an action potential and propagate the signal. Alternatively, if the IPSPs overtake and counteract the number of EPSPs, no action potential will be generated.
The difference between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that
Organizational effects are permanent
Low frequency sound will vibrate the ______ at a low frequency
Oval Window
Damage to the substantia nigra would be expected to produce
Parkinson's- like motor symptoms
The distinction between _______ and _____ seizures relates to whether these originate from a definite focus within the brain
Partial; generalized
The metencephalon contains two major structures. One is called the ____ and forms a "bridge"; the other is the _____, which if damaged would lead to jerky movements
Pons; cerebellum
By biting into one of the objects in panel 1 (mint) you'd get a cool feeling because you activated a bunch of _____ on your tongue
TRPM receptors
Fluorogold is used in tract tracing experiments. You decide to inject fluorogold into a brain region of interest. The Fluorogold will then be taken up by ______ and transported in a/an _____ direction, labeling the brain region that ______
Terminal buttons; retrograde, sends signals to you ROI
On a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?
The lateral nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information
which pathway below connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens
The mesolimbic system
EEG waves found in Stage 2 sleep
Theta, K complexes, sleep spindles
An important function of the corpus callosum is to permit sharing of information between the two hemispheres of the brain
True
Behavior is reinforced by treatments that release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
True
Benzodiazepines and alcohol increase the effectiveness of GABA receptors
True
CA1 pyramidal neurons form the primary output of the hippocampus
True
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen impairs the learning of an instrumentational task
True
Implicit memory is another name for non-declarative memory
True
In the auditory system, the ventral stream functions to determine what a sound is
True
Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences
True
Long term potentiations requires activation of synapses and depolarization postsynaptic neuron
True
Neurons in are V5 are sensitive to movement
True
Parkinson's can be induced by drugs such as MPTP
True
Perceptual learning refers to the ability to recognize familiar stimuli
True
Radial glia guide developing neurons to their final termination point within the brain
True
The five major developmental subdivisions rom anterior to posterior are: Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
True
The myelin sheath around an axon in the brain is formed by oligodendrocytes
True
The rate of death by unnatural causes is 28.8 times higher in people with affective disorder than in normal people
True
masculinization of internal reproductive organs systems will lead to the maturation of the Wolffian System
True
One of the reasons Phineas Gage had such a short temper was that he had no ________ to inhibit his________
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; amygdala
Abnormal or misfolded intracellular proteins are tagged by _______ molecule, which targets them for destruction by the _______
Ubiquitin, Proteasomes
If i were a sensory neuron who's specialized to transmit pain information from the finger to the spinal cord, I would likely be a
Unipolar Neuron
Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism that would result in drug tolerance?
a reduced number of tissue drug receptors
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow an organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequence
Wide Spread damage to the hypothalamus is likely to influence
all of the above
After parturition, progesterone _____, while estradiol and prolactin ________
decreases, increase
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine partly reflect an action on ____ projections of the _____
dopamine, mesolimbic pathway
Generally, termination of the postsynaptic potentials involves
either enzymatic degradation or reuptake of the neurotransmitter molecule
Dopamine acts to facilitate instrumental conditioning by
facilitating long lasting LTP
A key role of circuits within the brain is to perform behaviors
false
Pierre Flourens is known
for his development and use of the experimental ablation technique
Damage to which of the following brain areas disrupts spatial learning
hippocampus
fMRI is a powerful technology that allows researchers to examine_______ by assessing _____
how brain areas might function together; BOLD signal
The primary function of perceptual learning is to
identify and categorize objects
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in monkeys would be expected to
impair instrumental conditioning
A drug such as methylphenidate that blocks the dopamine transporter would be expected to
increase synaptic levels of dopamine
Injecting an animal with a dose of a chemical molecule that is a precursor for the biosynthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to
increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter
Anticonvulsant drugs work by
increasing the effectiveness of inhibitory synapses in the brain
The perforant pathway
interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus
Match the correct function with the appropriate neuronal organelle.
microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals
A ______ section divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
midsaggital
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long term potentiation is due to modification of the synapse to include
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors
A failure of hormones to de-masculinize a female rat's sexual behavior might result in her showing______ in some situations
mounting and thrusting
Primary visual cortes is located within the
occipital lobe
An alcoholic who abruptly stops drinking may experience a seizure because
of a sudden release from the inhibiting effects of the drug
An alcoholic who abruptly stops drinking may experience a seizure because
of a sudden release from the inhibiting effects of the drugs
A human who suffered damage to the inferior temporal cortex would be unable to
recognize familiar objects or people
Cytochrome Oxidase blobs are found in the _______, and the cells within these blobs play a key role in ______
striate cortex, color vision
The physical gap between two nerve cells across which messages are transmitted is the
synaptic cleft
Psychology is the
systematic study of behavior and experience
Patient H.M. was treated for severe epilepsy by bilateral removal of his
temporal lobes
The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates
the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
What are the two main components of the sleep/wake flip-flop circuit?
vlPOA, Arousal Systems