Physiological Psych. Module 2.2 Quiz

You are eating a food containing tryptophan. What can you consume with it to increase its entry to the brain?​

carbohydrates

Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are ____.​

slower and longer lasting

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in ____.​

vesicles

Avoiding foods with lecithin, such as eggs and peanuts, would affect the levels of which neurotransmitter the most?​

acetylcholine

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are ____.​

amino acids

Autoreceptors monitor the ____.​

amount of neurotransmitter released

"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____.​

back into the presynaptic neuron

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the ____.​

cell body

A hormone is a chemical that is ____.​

conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

Activation of autoreceptors tends to ____.​

decrease further neurotransmitter release

Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the ____.​

dendrites

The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is ____.​

diffusion

COMT and MAO are ____.​

enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals

The catecholamines include ____.​

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through its membrane by a process called ____.​

exocytosis

Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this?​

ionotropic

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?​

it is a gas

Which term refers to a chemical that binds to another chemical?​

ligand

Ionotropic effects ____.​

may depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane

Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane.​

neurotransmitters; G-proteins

In addition to influencing other neurons, ____ increases blood flow to a specific area of the brain.​

nitric oxide

Which neurotransmitter is released by stimulated neurons to dilate the blood vessels?​

nitric oxide

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?​

serotonin

In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s).​

several; many

Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because ____.​

the synaptic cleft is very narrow

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls secretions of the ____.​

adrenal cortex

"Second messengers" carry their messages to ____.​

areas within the postsynaptic cell

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.​

calcium

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?​

calcium into the cell

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____.​

can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell

​Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals by ____.

collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart, and measuring that heart rate

The anterior pituitary is composed of ____ and the posterior pituitary is composed of ____.​

glandular tissue; neural tissue

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____.​

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Vesicles are located ____.​

in presynaptic terminals

A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert a(n) ____ effect, or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.​

ionotropic; metabotropic

What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?​

it breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that ____.

it can send more complex messages

What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell?​

it is broken down into two components

A drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase will have the effect of ____.​

prolonging the action of acetylcholine at its synapses

Which category of chemicals includes adenosine and several of its derivatives?​

purines

Ionotropic effects are characterized by ____.​

rapid and short-lived effects

Which event is most likely to be dependent on ionotropic effects?​

rapid muscle contraction

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____.​

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

Hormones exert their effects ____.​

similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters

What is the synaptic cleft?​

the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

What happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell?​

the neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft

What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?​

they are all synthesized from the same amino acids