Physiology - 19 - Regulation of Metabolism

True or false: Target tissues for insulin include muscle and nervous tissue.

False

Consider carbohydrate metabolism. Compare the actions of thyroxine, epinephrine, and growth hormone with the action of insulin.

Their effects on carbohydrate metabolism are opposite those of insulin.

True or false: Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and gallbladder disease.

True

During the ____________ state, cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids occurs, with increases in glycogenesis, protein synthesis, and lipogenesis.

absorptive, feeding, or absorption

Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are stored during the _____ state and released during the _____ state.

absorptive; postabsorptive

Triglycerides are stored in cells called

adipocytes

The regulatory molecules secreted by adipose that influence hunger are the ______.

adipokines

As part of a negative feedback loop, ___________ tissue is affected by hunger and metabolism. Thus, this tissue must also influence hunger and metabolism.

adipose

The maintenance of the amount of adipose tissue in the body is due to the activity of a regulatory system called the ______.

adipostat

As an example of the influence of adiposity on reproductive function, excessively thin females typically experience:

amenorrhea

Type 2 diabetes is associated with ______.

an insulin resistance

Synthesis reactions are also called _____ reactions.

anabolic

Neurons from the ___________ nucleus of the hypothalamus project to other brain areas, regulating hunger.

arcuate

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) ______ disease.

autoimmune

The metabolic rate of an awake, rested, comfortable individual 12-14 hours after eating is called the ____________ metabolic rate.

basal

Parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of:

calcium balance

Basal metabolic rate, adaptive thermogenesis, and physical activity are components of:

caloric expenditure of the body

List disorders that have obesity as a risk factor.

cardiovascular disease some cancers diabetes mellitus

Damage to the hypothalamus can result in a loss of appetite termed ____.

hypophagia

The brain region called the _____________ contains areas involved in hunger and eating behavior.

hypothalamus or insula

Diabetes mellitus can be caused by the ______.

inadequate secretion of insulin

Exercise tends to ____ insulin sensitivity of tissues while obesity tends to _____ sensitivity.

increase/decrease

Consider the role of MSH in hunger regulation. When circulating energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids, etc.) are increased, the release of MSH is _____.

increased

The blood level of leptin ____ as levels of stored body fat increases.

increases

IGFs are ____________-like growth factors that interact with the growth hormone itself.

insulin

The effects of growth hormone are often mediated by a group of proteins called:

insulin-like growth factors

The adipokine called ____________ influences reproductive function, immune function, and fat storage.

leptin

The secretion of the hormone _________ from adipose cells increases as the amount of stored body fat increases.

leptin

Consider the influence of obesity and exercise on insulin sensitivity of tissues. A thin person who exercises often will typically secrete _____ insulin than a more sedentary person.

less

The breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids during fasting is

lipolysis

Plasma glucose is maintained in large part due to the secretion from the _____.

liver

The parathyroid hormone is secreted due to the _____.

low blood Ca2+ levels

Adipose content influences reproductive function. Late onset of puberty in adolescent females and amenorrhea in women is associated with:

low body fat

A fasting plasma glucose concentration of 90 mg/dl is _____.

normal

Vitamins are ____ molecules and minerals are ______.

organic; inorganic

Normal fasting plasma glucose concentration is:

65 to 105 mg/dl

List hormones that inhibit hunger.

PYY insulin CCK (cholecystokinin) leptin

Caloric expenditure includes ______.

physical activity adaptive thermogenesis basal metabolic rate

List the three major components of caloric expenditure by the body.

physical activity adaptive thermogenesis basal metabolic rate

Blood levels of glucose and amino acids are low during the ______ state.

postabsorptive

Fasting, when the concentrations of the blood glucose and amino acid fall, is also known as the __________ state

postabsorptive

The liver secretes glucose into the blood during the _______________ state

postabsorptive or fasting

The energy-providing dietary molecules include ______, as well as carbohydrates and fats.

proteins

Define adipostat.

regulatory system that maintains the amount of adipose tissue in the body

Indicate which two of the listed adipokines cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle cells.

resistin leptin

What is the function of white adipose tissue?

Energy storage

Type _______ diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease.

1, I, or one

Hormones that affect hunger come from various sources. Match each hormone with its source. 1. Ghrelin 2. Insulin 3. CCK and PYY 4. Leptin

1. Stomach 2. Pancreas 3. Intestines 4. Adipose tissue

Match the term describing formation of circulating energy substrates with the correct definition. 1. glycogenolysis 2. lipolysis 3. gluconeogenesis 4. ketogenesis

1. formation of glucose from glycogen 2. formation of fatty acids from triglycerides 3. production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources 4. formation of ketone bodies

Basal metabolic rate is measured:

12-14 hours after eating

Individuals with type _____ diabetes tend to be insulin resistant.

2, two, or II

Indicate the adipokine that is reduced with obesity while others are increased.

Adiponectin

Of the adipokines, which one increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells?

Adiponectin

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what endocrine structure?

Adrenal medulla

The breakdown of glycogen is called _____.

glycogenolysis

Intestinal bacteria can produce the ________ vitamins.

B or K

From the list, indicate events occurring during the absorptive state.

glycogenesis; lipogenesis amino acids and glucose move from blood into cells

From the following list, indicate the hormone that stimulates hunger.

Ghrelin

This list shows compounds that influence hunger. Indicate three that are released by the digestive tract.

Ghrelin Cholecystokinin PYY (polypeptide YY)

Glucagon causes _______.

glycogenolysis

Define glycogenolysis

Hydrolysis of glycogen

Name the brain area involved in hunger and eating.

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is most consistent with hypoglycemia?

Insulin shock

_____ causes glycogenesis and ______ causes glycogenolysis.

Insulin; glucagon

List examples of adipokines.

Leptin, resistin, adiponectin

____ occurs in times of plenty and _____ occurs in times of fasting.

Lipogenesis; lipolysis

When circulating energy substrates are increased, the release of ____ is also increased, to help suppress hunger.

MSH

______ are inorganic nutrients and _____ are organic.

Minerals; vitamins

Define the term free radical.

Molecule containing an unpaired electron

Consider insulin sensitivity of target tissues. Which individual will require a greater secretion of insulin to maintain their blood sugar?

Obese, sedentary individual

______ tends to decrease sensitivity of target tissues to insulin while _____ tends to increase it.

Obesity; exercise

Indicate two of the hunger-regulating hormones secreted by intestinal cells.

Polypeptide Y (PYY) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Name the function of the arcuate nucleus.

Regulation of hunger

Indicate three effects of leptin.

Regulation of hunger Altered helper T cell function Regulation of onset of puberty

Which of these thyroid gland hormones is physiologically more active?

T3 (triiodothyronine)

At target cells, ____ is converted to _____ before it can have an effect on the cells.

T4; T3

Osteoblasts are involved in bone _____ and osteoclasts are involved in bone _____.

deposition; resorption

Inadequate secretion or action of insulin results in the condition called:

diabetes mellitus

Ghrelin, PYY, and CCK are hormones from ____ that have the action of ____.

digestive tract; influencing hunger

Adipose tissue _____ influence hunger and metabolism.

does

Carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide __________ needed for body functions while vitamins and minerals do not.

energy or calories

ndicate the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla: (choose all that apply)

epinephrine norepinephrine

Vitamins are:

essential nutrients

Lipolysis occurs in times of _____ and lipogenesis occurs in times of _____.

fasting; plenty

A molecule that has an unpaired electron and is therefore highly reactive is called a(n) _____.

free radical

A fall in the blood glucose stimulates the release of the hormone _____________, which increases the gluconeogenesis in the liver.

glucagon

The formation of glycogen is ______.

glycogenesis

List examples of adipokines.

retinol binding protein 4 leptin resistin

List the adipokines that are increased in obesity.

retinol-binding protein 4 leptin resistin

Overdose of insulin is termed insulin

shock

List the four main target tissues for insulin.

skeletal muscle cardiac muscle adipose cells liver cells

Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are _____ during the absorptive state and ______ during the postabsorptive state.

stored; released

The fat located immediately deep to the skin is called ___________ fat.

subcutaneous

The term anabolism refers to:

synthesis reactions

The main source of glucose during the postabsorptive state is:

the liver

List hormones that antagonize the action of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism.

thyroxine cortisol growth hormone

White adipose tissue stores fat as a droplet of

triglycerides

The fat present in the mesenteries and greater omentum of the abdomen is called ____________ fat.

visceral

Small organic essential nutrients that serve as coenzymes are called:

vitamins

The major site of energy storage in the body is _____ adipose tissue.

white