Physiology chapter 16 blood
plasma
Antibodies against type A, B, and the Rh factor are found preformed in the _____.
oxygen
EPO is triggered by low ____ levels
agglutinate, lyse
If a person has antibodies (agglutinins) that react to the glycoproteins (antigens) on the red blood cells of donated blood, the cells will _______ or clump together and eventually _____.
cholesterol
The base molecule for steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts is:
vascular spasm
The first phase in hemostasis is ____ ____, which restricts blood volume to the area of injury
coagulation
The last step in hemostasis which reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as molecular glue for the aggregated platelets
electrolytes, proteins
The most abundant solute in plasma is ____, the most abundant by weight is ____
transferrin
The transport protein that carries iron in the blood is called
hemostasis
WHat is the term for the process to stop bleeding?
O
What blood type has antibodies against both type A and B antigens?
testosterone
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?
rouleaux formation
What is the formation of RBC clotting that increases RBC sedimentation rate in the centrifuge?
platelet derived growth factor
___ ____ ___ ___, released by platelets stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and build a vessel wall as the final stage in healing.
fibrinolysis
___ is the process of removing clots from blood vessels, a process that is important to maintaining open and smooth vessels
embolus
a clot that has dislodged and is moving is called:
embolism
a clot that has moved and again become lodged is called:
thrombus
a stationary clot is called a:
clot retraction
after coagulation, the fibrin contracts like a muscle squeezing serum out like water from a sponge, this is called:
enlarge, spicules
after platelets attach to the inner vessel wall, they ____ and grow _____
clotting factor
all hemophilia disease are missing what?
transporters, antibodies
alpha and beta globulins function as _____, gamma globulins function as _____.
thromboxanane
another chemical that is released which promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, heparin blocks this chemicalt
agglutinins
antibodies that react to the glycoproteins on the plasma membranes of red blood cells are called:
agglutinogens
antigens that determine a persons blood type are called:
thromboxin A2
aspirin works by blocking:
hemoglobin
bilirubin is a byproduct of the breakdown of what molecule in blood
plasmin, plasminogen
clots are digested by an enzyme called ____ which is produced when the plasma protein ___ is activated.
von willebrand factor
damaged collagen fibers in the tunica media release a protein called ___ to which platelets bind
tissue factor
extrinsic pathway is triggered by exposing blood to a factor found in tissues under the endothelium, also known as:
antigens
genetically determined glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of RBC's are called:
vitamin K
impaired liver function can cause hemophilia since this specific ion is required for liver cells to manufactor clotting factors:
negatively charged surfaces
intrinsic pathway is triggered by:
clotting, tissue
intrinsic pathways use ____ factor, whereas extrinsic pathways use ____ factors.
4.7-6.1
men have approximately ____ RBCs per microliter of blood
7.35-7.45
normal blood pH is:
13-18, 12-16
normal hemoglobin levels in adult males is ______ grams per 100 mL of blood and ____ for females.
47, 42
normal male hematocrit is __-%, normal female is ___%.
osmotic pressure
one of albumins main jobs is to contribute to _____ ____ in the blood stream.
thrombocytopenia
petechiae (purplish spots) on the skin are a sign of:
prothrombin activator
phase 1 of coagulation ends with the formation of a complex substance called
prothrombin, thrombin
phase two of coagulation is converting the plasma protein _____ into the active enzyme _____
90
plasma is ___% water
tissue plasminogen activator
plasminogen is converted to plasmin (a clot digesting enzyme) by:
first
prothrombin activator formed is what phase of coagulation?
ferritin, hemosiderin
since iron is toxic, protein-iron complexes such as ___ and ___ hold iron as a "prisoner"
heme
the ____ group of the hemoglobin is a pigment that binds to iron
thrombocytopenia
the condition in which the number of circulating platelets is deficient is called:
fibrin mesh
the end point of phase 3 of coagulation is a ___ ___ that traps blood cells and effectively seals the hole until the blood vessel can be permanently repaired.
alpha, beta
the globin group of hemoglobin is a protein consisting of four polypeptide chains, two are ___ two are ___
prothrombin activator
the goal of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting factors is the formation of
tunica media
the inner layer of epithelial tissue that lines blood vessels and makes them slippery
fibrinogen
the main blood protein involved with clotting is:
albumin
the most abundant protein found in the blood is:
lipoprotein
the protein package that transports cholesterol through the blood is called:
platelet plug formation
the second step in hemostasis is:
bilirubin
the yellow color of a few days old bruise is caused by build up of ______, secondary to breakdown of the blood in the brouise
vitamin K
warfarin and Coumadin block _____ which is required by the liver for some of the clotting factors
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
what are the three main plasma proteins?
calcium
what is the ion that is used to activate clotting factor 9 and is essential to blood clotting?
