Physiology Fox 14e chapter 13 Blood, heart, and circulation

a persons ABO blood type:

- is genetically determined -results from products of DNA sequences on chromosome 9

which of the following are nutrients necessary for hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis: 1. vitamin b12 2.folate (folic acid) 3. iron 4. vitamin A

1,2,3 rationale: the production of red blood cells and synthesis of hemoglobin depends on the supply of iron, along with that of vitamin b12 and folic acid

Place in the order of activation of molecules leading to the DISSOLUTION (break up) of a blood clot.

1. Activation of factor XII 2. Activation of kallikrein 3. plasminogen is converted to plasmin 4. fibrin in clot converted to "split products"

Hemostatic mechanisms include:

1. bood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction) 2. reinforcement of a platelet plug with fibrin 3.formation of a platelet plug

leukocytes unlike erythrocytes: 1. have a nucleus and mitochondria when mature 2. are shaped like flattened disc 3. are capable of amoeboid movement

1. have a nucleus and mitochondria when mature 2. are capable of amoeboid movement

Stages of erythropoiesis. The proliferation and differentiation of cells that will become mature erythrocytes occurs in the bone marrow and is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin, secreted by the KIDNEYS.

1. hemocytoblast (stem cell) 2. Proerythroblast (stimulated by erythropoietin to become an erythroblast) 3. Erythroblast 4. Normoblast (nucleus is expelled then becomes a reticulocyte) 5.Reticulocyte 6.Erythrocytes (released into blood)

features of erythrocytes that are directly related to the transport of oxygen include:

1. the absence of mitochondria 2. its biconcave disc shape 3. the absence of a nucleus

erythrocytes, unlike leukocytes: 1. are capable of amoeboid movement 2. are usually confined to the bloodstream 3. are biconcave disc rather than spherical 4. have a nucleus and a mitochondria when mature

2. are usually confined to the bloodstream 3. are biconcave disc rather than spherical

In healthy adults, the normal ranges for females and males, respectively are _____ million erythrocytes per cumin millimeter of blood.

4.3-5.2....5.1-5.8 rationale: a cubic millimeter of blood normally contains 5.1 million to 5.8 million erythrocytes in males. and 4.3 to 5.2 million erythrocytes in females. By contrast the same volume of blood contains only 5,000-9,000 leukocytes

Each hemoglobin molecule contains _____ heme groups and ____ globin chains.

4;4 rationale: each erythrocyte contains approximately 280 million hemoglobin molecules, which give blood its red color. each hemoglobin molecule consist of four protein chains called globes, each of which is bound to one heme, a red pigmented molecule that contains iron. the iron group of heme is able to combine with oxygen in the lungs and release oxygen in the tissues.

In a healthy adult, most of the leukocytes visible in a blood smear are _______.

Answer: Neutrophils rationale: the stain used to identify white blood cells is usually a mixture of a pink-to red stain called eosin and a blue-to-purple stain which is called "basic stain" granular leukocytes with pink-staining granules are therefore called eosinophils, and those with blue-staining granules are called basophils. Those with granules that have little affinity for either stain are neutrophils. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of leukocyte, accounting for 50-70% of the leukocytes in the blood.

the substate of the reaction catalyzed by thrombin is the soluble plasma protein ______ and the products are insoluble monomers called _______.

Thrombin converts the soluble fibrinogen into fibrin monomers. these monomers are joined together to produce the insoluble fibrin polymers that form a meshwork supporting the platelet plug.

fibrinogin

accounts for only about 4% of the total plasma proteins, is an important clotting factor produced by the liver. during the process of clot formation fibrinogen is converted into insoluble threads of fibrin.

The largest of the leukocytes are the ____.

answer: Monocytes rationale: there are two types of granular leukocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes are usually the second most numerous type of leukocyte; they are small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm. Monocytes, by contrast, are the largest of the leukocytes and generally have kidney- or horse- shoe shaped nuclei

If a major cross-match is not performed or is not performed correctly, the donors erythrocytes may be linked by the recipients antibodies, causing the cells to clump together or ____.

answer: agglutinate rationale: before transfusions are performed, a major crossmatch is made by mixing serum from the recipient with the blood cells from the donor. if they types do not match- if the donor is type a for example and the recipient is type b -- the recipients antibodies attach to the donors red blood cells and form bridges that cause the cells to clump together, or agglutinate.

iron is a trace mineral required for _______.

answer: hemoglobin synthesis rationale: the production of red blood cells and synthesis of hemoglobin depends on the supply of iron, along with that of vitamin b12 and folic acid.

erythrocytes with Rho(D) on the surface are found in a person with

answer: postive rationale: another gourd of antigens found on the red blood cells of most people is the Rh factor (named for the rhesus monkey in which the antigens were first discovered). There are a number of different antigens in this group, but one stands out because of its medical significance. This Rh antigen is termed D and is often indicated as Rho(D). if this Rh antigen is present on a persons red blood cells, the person is Rh POSITIVE. if it is absent the person is Rh NEGATIVE. The Rh -positive condition is by far the more common with a frequency of 85% in the caucasian population.

The molecule that stimulates production of platelets and their precursors, megakaryocytic, is ________.

answer: thrombopoietin (a cytokine) rationale: scientist have identified a specific cytokine that stimulates proliferation of megakaryocytic and their maturation into platelets. By analogy with erythropoietin they named this regulatory molecule thrombopoietin.

proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens are called ____

antibodies

folate and vitamin b 12

are water soluble organic molecules

vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ____.

arteries

granulocytes with dark, blue staining granules that obscure the nucleus are called _______.

basophils

a platelet plug reinforced with fibrin, which may also include trapped erythrocytes, is called a:

blood clot

erythrocytes from a person with type AB blood considered the universal recipient, could safely receive erythrocytes from a person with type ) blood the universal donor, as long as very little donor plasma is included in the transfused

blood donation

the products of digestion, once absorbed, travel through the ____ to reach the cells of the body.

blood, and lymphatic vessels (circulatory system)

in the presence of ____, clotting factors activated in the intrinsic pathway stimulate the common pathway.

calcium CA2+ and phospholipids

the heart and blood vessels are components of the ____ system, and the spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow are components of the ______ system; together all of these organs compose the ______system.

cardiovascular; lymphatic; circulatory

when blood vessels are damaged due to injury blood loss is minimized by ____ formation.

clot

CD39

converts ADP to AMP

autocrine regulators of the immune system that stimulate leukocyte production are called ____

cytokines

the hormone that stimulates red blood cell synthesis _______ is produced and secreted by cells in the _____.

erythropoietin.....kidneys

erythrocytes primary function

gas transport in the bood

globulins

globulins are gourd into three subtypes: alpha globulins, beta globulins , and gamma globulins. the alpha and beta globulins are produced by the liver and function in transporting lipids and fat soluble vitamins. gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes and function in immunity.

stained leukocytes with visible cytoplasmic granules are called ______ leukocytes; those lacking clearly visible granules are called _____ leukocytes.

granular; granular

A blood value called the ____ refers to the percentage of total blood volume made up of erythrocytes.

hematocrit

the term ___ refers to the synthesis of formed elements.

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis rationale: blood cells are constantly formed through a process called hematopoiesis (also called hemopoiesis). The hematopoietic stem cells- those that give rise to blood cells- originate in the yolk sac of the human embryo and then migrate in sequence to regions around the aorta, to the placenta, and then to the liver of a fetus.

iron-deficiency anemia

hemoglobin synthesis impaired by insufficient iron in the diet

the term _____ means cessation of bleeding.

hemostasis

The processes that prevent loss of blood from circulation when a blood vessel is damaged are collective called _____ mechanisms

hemostatic

aplastic anemia

inability to produce erythrocytes due to bone marrow destroyed by exposure to chemicals (benzene, for example) or radiation

pernicious anemia

inability to produce erythrocytes due to vitamin b 12 deficient diet or low to no production of intrinsic factor

prostacyclin

inhibits platelet adhesion to endothelial cells

formation of fibrin in an intact blood vessel without the introduction of a chemical from outside the bloodstream is called the _________ pathway.

intrinsic

erythropoietin

is a hormone produced by the kidneys

cells in the ____ can sense blood oxygen content and release erythropoietin when blood oxygen falls below normal levels; cells with receptors for erythropoietin are located in ________.

kidneys; bone marrow rationale: the primary regulator of erythropoiesis is erythropoietin produced by the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia when blood oxygen levels are decreased. One of the possible causes of decreased blood oxygen levels is a decreased red blood cell count. Because of this erythropoietin stimulation, the daily production of new red blood cells compensates for the daily destruction of old red blood cells, preventing a decrease in the blood oxygen content.

lymphoid tissues include

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

a large, granular leukocyte with a kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus is a

monocyte

Platelets: - are enucleate cell fragments -are capable of amoeboid movement, like some leukocytes -are derived from precursor cells that remain in bone marrow after the platelets form (megakaryocytes)

or thrombocytes are the smaller of the formed elements, and are actually fragments of large cells called megakaryocytic which are found in bone marrow. The fragments that enter the circulation as platelets lack nuclei but like leukocytes, are capable of amoeboid movement. the platelet count per cubic millimeter of blood rangers from 130,000 to 4000,000. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting. They constitute most of the mass of the blood clot, and phospholipids in their cell membranes activate the clotting factors in plasma that result in threads of fibrin, which reinforce the lately plug. Platelets that attach together in a blood clot release serotonin, a chemical that stimulates constriction of blood vessels, thus reducing the flow of blood to the injured area.Platelets also secrete growth factors, which are important in maintaining the integrity of blood vessels.

erythrocytes are removed from circulation by _____ in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. 1. receptor-mediated endocytosis 2.apoptosis 3.phagocytosis

phagocytosis

blood clots contain: 1. platelets 2.fibrin 3.erythrocytes 4. fibrinogen

platelets, fibrin, erythrocytes rationale: the platelet plug is strengthened by a meshwork of insoluble protein fibers known as fibrin. blood clots therefore are composed of platelets and fibrin, and they usually contain trapped red blood cells that give the clot a red color.

leukocytes primary function

protection from pathogens

albumins

rationale: plasma proteins constitute 7-9% of the plasma. The three types of proteins are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumens account for most (60-80%) if the plasma proteins are are the smallest in size. they are produced by the liver and provide the osmotic pressure needed to draw water from the surrounding tissue fluid into the capilaties. this action is needed to maintain blood volume and pressure.

a molecule able to induce or stimulate the production of antibodies and to react in a specific manner with antibodies is called an _____.

rationale: there are certain molecules on the surfaces of all cells in the body that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system of another individual. these molecules are known as antigens. as part of the immune response, particular lymphocytes secrete a class of proteins called antibodies that bond in a specific fashion with antigens. the specificity of antibodies for antigens is analogous to the specificity of enzymes for their substrates, and of receptor proteins for neurotransmitters and hormones.

Myeloid tissues include:

red bone marrow of the long bones, ribs. sternum, pelvis, bodies of the vertebrae and portions of the skull.

lymphocytes are usually the _____ most numerous type of leukocyte.

second; they are small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm.

endothelium

separates collagen and other platelet activating substances from the blood stream

plasma minus fibrinogen equals ____.

serum

nitric oxide

stimulates vasodilation

platelets primary function

stoppage of bleeding

in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, _____ is derived from prothrombin.

thrombin

the immune system exhibits ____ to its own erythrocyte antigens but not to foreign erythrocyte antigens.

tolerance; non-reactivity