Physiology - Unit 2 Assessment
Which of the following cells is involved in our immune inflammatory response?
Mast cells, Macrophages
Insertion
More movable bone
Which skeletal cell is pictured here? Slug turtle-looking thing
Osteoclasts
Identify all cells of the Skeletal System.
Osteogenic Cells Osteoblasts Bone Lining Cells Osteoclasts
What is the name of this entire structure? Bone thing we needed for the structures fluency quiz
Osteon
Which subcutaneous layer is responsible for producing fingerprint patterns?
Papillary Layer
By 30 years of age, we begin a gradual loss of muscle mass called ______________.
Sarcopenia
In our Lab: The Cell Cycle & Cancer, which cancer showed the most aggressive growth?
Stomach Cancer
Which subcutaneous layer of the integument are epidermal stem cells found?
Stratum Basale
Which subcutaneous layer produces simple columnar epithelium, keratinocytes, which constantly pushes up to the surface?
Stratum Basale
All muscles require oxygen in order to contract. But, what happens if oxygen cannot reach the muscle fast enough or if oxygen is prevented from reaching the muscle?
The Lactic Acid Cycle
Why is a cast applied to fractures?
The cast exerts pressure upon the bone in specific directions to help it remodel normally
What is the definition of Articular Cartilage?
The covering of bone surfaces to absorb compression.
How many organs does the Integumentary System have?
1
Identify what occurs during Phase 1 of an Action Potential of the muscular system
1) action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron 2) calcium causes acetylcholine to be released 3) calcium ion channels open and calcium enters axon terminal 4) acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse of the motor neuron to bind to sarcolemma 5) acetylcholine bonds to ion channels to allow
How many organs are in the Muscular System?
650
Which of the following chemical structures functions as an antibacterial for our integumentary system?
Acid mantle and Sebum
Identify what occurs first during Phase 2 of an action potential
Action Potential travels across the entire Sarcolemma
Identify what occurs first during Phase 1 of an Action Potential of the muscular system
Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron
Which of the following cells is filled with lipids?
Adipocyte
Which specific tissue type of the hypodermis makes it a good shock absorber?
Adipose tissue
Which phase of the Hair Growth Cycle is known as the Growing Phase and lasts for 2 to 7 years?
Anagen
Epiphysis label (image)
B
Which of the following are common electrolytes of the integumentary system?
Calcium Magnesium Sodium Chlorine Potassium
Identify the stem cells of the integument
Epidermal Stem Cell Dermal Stem Cell
Identify all special characteristics of the muscular system.
Excitability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity
How can one common human descendant lead to all the diversity of human races we see today?
Genetic Diversity Hundreds of thousands of years Evolution Common ancestor from Africa
Which of the Integumentary chemicals is pictured here? H2C, CH2, N, FE, OH, O
Hemoglobin
During the Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, what is the independent variable?
Time
Which muscle tissues contain gap junctions?
a) smooth b) cardiac
Why are our nails so hard?
Keratin
Which of the following is the common name of the largest joint of the skeletal system?
Knee
What is the name of the structure labeled A? *Be able to identify this using a microscope for the Unit Assessment.
Lacunae
What is the name of the structure labeled D?
Lamellae
Explain how individuals have their specific skin colors with what you know about a Melanocyte.
Lighter skin individuals have less melanocytes Darker skin individuals have more melanocytes
Which of the following best describes skeletal muscle tissue?
Long, cylindrilical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
What are factors contributing to the high rates of the older populations in these countries compared to others?
Low birth rates High level of respect and care for older population High quality dietary options High quality healthcare
Case Study: how does tattoo ink stay permanently in the skin?
Macrophage cells filled with the foreign invader, ink, get stuck in the matrix of the dermis after healing.
Clinical Study: hair thinning can be induced by a number of factors: acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma, certain drugs (vitamin A, antidepressants, blood thinners, anabolic steroids, chemotherapy drugs), protein-deficient diets and lactation. Explain how.
Many of these factors upset the hair growth cycle which replaces hair loss with new hair in certain areas of the body. Protein-deficient diets and lactation, in particular, can also lead to hair thinning due to a decrease or absence in the body of the proteins required for controlling hair growth.
Which of the Integumentary System chemicals is pictured here? O, O, N, H
Melanin
Which primary molecule does a melanocyte use?
Melanin
Which of the following chemical structures functions as skin, hair and eye color for our integumentary system?
Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin
Which of the following cells is an oval-shaped cell body surrounded by a membrane that interacts with nerve endings in the skin with synapse-like structures within Stratum Basale?
Merkel Disc
During the Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, what effect did changing the concentration of the sugar solution have on the rate of fermentation according to this data?
More sugar = more alcohol fermentation
Functions of the muscular system
Movement of the body Maintenance of posture Respiration Production of body heat Communication Constriction of organs and vessels Contraction of the heart
What is the definition of a Tendon?
Muscles to Skeletal Structures (Bone or Cartilage)
Which tissue type transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity?
Nervous Tissue
Why did astronauts' bone mass decrease even though they exercised?
No gravitational forces on bone
How is race based on biology?
On a genetic level, our skin, hair and eye color, along with many other physiological traits, are coded for in our DNA and inherited from our parents. On a genetic level, our risk for certain diseases can be coded for in our DNA and inherited from our parents.
A muscle is attached to 2 bones: the Origin & the Insertion. Which is the immovable or less moveable bone?
Origin
Which tissue type is characterized by concentric rings known as osteons?
Osseous Connective Tissue
What secrete bone cell matrix: 90% collagen + calcium-binding proteins to make up bone (Osteoid). They also play a role in matrix calcification?
Osteoblasts
Which skeletal cell is pictured here? Bunch of circles attached to each other with dots in the middle
Osteoblasts
________________ are located at sites of bone resorption. Rest in shallow depression called a Resorption Bay.
Osteoclasts
A drug was prescribed of osteoporosis that inhibits osteoclast activity, why?
Osteoclasts reabsorb minerals in bone, the doctor wants to block these cells to prevent from further decrease in bone density
What are mature bone cells that occupy spaces (Lacunae) that conform to their shape?
Osteocytes
Which skeletal cell is pictured here? Slug-looking thing with dendrite-like extensions
Osteocytes
What are AKA Osteoprogenitor Cells. Flattened squamous cells or differentiate into osteoblasts, bone lining cells or osteogenic cells.
Osteogenic Cells
What is a mitotically active stem cell which grows bones or differentiates into different bone cell types?
Osteogenic Cells
Which skeletal cell is pictured here? Slug-like thing with arms and a circle in the middle that is attached to a bunch of squares with circles in the middle against bone
Osteogenic cells
What consists of dense irregular connective tissue and iatrogenic stem cells; contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels to supply marrow?
Periosteum
________________ is produced by involuntary innervation to slowly contract and relax smooth muscles.
Peristalis
Which of the following chemical compounds is the skeletal structure composed of?
Phosphate, Collagen, Proten
Case Study: why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem?
Profuse sweating on a hot day is beneficial due to the evaporative cooling releasing heat from our body to maintain our temperature. Profuse sweating is problematic as we have an excessive loss of water and electrolytes.
What is the correct order of the phases of Mitosis?
Prophase > Metaphase > Anaphase > Telophase
How is race a cultural or social idea?
Race is a cultural or social idea as many people feel they belong to a certain race based on the location they were born in, or from their parents' culture, rather than entirely biological or physiological factors. There are many different physiological characteristics that belong to one "race" that may not be typical of the social or cultural idea of that race. The definitions of different races have changed over time. An individual may even think they are one race and belong to a specific culture, but actually are different genetically.
What type of marrow is the place where hematopoesis occurs?
Red marrow
Which phase of the Hair Growth Cycle is where the old hair sheds and a new hair continues to grow? Approximately 50 to 150 hairs can fall out daily, this is considered to be normal hair shedding.
Resting
What is the name of the anatomical tool all the way to the left?
Scalpel
In our lab, which tool is the sharpest?
Scissors
What is the name of the anatomical tool all the way to the right?
Scissors
What occurs during the Inflammation stage of tissue repair?
Severed blood vessels bleed Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins, and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area Clotting occurs Scab forms on surface
Which of the following cell types form a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide?
Simple columnar epithelium
Our skin grows and repairs itself as cells are first created as __________, then move up in the layers to become ____________ until they reach the top layer as ____________.
Simple columnar epithelium; simple cuboidal epithelium; stratified squamous epithelium
Which tissue type is E?
Skeletal Muscle
Which of the following muscle tissues is found in hollow organs such as the bladder?
Smooth
Which of the following muscle tissues is longitudinally and circularly arranged layers?
Smooth
Which of the following best describes smooth muscle tissue?
Spindle-shapes (elongated) cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
Which of the following cell types consists of flattened cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane?
Stratified squamos epithelium
Where are melanocytes found in the integumentary system?
Stratum Basale
During our first dissection, we prepared a microscope slide of the integument like this image. Which subcutaneous layer is indicated by the star?
Stratum Corneum
Case Study: while working barefoot in a barn, Jeremy stepped on a rusty nail that penetrated the epidermis on the sole of his foot. Name the layers the nail pierced from the superficial skin to the junction with the dermis.
Stratum Corneum > Stratum Granulosum > Stratum Spinosum > Stratum Lucidum > Stratum Basale
During our first dissection, we prepared a microscope slide of the integument like this image. Which subcutaneous layer is directly below the layer indicated by the star?
Stratum Granulosum
Why is Stratum Lucidum only found in thick skin (and not thin skin)?
Stratum Lucidum provides an additional layer of skin for extra protection on highly used areas of the body liked our hands and feet.
Which phase of the Hair Growth Cycle lasts around three months? Around 10-15 percent of hairs are in this phase. Whilst the old hair is resting, a new hair begins the growth phase.
Telogen
Identify all the muscular system's relationships with other systems of the body.
The Integumentary System protects muscles by external enclosure and dissipates the heat generated by muscles. Nervous system stimulates the skeletal system. Endocrine system influences skeletal muscle strength and mass. Hormones regulate smooth and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles in the lower legs assist with returning blood to the Cardiovascular System. Respiratory system provides oxygen to the muscles and disposes of carbon dioxide.
Why do the elderly have an intolerance of cold?
The adipose distribution in the integumentary changes
Stratum Basale is also called Stratum Germinativum, which refers to its major function. What is that function?
The basal cell layer is also known as the due to the fact that it is constantly germinating (producing) new cells.
In addition to the integument providing a protective barrier and temperature regulation for all other systems, the integumentary is connected to other systems, specifically by:
The integument synthesizes Vitamin D needed for normal calcium absorption and deposit in bone. The digestive system provides nutrients needed for the integument. The integument excretes salts and nitrogenous wastes from the urinary system through our sweat.
Clinical Study: we are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacteria, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin?
The low pH of the skin secretions, otherwise known as the acid mantle, retards the multiplication of bacteria on the skin. In areas where sufficient sebum is produced regularly, many species of bacteria cannot exist. Beside the barrier qualities of the skin it is also true that not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on skin.
Case Study: during a Heart Attack, oxygen-rich blood is prevented from reaching the heart due to a blocked artery. The heart will still continue to beat, but parts of the heart will begin to die. Symptoms can last for hours, days or weeks with: shortness of breath, cold sweats, nausea, vomiting and pain in different areas of the body. Women typically feel pain in their neck, jaw or back. Men typically feel pain in the chest or shoulder, which is the signature symptom of a heart attack. Figure out where the pain of a Heart Attack comes from.
The pain is from the burning sensation produced by the lactic acid as the heart goes through the Lactic Acid Cycle in the absence of oxygen.
What is the definition of a Joint Cavity?
The space containing Synovial Fluid to reduce friction between articular cartilage.
Clinical Study: the temperature yesterday was an uncomfortable 98 degrees Fahrenheit. You unwisely chose to play tennis at noon, counting on your body's internal defenses to protect you against heat exhaustion. How did your body respond to this distress?
The thermoreceptors sense the temperature change, and neural stimulation responds by stimulating sweat glands. Their watery products evaporated at the skin surface and cooled the body. Blood vessels in the dermis also responded by dilating and releasing heat to the exterior.
Clinical Study: a patient with severe 3rd degree burns has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is blackened and burnt away, in some parts, and without sensation. The damage has extended beyond the skin and into the underlying tissue. What are the 2 biggest problems with this patient's health that result from the 3rd degree burn?
The two most important problems encountered clinically with a victim of 3rd degree burns are a lack of water and nutrition, and the risk of infection. Burn patients require many calories beyond what is practical to consume to support the healing process. Also, intact skin acts as a barrier limiting the loss of water from the body and invasion of various microorganisms. Loss of this protective covering allows extensive fluid loss and leaves the body vulnerable to these microorganisms.
Why do skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei?
To generate high amounts of ATP necessary for contraction
how does the Melanocyte become Melanoma (cancer)?
Too much UV light
The nerves of the integument can sense which of the following?
Touch, Pressure, Heat, Pain
What composes the top layer of our integument?
Toughened and flattened corneocytes of the stratum corneum
What are flat pieces that are filled with red or yellow bone marrow within spongy bone?
Trabeculae
True of False: All muscle cells derive from myoblasts
True
True or False? At birth, a baby has all its muscles and muscle fibers.
True
True or False? Bone, areolar connective tissue, connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and blood have great regenerative capacities.
True
True or False? Melanocytes respond to Ultraviolet (UV) light radiation.
True
True or False? Mid-adolescence is the peak of natural control of muscles, but athletic training can improve it.
True
True or False? Mitosis is controlled by hundreds of genes and errors are common.
True
True or False? Nearly all joints of the body, especially the limbs, are synovial joints.
True
True or False? People with oily skin delay aging.
True
True or False? Poor nutrition during infancy can lead to poor vellus hair growth.
True
True or False? Terminal hairs begin to replace vellus in response to androgens.
True
True or False? The heart has its own independent nervous system of the body.
True
True or false? Smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres or myofibrils.
True
True or false? Someone can believe they are one race, but genetically be a different race.
True
True or false? newborns and infants have a much higher proportion of red marrow than yellow marrow compared to adults
True
How likely is it for knee cartilage to regenerate? (Case study)
Unlikely, damage to cartilage is not really repaired by the body because cartilage is not vascular
Which type of hair is found in newborns, infants and the elderly?
Vellus hair
When a baby is born, the integumentary system is covered in ________________.
Vernix Caseosa
Which of the following maintain our body temperature range via movement of heat?
Water loss, sweat evaporation, blood vessel dilation
Which theory of aging states that, "The cumulative effect of assaults (ex: environmental toxins) leads to accelerated rates of cell death in the body"?
Wear and Tear Theory
Where is your smallest bone?
Within the ear
Does smooth muscle contain thick and thin filaments?
Yes, although it does not contain striations
Identify all unique features of the newborn for growth, development, and differentiation of the skeletal system
a) 300 bones b) higher proportion of RED marrow c) high level of skeletal growth
Observe at least 4 changes that occurred at the chemical level during a muscular contraction from the images
a) A band moved closer b) H zone disappeared c) I bands shortened d) distance between z discs shortened
Identify all structures and functions of bone markings
a) Can be conduits for blood vessels and nerves b) serve as joint surfaces c) sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment d) projections, depressions, and openings on the external surface of bone
Identify all stages of remodeling
a) Osteoclasts absorb existing bone of the interior. b) Osteoclasts and osteoblasts form new bone on the exterior. c) Epiphysis at ends of long bones separated from diaphysis by Epiphyseal Plate. d) Bone deposition (new bone creation) occurs at Epiphyseal Plate. e) When growth is complete, epiphyseal plate disappears and turns into Epiphyseal line
Identify all stages of Ossficiation
a) Osteon forms. b) Compact & spongy bone with marrow form. c) Osteoblasts form and deposit new bone tissue. d) Cartilage cells die. e) blood vessels
Identify what happens during Phase 2 of an Action Potential of the muscular system
a) action potential travels across entire sarcolemma b) calcium ions are released c) calcium bonds to troponin d) myosin binds to actin to begin contraction
Wolff's Law states that...
a) after an injury to bone, placing specific stress on specific directions can help it remodel and become normal again b) lack of forces/exercise leads to decrease in bone growth and mass
An action potential in the muscular system is essentially...
a) biochemical communication b) sequence of events of chemicals communicating with other chemicals to trigger a muscle contraction
Identify all structural features of typical long bone
a) compact and spongy bone b) diaphysis and epiphysis c) periosteum and endosteum d) red and yellow marrow e) bone markings
Which of the following muscle tissues have striations?
a) skeletal b) cardiac
How does a baby's large and bony skull fit through the pelvis of it's mother?
a) sutures allow bones to move during birth process; expansion joint, symmetrically shaped head b) if sutures close too early, possibly no growth in that area, abnormal head shape c) 2 fontanelles, covered by tough membranes that protect underlying soft tissues and brain
Identify what occurs during the sliding filament model
a) when the nervous system stimulates muscle fibers, the myosin on the thick filaments latch onto the actin of the thin filaments to begin sliding b) the attachment forms and breaks multiple times during a muscle contraction to generate tension and propel thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere c) all sarcomeres in the cell slide simultaneously to make the muscle cell shorten
Select all structures of the sarcomere
a) z disc b) h zone c) i band
Which of the following best describes cardiac muscle tissue?
branched, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions known as intercalated discs
Which is the strongest muscle in the body?
masseter
What occurs during the Organization stage of tissue repair?
1) Epithelial cells multiply over granulation 2) Macrophages phagocytize dead cells
How long does each skin cell of the epidermis live?
2 to 3 weeks
During the Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, which of the following solutions was optimum for the Yeast according to this data?
30% sucrose solution
All non-sex cells in an organism are said to be diploid. This means that they have a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes. A goldfish has 96 chromosomes. What is the haploid number for a goldfish?
48
All non-sex cells in an organism are said to be diploid. This means that they have a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes. A potato has 48 chromosomes. After going through the cell cycle, how many chromosomes would be in one daughter cell of a potato?
48
How long before bony callus develops?
6 to 12 weeks
Diaphysis bone label (image)
A
When preparing a microscope slide in our lab, a specimen must be cut as small and thin as possible. Explain why.
A specimen must be thin enough for the microscope's light to pass through especially with the higher objectives A specimen must be able to fit underneath the coverslip
Which of the following are epithelial tissues?
A, B, D
Which of the following include squamous cells?
A, D
During the Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, why was there no fermentation in the control group, despite the presence of yeast?
Absence of sugar
During our Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, the yeast breaks down the sugar molecules to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol (ethanol) also known as ______________.
Alcohol Fermentation
Identify what occurs during Rigor Mortis
All available answers
During the Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Amount of carbon dioxide in the balloon Circumference of the balloon
Identify the correct sequence of the Hair Growth Cycle.
Anagan > Catagen > Telogen > Resting
Clinical Study: in women, both the ovaries and adrenal glands normally produce small amounts of androgens (male hormones). Excessive hairiness, or hirsutism, as well as other signs of masculinization, may result from an adrenal gland or ovarian tumor that secretes abnormally large amounts of androgene. How does this condition create excessive hair growth? What is a potential solution?
Androgens, male hormones, can stimulate excessive hair growth in the regions where males typically have terminal hair, which is coarse, thick and dark, and appears on the face, chest, arms and legs. Since few women want a beard or hairy chest, such tumors are surgically removed as soon as possible.
During our Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, which type of organism underwent alcohol fermentation?
Bacteria
Identify all functions of the Integumentary system
Barrier from external environment Protection from foreign agents and disease Retention of bodily fluids Temperature maintenance Elimination of waste
Which skeletal cell is pictured here? Bunch of rectangles with circles in the middle attached to bone
Bone Lining Cells
________________ are flat cells on the external surface (Periosteal Cells) or lining the internal surface (Endosteal Cells).
Bone Lining Cells
What is the definition of a Ligament?
Bone/Cartilage to Bone/Cartilage
Select the structure and function of Fibrous Joints of the Skeletal System
Bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, and lack a joint cavity. Amount of movement depends on length of connective tissue, and most are immovable but some are slightly movable.
Select the structure and function of Cartilaginous Joints of the Skeletal System.
Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, and lack a joint cavity. Immovable or slightly movable.
Compact bone label (image)
C
Which tissue is cardiac muscle?
C
All non-sex cells in an organism are said to be diploid. This means that they have a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes. A potato has 48 chromosomes. After going through the cell cycle, how many chromosomes would be in one daughter cell of a potato?
C, E
Which of the following chemical compounds is stored in the skeletal structure?
Calcium, Water
What is the name of the structure labeled B?
Canaliculi
When studying cell division in tissue samples, scientists often calculate a mitotic index, which is the ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in the sample. Scientists use the mitotic index to compare the growth rates of different types of tissue. Which type of tissue would have a higher mitotic index, normal tissue or cancerous tissue? Explain.
Cancerous tissues have a higher mitotic index as the failure of checkpoints allows cancerous cells to divide much faster than normal cells.
During our Lab: Yeast Fermentation Experiment, which of the following products was filling the balloon?
Carbon Dioxide
Which of the Integumentary System chemicals is pictured here? Long string of H
Carotene
Which type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Cartilaginous
Which phase of the Hair Growth Cycle is the transitional stage that lasts about ten days? The hair follicle shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla.
Catagen
As we age, which of the following decrease?
Cell Replacement Skin Thickness Gland Production Melanocytes Collagen Fibers
How do stem cells become a specialized cell of the integumentary system?
Cell differentiation
The cell holds an organism's genetic information in the sequence of nucleotides, or nitrogen bases, found in that organisms DNA. When it is time for cells to reproduce that DNA becomes tightly coiled into the structure shown in the picture. Identify the name of this structure.
Chromosome
Which of the following chemical structures functions as support, flexibility & strength for our integumentary system?
Collagen and Elastin
Which of the following cells produces high mechanical strength which allows the skin to function as a physical and chemical barrier?
Corneocytes
Case study: a teenager was paralyzed in a car accident, what impact according to Wolf's law would this have on his bone growth, and what can be done to help?
Could be underdeveloped because individual can't use limbs anymore; physical therapy could help
Where does lactic acid fermentation take place in humans?
Cytoplasm
Spongy bone label (image)
D
Which tissue is stratified squamous epithelium?
D
The way in which the structures of the sarcomeres work together to contract is known as
the sliding filament model
Which marrow can revert to the other marrow type?
yellow
What is the specific structure of a melanocyte?
Dendrite-like extensions from the main cell body
What are the 3 steps of muscle repair in order?
Destruction, repair, remodeling
What forms along the long axis of bone and is constructed of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central cavity of hematopoietic tissue?
Diaphysis
Why do skeletons last so long after death?
Due to the biochemical composition of bone, our skeletal system is able to remain long after us for millions of years.
What differences are there in the growth, development, and differentiation of the skeletal system from men and women ages 30-50?
During menopause, women have a significant drop in the levels of estrogen, leading to a decrease in bone density = more fractures and osteoporosis
Which type of tissue is pictured here? Looks like weird ear
Elastic
What is a thin and delicate membrane that covers the internal surface of bone and the trabeculae of spongy bone?
Endosteum
Case Study: you have just gotten a paper cut. It is very painful, but doesn't bleed. Has the cut penetrated into the dermis or just the epidermis?
Epidermis
What is usually broader than the shaft with an outer shell of compact bone and interior of spongy bone?
Epiphysis
What is the single most important behavior for maintaining the health of your skeletal system as you age?
Exercise
What can you do to delay muscle loss and prolong your muscular health as you age?
Exercise regularly Avoid injury Healthy diet
When cells do not respond to signals or checkpoints during cell division cancer cells can develop. Why do cancer cells spread so much more quickly than normal, healthy cells?
Failure at checkpoints or mechanisms of regulating the Cell Cycle
True or False? All cells undergo Mitosis for growth.
False
True or False? All muscle types have epimysium, perimysium and endomysium connective tissue sheaths.
False
True or False? Indirect attachments of a muscle have the epimysium attached or fused to the periosteum of a bone.
False
True or False? People with more melanin age more quickly
False
True or False? Smooth muscle, dense irregular connective tissue, skeletal muscle and cartilage have almost no regeneration capacity.
False
True or False? Spongy bone is a hardened and dense layer sandwiching compact bone within
False
True or False? Terminal hairs turn white in the elderly due to protein denaturation.
False
True or False? The dermal layer has a much higher rate of cellular growth than the epidermal layer.
False
True or False? The thin skin of newborns thickens as they age and have less adipose tissue.
False
True or false? Endosteum covers external surface of all bone except joints
False
Which of the following is the longest bone?
Femur
Which type of joint is located between cranial bones?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of tissue is found between vertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
What occurs during the Regeneration stage of tissue repair?
Fibrosed area matures and contracts Tissues are repaired
What is the name of the anatomical tool in the middle?
Forceps
If all cells contain the exact same DNA, how do cells differentiate and only do a specific "job?"
Gene Expression
Which theory of aging states that, "Aging is programmed into our genes. Telomeres are nonsensical strings of nucleotides that cap the ends of chromosomes providing protection. With each DNA cycle, telomeres get shorter. Telomerase is known as the 'immortality enzyme' as it can lengthen shortened telomeres"?
Genetic Theory
Select the structure of Synovial Joints of the Skeletal System.
Have a fluid-filled joint cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, & synovial fluid.
Case Study: most types of exercise (jogging, swimming, or biking) occur under aerobic conditions. However, high-intensity resistance exercise (weight-lifting, sprinting, or jumping) occurs under anaerobic conditions. It is a common technique for bulking up muscle as anaerobic exercise increases the size of muscle fibers containing more mitochondria and glycogen. Through the Lactic Acid Cycle, muscle fibers produce lactic acid and ATP without oxygen. You can "feel the burn" of the lactic acid in your muscles during high-intensity exercise. Explain why high-intensity exercise is only short-term. Why can't we sprint the distance of a marathon instead of jogging it?
High intensity exercise is only short term because of the lack of oxygen to your muscles. This causes muscle fibers to produce lactic acid to produce ATP, but it causes a burning sensation that is very painful. The removal of lactic acid is limited by the rate of processing by the liver. Lactic acid can only be maintained temporarily. Oxygen is required in a short of amount of time otherwise cell death will occur.
Which type of tissue is pictured here? Says Cartilaginous Capsule on image
Hyaline
What are the steps of tissue repair in order?
Inflamation, Organization, Regeneration
Which type of bone is pictured here? Looks like pelvis
Irregular