Physiotherapy - BOARDS PT 1

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Short wave Diathermy Indications include:

(GENERAL)Deep muscle issue (thoracic cavity), bronchitis, Joints, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Prostatitis, Sinusitis, -algia, neuritis, amenorrhea and otitis media

Microwave Diathermy Indications:

(LOCAL) Deep muscle, joints, Pelvic inflammatory disease, prostatitis, otitis externa, best for hip conditions, neuritis

Thermal effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound:

- Depth is up to 5-6 cm (the sound must stay in constant motion) Absorption in muscle depends on the sound head being parallel to the tissue (If sound waves are reflected bone and metal will not absorb it)

Flexion of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Anterior Deltoid -Coracobrachialis -Pectoralis Major (Clavicular)

External Rotation of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Infraspinatus -Teres Minor -Posterior Deltoid

Extension of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Latissimus Dorsi -Teres Major -Posterior Deltoid

Abduction of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Middle Deltoid -Supraspinatus -Serratus Anterior

Thermal modality (Heat therapy) Options :

-Moist Heat Packs -Paraffin wax bath -Fluidotherapy -Warm Whirlpool - Electric Heating Pads -UV

Indications for Heat Therapy :

-Pain -Muscle spasm -Decreased ROM -Reduction of joint contractures

Adduction of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Pectoralis Major -Latissimus Dorsi

Most common conductive methods of cooling:

-Placing ice or cold packs over an affected area (conduction) -Immersing a distal extremity in cool or cold water - Applying a cuff filled w/ ice water (w/ recirculating of the water) around the affected area

Scapular Retraction of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Rhomboids

Internal Rotation of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

-Subscapularis -Pec Major Sternal -Latissimus Dorsi -Teres Major -Anterior Deltoid

Results of Ultraviolet Therapy:

-Vasodilation -Bacteriocidal -Phototaxis -INC Vitamin D synthesis (inc calcium) -INC Reticulocytes -Stimulates metabolism -Improves skin and msucle tone (elasticity/0

Rules of application- Heat therapy:

-test the heated object on yourself - closely monitor the pt every 3-5 mins - treatment time is 20 minutes - 6 to 8 layers of towel - PT's shouldn't lie directly on a hot pack (heat pack always goes on top of pt) Base treatment on pt tolerance

Which frequency of ultrasound will have the greatest divergence and depth of penetration? 3.0 MHz 2.0 million hertz 0.75 million hertz 1.0 MHz

0.75 million hertz

An ultrasound frequency of _______ Mhz will have the most depth of penetration and _________ beam divergence

0.75; most

Which of the following ultrasound frequencies will give the greatest beam divergence? 0.87 MHz 1.0 MHz 0.80 MHz 3.5 MHz

0.80 MHz

The Therapeutic depth of paraffin bath is approximately ______________cm. 1 3 5 6

1

In therapeutic ultrasound the sound waves can either:

1- Reflect (lose a lil effectiveness) 2- Refract (it will spread into the tension w/ a ripple like effect) 3- be absorbed (ultrasound frequency is so fast it causes the molecules themselves to vibrate) -these sound waves are moving so fast you can't even hear

Microwave Diathermy Distance Time

1-7 inches 10-20 min

Contraindications for Traction:

1. Acute cervical trauma (whiplash associated symptoms) 2. Osteoporosis/ Osteopenia 3. Use of Steroids or other medications that tend to compromise bone integrity 4. Pregnancy 5. Joint hyper mobility/ instability 6. Prior surgical stabilization or decompression 7. Spinal implants/ prosthetic discs 8. No mechanical pain 9. Rheumatic disorders affecting connective tissue (including RA and AS)

11 Contraindications of Heat therapy :

1. Acute injuries (no heat on edema or inflammation) 2. Impaired circulation 3. Peripheral vascular disease 4. Deep vein thrombosis 5. Advanced arthritis 6. Poor thermal regulation 7. Anesthetic areas (no sensation) 8. Neoplasms 9. Thrombophlebitis 10. Closed infection 11. Pregnancy

12 Contraindications to Cryotherapy:

1. Circulatory insufficiency (don't want vasoconstriction in someone w/ poor blood flow) 2. Deep Vein Thrombosis 3. Cold Hypersensitivity/ Cold Urticaria 4. Anesthetic skin (if they can't feel there don't apply anything that could potentially be harmful) 5. Advanced Diabetes 6. Chronic Wounds 7. Uncovered open wounds 8. Peripheral vascular disease 9. Raynaud's Phenomenon 10. Lupus 11. Hemoglobinemia 12. Cold induced myocardial ischemia

4 methods of therapeutic heating:

1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation 4. Conversion

Indications for Traction:

1. Disc pathology (bulge or herniation) 2. Mobilization of degenerative conditions 3. Radicular symptoms 4. Joint mobilization 5. Facet syndrome 6. Lumbar/ cervical pain 7. Stimulate proprioception 8. Stretches adhesions and fibrosis 9. Reduces muscle spasm 10. Disc imbition

2 major ways of doing diathermy:

1. Induction Field Diathermy 2. Capacitive field Diathermy

5 Contraindications of Paraffin Wax:

1. Open wound 2. Diminished sensation 3. Acute skin disorders 4. Acute arthritic conditions 5. Paraffin is flammable (Avoid open flames)

The increased disc space associated with traction results in (4 things):

1. Reduces pressure IVD 2. Reduces pressure on spinal nerves roots 3. Opens the facet joints 4. Elongates the soft tissue

5 benefits of chiropractic:

1. Reduction in pain 2. Headache relief (dec frequency and intensity 3. Improved function/ quality of life (better mobility) 4. Eliminate medication (quit opioids PT's seeing chiro are 49% less likely to fulfill opioid prescription) 5. ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT

7 Factors influencing Response to cold therapy:

1. Temp diff between cold object and soft tissue 2. TIME OF EXPOSURE 3. Thermal conductivity of area being cooled 4. Type and size of cooling agent 5. Total body surface area cooled 6.Activity level (inc activity—> inc circulation—-> faster rewarming) 7. Ability of cooling agent to maintain its temp

3 major effects of heat therapy:

1. Tissue Healing 2. Pain Reduction 3. Decrease Muscle Spasm All roads lead to PAIN REDUCTION

Which is an approximate value for therapeutic ultrasound frequency? 1.0 MHz 27.12 MHz 4,150 MHz 13.56 MHz

1.0 MHz

Which is the therapeutic ultrasound frequency that is mostly used over thick tissue acute phase? 1.0 MHz 10,000 hertz less than 5,000 hertz 4,150

1.0 MHz

Deep heating= Superficial heating=

1.1 MHz (VG- 1.0) 3.0 MHz (VG- 3.3) -USE DEEP HEAT on thick muscles like biceps, glutes and

Clavicle Interna/ external rotation:

10

Clavicle abduction / adduction:

10

Acute injury settings for ultrasound would be: Continuous , .75 w/cm2, 6 min 50%duty cycle, .9 w/cm2, 6 min 20% duty cycle, 1.2 w/cm, 6min 10% duty cycle, .5 w/cm2, 6 min

10% duty cycle, .5 w/cm2, 6 min

Treatment time for hot whirlpool is between: 5-10 min 10-15 min 10-20 min 20-30 min

10-20 min

What is the treament time for ice immersion therapy? 5-10 min 10-20 min 15-25 min over 25 min

10-20 min

What is the treatment time for Ice immersion therapy? 5-10 min 10-20 min 15-25 min over 25 min

10-20 min

The highest temperature that can be applied to the skin for an extended period of time without damage is: 103 deg F 103 deg c 109 deg F 113 deg F

113 deg F

Glenohumeral Abduction / Adduction :

120 / 45

Glenohumeral Flexion / Extension :

120 / 55

Hydrocollator temp is maintained at ______-______ deg Fah

160-165

The best BNR for ultrasound is: 7:1 8:1 1:1 1:2

1:1

Which beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR) is the most favorable for patients? 4:1 3:1 2:1 1:1

1:1

Shortwave diathermy distance Time

2 inches (Towel) 20-30 mins

Contrast bath protocol includes: 2 tubs placed close together position the patient standing btw 2 tubs contrast bath last 45-60 min cold is always given first

2 tubs placed close together

The max power setting of therapeutic Ultrasound is usually:

2.5 W/cm2

scapular internal/ external rotation

25

Remodeling of collagen tissue occurs primarily in phase _________________________ of inflammation? 1 2 3 4

3

The depth of penetration for diathermy is __________________cm 1-2 3-5 7-8 10-12

3-5

The ultrasound frequency of _________________MHz has the least beam divergence 0.75 3.0 1.5 1.0

3.0

Which frequency for therapeutic ultrasound is used when thin tissue penetration is the goal in the acute stage? 3.3 MHz 2MHz 3.0 MHz 1.0 MHz

3.3 MHz

clavicle elevation / depression:

5

Which of the following values is used by a medium frequency modality? 5,000 Hz 11,000 Hz 100,000Hz 50,000 Hz

5,000 Hz

Water temp for immersion in Cold Bath:

50 deg to 64.4 Fah - the lower the temp range, shorter the duration of immersion

What is the minimum percentage of a patient's body weight should traction never exceed? 10% 20% 35% 50%

50%

The wavelength frequent which penetrates the deepest would be: 390-470 nm (Violet to deep blue) 475-545 nm (blue to green) 545-600 nm (yellow to orange) 600- 650 nm (Red)

600- 650 nm (Red)

The least adequate beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR) would be: 8:1 2:1 1:1 7:1

8:1

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation / External Rotation:

90 /90

All of the following are shortwave diathermy frequencies except: 27.12 MHz 40.68 MHz 915 MHz 13.56 MHz

915 MHz

All arw source of ATP within a muscles except: creatine phosphate ADP Glycolysis Oxidative Phosphorylation

ADP

With Anterior pelvic tilt, typically it's the _____________ and ______________ which have become weakened

Abdominals; Glutes

What is Erythema ab igne?

Abnormal hyperemia It's a localized erythema due to heat exposure— you'll see this right before you get burn damage to the tissue -it heals on it's own

Static traction = Intermittent traction =

Acute Chronic

Which of the following is a contraindication to diathermy? Prostatitis Acute injury OA Sinusitis

Acute injury

Ultimate Outcome of all forms of ultrasound:

All leads to improve tissue healing and decrease pain

What is biphasic current is also known as? Galvanic Interferential High volt Alternating current

Alternating current

A figure "8" or Louisiana wrap is used for which? Clavicle Fractures Ankle inversion sprain AC joint separation drop foot

Ankle inversion sprain

CRYOTHERAPY:

Application of cold modality w/ temp range between 32 deg - 65 deg Fah (removing heat NOT adding cold)

Paraffin application procedure:

Applied directly to skin! Dip n Wrap; Dip n Re-immerse 7- 10 times (glove like appearance) Place in plastic bag then wrap in a towel/ mitt which will lock in that thermal energy 15-20 minutes Heat transferred by conduction

The depth of vascular changes with superficial heat therapy: Are greater than cold Are more than 5 cm Are confined to the skin Are time dependent

Are confined to the skin

Traction contraindication Question:

Are you claustrophobic? Claustrophobia= the perception of being enclosed in the harnesses and confined on the table may precipitate anxiety

Indications for ultraviolet radiation treatment would include: Aseptic wounds Hyperthyroidism Pellagra Diabetes

Aseptic wounds

Short wave and microwave diathermy reduces:

Blood pressure, nerve pain, muscle cramps, muscle spasms

Which type of exercise is recommended for treating scoliosis? williams Codman's DeLorne Blount's

Blount's

Which of the following types of TENS has duration of pain relief usually below one-half hour? Low TENS High TENS Brief-Intense TENS Motor TENS

Brief-Intense TENS

PT ask what they should expect to experience from Cryotherapy:

CBAN Coolness (3-5 mins) Burning (1-2 mins) Aching (1-2 mins) Numbness

Transfer of heat by direct interaction of the molecules in the warmer area with those in the cooler area:

CONDUCTION -Warmer, rapidly moving particles give up or transfer heat to nearby cooler, slower moving particles

If pt has __________________ the may find the lumbar harness of lumbar traction uncomfortable

COPD (Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease) -may find the lumbar harnesses uncomfortable and may be compromised by the supine position

Anterior Pelvic Tilt is often the result of:

Certain muscles that have gradually become either under active or overactive

Angles of pull traction:

Cervical- 0 degrees for upper cervical spine Place head 25-30 degrees flexion for C5-C7 Lumbar- Prone straight pull (supine) L1- 0 deg L4 & L5- 25 TO 30 deg

Traction weights:

Cervical- 10lbs (Don't exceed 30 lbs) Lumbar- start @ 25% of BW, do not exceed 50% of body weight or 120 lbs if they are really big (never go past 120)

You can only do traction on the _______________ and ______________ spine

Cervical; lumbar -for cervical pull only 10 lbs -for lumbar pull 50% of pt body weight max

Ultrasound Indications:

Chronic inflammatory condition Pain reduction (mc) Trigger points (mc) Muscle spasm (mc) Neuroma Scar Tissue Spasticity Warts CPTMMSSW -ALL ROADS LEAD TO PAIN REDUCTION

Which of these lasers are safe for momentary viewing (directing beam into eye)? Class II laser Class IIIa laser Class IIIIb laser Class V laser

Class II laser

Which of these exercises are designed to treat scoliosis? Frenkel's exercises Jacobsen's exercises Clayton's exercises William's Flexion Exercises

Clayton's exercises

Frozen shoulder is a condition that is best treated with __________________ exercises DeLorne Blount Codman Williams

Codman

There are no thermal effects of:

Cold Laser

Examples of Convection (cooling):

Cold Whirlpool -water moves over the PT's skin via turbines that circulate the water OR by the pt moving the body part within the water

Most common form of cryotherapy:

Cold packs

Objects contact one another and heat is transferred to the object of lower temperature describes what method of therapeutic heating?

Conduction

Prinicipal modes of energy transfer used for therapeutic cooling:

Conduction Convection Evaporation/ Radiation

Therapeutic Ultrasound: _____________________: 100% of heat produced _____________________: 10% 20% 50%

Continuous; pulsed

Exchange of heat between a surface and a liquid or gas moving over that surface is what method of therapeutic heating:

Convection

_____________________ has Faster heat abstraction compared to Conduction

Convection

Heat abstraction when there is direct contact between the skin and moving fluid particles:

Convection If you put you hand or foot inside a cold tub of ice and MOVING water (if water is not moving then that's conduction)

The radiant energy of the sun is strongest at a 90 deg angle to the earth, This refers to the: Arndt-Schultz Principle Cosine Law Inverse Square Law Grotthuss Draper Law

Cosine Law

Vasoconstriction Decreased metabolic rate Decreased Inflammation Decreased Pain Reduction in spasticity Increased muscle tone Blood becomes thicker Analgesia Local physiologic response to:

Cryotherapy

A 25 year old female tennis player w/ chronic right lateral epicondylitis falls forward, landing on her hands and knees, reinjured her elbow yesterday. Which modality treatment plan would be best to treat this injury? -ultrasound, 3 MHz, 1.5 w/cm2, 50% duty cycle for 6 mins., R.elbow -Hot pack for 20 mins on R. Elbow -Cryotherapy for 10 mins R. Elbow

Cryotherapy for 10 mins R. Elbow

What does CPT (code) stand for?

Current Procedural Terminology

We need ultraviolet light for Vitamin _____

D - it is used to convert vitamin D

Traction allows for pressure to be taken off the:

DISC Also small arteries of the spinal column and nerve root

Ultrasound contraindications:

DON'T WANNA USE continuous Ultrasound on Acute conditions Ischemic areas Over suspected DVT Cancerous Tumors Active infection or sepsis Anesthetic areas (don't do anything that requires the use of feeling in a place where there's no feeling) Over replaced joints Over the face eyes skull carotid sinus or genitals Pregnancy (over the pelvic or lumbar areas) DON'T COOK THE BABY

In Fluidotherapy, the heat is _____ so it can be much more intense than paraffin or whirlpools

DRY -High intensities of heat and micro-massage

Primary response for cryotherapy:

Decreasing cell metabolism (decreased metabolic response)

Diathermy literally means:

Deep heat -heat is produced by high frequency alternating currents -Heat is developed by resistance - non-ionizing electromagnetic energy

Which muscle "caps" the shoulder and abductions the shoulder joint?

Deltoid

_________________ result in increase in blood hemoglobin to release Oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin

Which deep heating modality treats conditions such as bronchitis, sinusitis and myositis? TENS Russian Stimulation Interferential Diathermy

Diathermy

Diathermy vs Ultrasound __________________ uses the entire bell housing and imparts a large signal into the tissue, so we use this if we need to treat really big areas, use ________________ for small areas (should only move the head the width of 2 ketchup packets and move very slowly

Diathermy; Ultrasound

Which type of current is used in iontophoresis? Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Pulsed Current Biphasic

Direct Current (DC)

__________ heat can elevate surface temp to a greater degree

Dry

With Anterior pelvic tilt, typically it's the _____________ and ______________ which have become TOO TIGHT

Erector Spinae; Hip Flexors

Vapocoolant sprays use _____________ as a means of thermal energy transfer (cooling)

Evaporation -these are used for temporary pain relief before stretching muscles w/ active trigger points or muscles w/ local spasm

Convection:

Exchange of heat between a surface and a liquid or gas moving over that surface

Microwave diathermy Penetration Wavelength

Fat 2-12 cm (2450 megacycles Frequency

Short wave Diathermy heat hits _____________ first and then its absorbed by muscle

Fats (Outside -> In)

Dry whirlpool that uses cellulose particles (ground cellulose) to pre-heat and blow around air to deliver heat primarily for the extremities:

Fluidotherapy

Which of these are exercises designed as a system of slow repetitious exercises for the treatment of ataxia? Frenkel' exercises Jacobson's exercises Clayton's exercises Williams Flexion exercises

Frenkel' exercises

Which muscle or group of muscles would be weak in a positive trendelenburg test? Iliopsoas Hip adductors Hamstrings Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Medius

How to properly posteriorly pelvic tilt (for ppl with ant pelvic tilt):

Have pt lay on floor w/ knees up (you'll likely see a space between the floor and the lower back). Flatten your lower back into the ground by tilting Can also do it standing by simply contracting abdominals and squeezing the glutes to come into posterior pelvic tilt GO BACK N FORTH BETWEEN POSITION 10x

Procedure Therapeutic Ultrasound:

Head Warming: OFF- Depth (Deep) Time 3-12 mins (7 mins) Non-thermal (deep micro massage) Frequency: 1 MHz Duty Cycle: 20% Non-thermal (superficial) Frequency: 3.3 MHz Duty cycle: 20% Deep Heat: Frequency: 1 MHz Duty Cycle: 100% Shallow Heat: Frequency: 3.3 MHz Duty Cycle: 100%

___________ therapy results in increases in molecular vibration and cellular metabolic rate

Heat -it's the opp of cold

Vasodilation is an effect of ________ therapy

Heat -spinal-level reflex

Contraindications to all Modalities:

Hemorrhage (if pt is hemorrhaging they should not be in your office) Infection Malignancy PG-lb/ abd

Conversion:

High frequency electric current produces oscillations that are converted into heat

Thermal energy always moves from _______ conc to __________ conc

High; low

A 48 year old male w/low back pain for 1 month duration. He denied any injury or trauma. He denies any injury or trauma . He does have persistent muscle tightness. Which modality would be best to treat this person? Ice pack, 10 mins over low back Hot pack for 20 mins over low back Ultrasound, 1 MHz, cont 1.25 w/cm2 for 6 mins over low back Low volt galvanic, negative pad, 20 mins over low back

Hot pack for 20 mins over low back

MC form of superficial heat:

Hot packs

Erythema ab igne aka:

Hot water bottle rash -it literally translates to Redness by Fire

Conduction is used by which of the following modalities? whirlpool bath hydrocollator pack ultraviolet infrared lamp

Hydrocollator pack

For cryotherapy, a small nearby area of skin should be tested with the cold modality to determine if ___________________ is present

Hypersensitivity (wheals, hives)

According to the sliding filament model of contraction, as a muscle contracts the ________ band shortens

I

___________ is the most effective type of cold as it must undergo a phase change from solid to liquid, which causes greater heat extraction than when no phase change occurs

ICE

What is the most effective way to treat an acute injury within the first 24 hours?

ICE and Elevation for 15-20 minutes

The Gate Theory of pain has led to the discovery of: Fluidotherapy Russian Stimulation TENS IFC

IFC

RICE (REST, ICE, COMPRESSION AND ELEVATION) IS AIMED AT REDUCING

INFLAMMATION

Inflammatory stage is extremely important for healing, if you block it with NSAIDs what is the result:

Increase in proliferation of Scar Tissue -turning an acute injury into a chronic condition (scar tissue develop forever)

A physiological effect of traction on the articular facet joints is: lengthening of muscle surrounding joints activated muscle proprioceptors lengthen ligaments Increase separation between joint surfaces

Increase separation between joint surfaces

Buerger-Allen exercises are best used for: Chronic disc lesions Urinary incontinence Intermittent Claudication Postural Deviations

Intermittent Claudication

Treatment Times Traction:

Intermittent: 15- 30 mins Continuous: mins-hours

Negative polarity as used. In high volt pulsed current has which effect? It increases vascularity In increases macrophage activity It decreases collagen production It increases bacterial growth

It increases vascularity

Why do we use knee bolsters for lumbar traction:

It takes out the lordotic curve -takes pressure off the spine

Eccentric muscle contraction requires muscles to:

Lengthen against resistance

During endurance type aerobic exercise the primary ATP source is: Creatine Phosphate Glucose Glycogen Lipid

Lipid

Tendonitis differs from tenosynovitis in what way?

Location: tendon vs tendon sheath

Tendonitis differs from tenosynovitis in which way? Location: tendon vs tendon sheath Pain scale cause: overuse vs trauma

Location: tendon vs tendon sheath

______________ TENS has an onset of pain relief approximately of 30 minutes Low Brief-Intense High Noxious

Low

Which type of TENS uses the burst mode in operation? High TENS Low TENS Sensory TENS Noxious TENS

Low TENS

When working on early rehabilitation of grade 2 anterior shoulder sprain, emphasis should be on: maintenance of strength increasing endurance increasing proprioception and flexibility Maintaining proprioception and decreasing chance of Adhesions

Maintaining proprioception and decreasing chance of Adhesions

Which of the following exercises should be administered to increase a lumbar lordosis? McKenzie Williams Codmans Isometric

McKenzie

Which of the following modalities has the lowest frequency? IFC Russian Microcurrent Shortwave Diathermy

Microcurrent

Which type of brace is used for Scoliosis? Somi Orthosis Milwaukee brace Philadelphia collar williams brace

Milwaukee brace

Laser Photons activate: muscle spindles to decrease muscle spasm golgi tendon organs to inc muscle tension DNA protein production Mitochondrial ATP production

Mitochondrial ATP production

Laser photons activate: Muscle spindles to decrease muscle spasm Golgi tendon organs to increase muscle tension DNA Protein production Mitochondrial ATP production

Mitochondrial ATP production

Paraffin bath is a form of:

Moist superficial Heat

Short wave diathermy penetration wavelength

Muscle-fat interface 11 meters (27.12 megacycles)

Microwave Diathermy heats ____________ first and is then absorbed by ____________

Muscle; fats

Radiation:

Objects between which the transfer of heat energy occur are separated by a medium that does not become warmer

Conduction:

Objects contact one another and heat is transferred to the object of lower temp

For cervical traction patient lays in the same or opposite position as lumbar?

Opposite -also make sure you raise the foot of the table up @ an angle

Interferential contraindications include: Edema Pain Pacemaker Muscle Spasm

Pacemaker

White wax-like substance with a very low melting point, that is made of paraffin and mineral oil:

Paraffin -it's very good for small areas like the hands

MC reason for Physiotherapy malpractice suit:

Patients being burned from therapeutic Heat

Contraindications for Diathermy include which of these? Joint inflammation Subacute Inflammation Peripheral Vascular Disease Osteoarthritis

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Which phase of inflammation is characterized as the fibroblastic repair phase? Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

Phase 2

_________________ effect is when Zicornate (which sits inside the head itself) titanate produce a positive and negative charge they contract and expand. ______________ effect is the reverse of the charge to produce ultrasound

Piezoelectric; Electropiezo - when the crystal contracts and expands that causes the sound waves. The reverse of the charge produces the ultrasound itself. ]

Contraindications of Short Wave diathermy:

Pregnancy, casts, metal, hearing aide, casts, contacts, wet skin, ulcers, pacemakers, advanced osteoporosis

An 18 year old male who was in a car accident one week ago and now complains of neck pain with muscle spasm of left levator scapulae. Which modality treatment would be the best to treat this injury? -ultrasound 3Mhz, 1.0 w/cm2, 20% duty cycle for 10 mins on L. Levator -Premodulated interferential, high, sweep, 20 mins on the L. levator -Contrast therapy (hot for 10 mins followed by cold for 5 mins then hot for 10 mins on the L.Levator

Premodulated interferential, high, sweep, 20 mins on the L. levator

All of the following are indications for shortwave and microwave diathermy except: bronchitis OA Fibrositis Pyrexia

Pyrexia

For every 18 deg Fah increase in skin temp, the cell's metabolic rate increases speed up 2-3 times. What is the name of this phenomenon?

Q10 Effect

Objects between which the transfer of heat occurs but they are separated by a medium that does not become warmer describes which therapeutic method of heating?

Radiation/ Evaporation

Ice massage is contraindicated in the treatment of: Thermal Injuries Osteoarthritis Raynaud Syndrome Tenosynovitis

Raynaud Syndrome

Which of the following is a contraindication to using cryotherapy? Raynaud's Disease Acute Soft tissue injury Burns To decrease edema

Raynaud's Disease

Which muscle a primary torso stabilizer, responsible for maintaining posterior pelvic tilt? Quadratus lumborum Quadriceps Rectus Abdominus Gluteals

Rectus Abdominus

What predominant color is the HeNe Laser? Blue Purple Red Green

Red

Transcutaneous neuromuscular nerve stimulation (TENS) can: -Treat acute pain by activating C nerve fibers -Release opioid Beta endorphins by stimulating A delta and C nerve fibers -Relieve pain associated with cancer -Alter (selectively depolarize) efferent nerve function

Release opioid Beta endorphins by stimulating A delta and C nerve fibers

The final healing stage could take (months to years):

Remodeling

Indications for traction include all except: apophyseal joint impingement disc protrusion Rheumatoid Arthritis Foraminal Encroachment

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Which muscle is the prime mover in adduction and elevation of the scapula? Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid Major Trapezius 1 Levator Scapulae

Rhomboid Major

All of the following are considered low frequency modalities except: low-volt galvanic TENS Faradic Russian Stimulation

Russian Stimulation

Which of the following is not a high frequency modality ? infrared Russian Stimulation Ultrasound Diathermy

Russian Stimulation

Short wave Diathermy contraindications:

SAME as for all/ any heat modality (don't cook the baby, don't do it on metals, don't do it on active infections, don't do it on DVT, Don't do it on metastasis)

All of the following conditions are treated with Codman's exercise except: Shoulder Tendonitis Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder Frozen Shoulder Scoliosis

Scoliosis

Which of the following is not an indication for shortwave diathermy? myositis OA Tednonitis Sensory Loss

Sensory Loss

_____________________ Diathermy increases temperature pulse, respiration, BMR, lymph flow, elimination, nutrition, vasodilation, glandular secretions and endocrine changes

Short Wave and Microwave

All of the following are low frequency modalities except: TENs Sine wave high voltage galvanic Short wave diathermy

Short wave diathermy

Raynaud's, circulatory disturbances and joint inflammation are indications for which modality? Short wave diathermy cold pack ice massage infrared

Short wave diathermy

Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity? distilled water glass wood Silver

Silver

Microwave Diathermy contraindications:

Sinusitis, metal scars, wet skin, open epiphysis and otitis media (Same as SWD)

ICE massage is usually performed over a _____________ area (muscle belly, tendon, bursa) or over________ points before deep pressure release

Small; trigger

Ultrasound produces _____________ waves diathermy produces _______________

Sound; radio

The principle of variation in resistance training is:

Specific variables must be constantly manipulated to adapt

Evaporation Examples:

Spray and Stretch and instant ice -as the liquid leaves the pressurized canister, it begins to evaporate -the stream cools and extracts heat upon contact w/ skin

Best Solution based exercises for ANT pelvic Tilt:

Strengthen Glutes and ABs : Hip thrust (targets glutes)(don't arch lower back that takes the glutes out the equation) Glute bridges (targets glutes) Ab exercises that minimize action of the hip flexors like RKC planks Stretch: hip flexors (lunge stretch); Rectus femoris

Solution for anterior pelvic tilt:

Stretch the overactive muscles primarily the HIP FLEXORS Strengthen the weakened muscles primarily the abdominals and Glutes)

What is the preferred position of the patient for cervical traction? Prone Supine Sitting standing

Supine

_____________ is usually used for pain control only ultrasound TENS infrared sine wave

TENS

A 62 year old male with moderate chronic pain which he categorizes as a constant 6/10 on the right side of his neck. What treatment plan would be the most useful for this patient's condition? -Cryotherapy, 10 mins, on the neck 3 x daily for 1 week -Hot packs, 20 mins on the neck 2x daily for1 week -TENS, 30 mins 2x daily for. R side of the neck, 5 pps, burst, 125 microsec

TENS, 30 mins 2x daily for. R side of the neck, 5 pps, burst, 125 microsec

_______________ is a _____________ frequency modality mainly for pain control TENS; low Microcurrent; low diathermy; medium Russian stimulation; high

TENS; low

Which of the following statements is false pertaining to ultrasound? a. The largest transducer will have the most beam divergence b. The smallest transducer will have the most beam divergence c. The lowest frequency will have the most depth of penetration d. The lowest frequency will have the most divergence

The largest transducer will have the most beam divergence

for therapeutic ultrasound Des the head really have to remain in motion???

The sound head should be moved approx. 4 cm per sec 1MHz= 10-12 mins 3MHz= 3-4 mins

During a muscle contraction: The larger the load the shorter the latent period The larger the load the longer twitch duration The latent period does not change w/ the type of load (light v heavy) The twitch is inversely proportional to the type of load (lights heavy)

The twitch is inversely proportional to the type of load (lights heavy)

Combination therapy:

The use of ultrasound in combination with an electrical modality

The Arndt-Shultz principle states: -There is an optimal amount of energy absorption per unit of time -The US transducer converts electrical energy into sound waves -Tissue penetration is inversely proportional to wavelength -The more homogenous the tissue the less energy absorbed during an ultrasound treatment

There is an optimal amount of energy absorption per unit of time

4 major actions of ultrasound:

Thermal, mechanical, chemical or neural

When using ultrasound, tissue extensibility occurs when: Tissue temperature is elevated 1 dg cel Tissue temperature is elevated 3 deg Fahrenheit Tissue temperature is elevated 4 deg cel Tissue temperature is decreased 2 deg Fahrenheit

Tissue temperature is elevated 4 deg cel

Traction comes from the Latin word:

Tractico

___________ helps to rehydrate the IVD

Traction - the pulling really helps w disc protrusions and desiccation

Scapular Elevation of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

Trapezius -Upper Trapezius -Middle Trapezius -Lower Trapezius -Levator Scapula

Scapular Stabilization of the Muscles of the Shoulder Joint Complex:

Trapezius -Upper Trapezius -Middle Trapezius -Lower Trapezius -Serratus Anterior -Rhomboids

______________________ are located in muscle, fascia, tendon, and ligaments that are hypersensitive to stimulation Acupuncture points Trigger Points Motor points Sensory points

Trigger Points

Therapeutic Ultrasound coupling media (good friends):

Ultrasound gel -Water glycerine and mineral oil Function: Conductance to the tissues Lubrication And prevents an air gap

Mechanical action of heat therapy: __________________ Electrical or magnetic currents: __________________

Ultrasound; Diathermy

Which high frequency modality generally treats skin conditions such as acne and Psoriasis? Ultrasound Russian Stimulation Ultraviolet HeNe Laser

Ultraviolet

Light Therapy Includes:

Ultraviolet light (UV) Supra-luminous Light-Emiting Diode (SLED) LASER

All of the following are indications for traction except: chronic muscle spasm IVF Encroachment Unstable ligaments Disc syndromes

Unstable ligaments

Cryokinetics involves the use of: Ice therapy after an injury Use of ice and motion to treat an injury use of ice and massage to treat an injury use of ice prior to stretching

Use of ice and motion to treat an injury

Which cryotherapy treatment does not use conduction? VaPocoolant spray Hot Pack Ice pack Ice Massage

VaPocoolant spray

Which of the following is the first event to occur after a superficial, soft tissue injury? Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Margination Granulation

Vasoconstriction

Reflex effects of Cold: (same effects of hypothermia)

Vasoconstriction of internal organ Decreased Perspiration & glandular activity Anesthesia of the PNS Mild sedation of CNS

_________________ is the relaxing of arterioles smooth muscle, triggering good the release of neurotransmitters and peptides

Vasodilation

Which should be strengthened primarily to prevent outward rolling of the patella? Vastus medialis hamstrings abdominal soleus

Vastus medialis

Traction inc spaces between the:

Vertebrae Pulls on the VB making the space where the disc is located inc and the disc is attached to the sup and Inf end plates creating a suction inside the disc and drawing more fluid inside the disc itself

In a nut shell diathermy is __________________ heating

Vigorous

ICE Massage procedure:

Water is frozen is paper or Styrofoam cups to make it easier for the practitioner to handle the ice. The ice is continually moved over the skin, which decreases the risk of tissue damage or frostbite - simple and safe for home use

In Raynaud's phenomenon the hands/ finger nails first go _____________ _______________ and ______________. Then suddenly the vessels dilate and fill the area with hot fresh blood which leads to a _______________ sensation

White; cold; numb; Burning

Which of the following exercises is most appropriate to decrease a lumbar hyperlordosis? McKenzie Codman's Williams Eccentric Contraction

Williams

Hot packs are indicated in An acute ankle injury an acute tenosynovitis of the hand an open wound infection a chronic knee

a chronic knee

A single motor unit is defined as:

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A single motor unit is defined as: -a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls - a group of motor neurons and the muscle fibers they control -a single motor neuron -a single muscle fiber

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

Cryostretch involves the use of: an ice cup ice pack for 10 minutes followed by 5 minutes of stretching a vapocoolant 10 mins of ice pack followed by active range of motion

a vapocoolant

Magnesium is generally used in ionotrophoresis for the treatment of? a. arthritis b.edema c. scars d. bursitis

a. arthritis

The lateral shift of the trunk stance phase during walking gait is due to which hip muscle weakness? adductors flexors abductors extensors

abductors

What are the 4 major types of skin injuries? abrasions, incisions, lacerations and avulsions abrasions, incisions, lacerations and dislocations rash, incisions, lacerations and avulsions rash, incisions, lacerations and dislocations

abrasions, incisions, lacerations and avulsions

COLD IS the ______________ of heat

absence

The neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction is: norepinephrine acetylcholine GABA Serotonin

acetylcholine

Which physical sensation comes directly before the numbness stage of therapeutic ice? stinging stabbing warming aching

aching

Which of the following is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum? acoustic wave cosmic ray x-ray electric power

acoustic wave

Which type of condition is most appropriate for pulsed ultrasound? acute subacute chronic fracture

acute

Contrast baths are used for which? acute injuries when patient suffers from cold allergy over superficial nerves irregular shaped areas

acute injuries

Which of the following is a contraindication for hydrotherapy? acute injury burns open wounds arthritis

acute injury

Contraindications for cold packs include: Chronic pain postsurgical pain and edema subacute injury advanced diabetes

advanced diabetes

The loss in the ability to comprehend written words is known as which of the following? anomia dysarthria apraxia alexia

alexia

Impedance occurs in _______________ current; it is measured in ________________ alternating, volts alternating, ohm's direct, miliamps pulsed, miliamps

alternating, ohm's

The rate at which current flow is which of the following? watt ampere impedance ion

ampere

Raynaud phenomenon is characterized by: an inability to feel cold an inability to feel heat an allergic reaction to cold an allergic reaction to heat

an allergic reaction to cold

A sprain is defined as: an injury to a tendon an injury to a muscle an injury to a ligament an injury to a joint capsule and synovium

an injury to a ligament

Oxidation of anions will occur at the ______________, which will yield an ______________ reaction. cathode, acidic anode, acidic cathode, alkaline anode, alkaline

anode, acidic

Precautions for high volt pulsed current include: edema pressure sores anterior cervical area using underwater technique

anterior cervical area

The depth of Vascular changes with superficial heat therapy: are greater than cold are more than 5 cm are confined to the skin are time dependent

are confined to the skin

Which of the following is not a contraindication to all modalities? tumors cancer endocrine disease aseptic wounds

aseptic wounds

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) -is designed for pain relief -is safe over a pacemaker -is used exclusively for muscle spasm relief -assists in patient proprioception and kinesthetic awareness of muscle movement

assists in patient proprioception and kinesthetic awareness of muscle movement

Cathodes used in iontophoresis would have all of the following effects except: pain is elevated has a heating effect hyperemia attracts oxygen

attracts oxygen

Treatment parametes for cold laser LLLT include:

avg output, time of light exposure and treatment (area) size

The most common form of cryotherapy is: a. vasocoolant spray b. ice pack c. cold whirlpool d. fluidotherapy

b. ice pack

The principle of _________________ is involved in the Milwaukee brace fluid compression distraction sleeve principle balanced horizontal force

balanced horizontal force

The type of stretching which is most prone to cause injury is: ballistic stretching PNF stretching Dynamic stretching Static stretching

ballistic stretching

The differences between two original interferential sine wave frequencies creates a new: amplitude modulation sweep scan beat frequency

beat frequency

Which of the following exercises should not be recommended to a patient with a heart condition? walking running bicycling biceps curl

biceps curl

Which should be avoided for a patient with Achilles tendonitis? bicycling hamstring stretch foot inserts flexible shoe soles

bicycling

The various effective US coupling agents include all the following excepts: ultrasound gel gel pad biofreeze water (as in inderwater technique)

biofreeze

Absorption of ultrasound is least in which of the following? tendon bone blood cartilage

blood

All of the following are contraindications for shortwave diathermy except: pyrexia cardiac pacemaker phlebitis bronchitis

bronchitis

Lidocaine anode in iontophoresis is used to treat ________________. excessive sweating bursitis athlete's foot ischemic

bursitis

Which of the following is not true regarding microcurrent? a. it elevates the making of cellular ATP b. Protein synthesis is increased c. It operates at a medium frequency d. It helps healing to occur at a faster rate

c. It operates at a medium frequency

Which of the following is a negatively charged ion used in ionotrophoresis for the treatment of scars? a. niacin b. xylocaine c. chlorine d. acetate

c. chlorine

In order for a muscle contraction to occur: calcium must bind with troponin magnesium binds with troponin a cross bridge must be deactivated acetylcholine binds with actin

calcium must bind with troponin

How does cold laser (low level laser therapy -LLLT) differ from ultrasound? works from the outside in emits a multiphasic frequency can be used over bony prominences cannot be used on chronic conditions

can be used over bony prominences

All of the following are indications for interferential except: pain modulation fracture healing cancer enhance range of motion

cancer

All of the following are indications for shortwave diathermy except: chronic RA cancer bursitis radiculitis

cancer

Reduction of cations will occur at the __________________, which will yield an _________________ reaction. anode, alkaline cathode, acidic cathode, alkaline anode, acidic

cathode, alkaline

Ultrasound's non thermal effects are d/t: cavitation within the tissues inc circulation Arndt-shultz law Intracellular fluid

cavitation within the tissues

Which is not an indication of cold therapy? boils chilblains fever herpes blisters

chilblains

Which of the following is an indication to paraffin? chronic arthritis sensory loss open wound acute injury

chronic arthritis

Contraindications for hot pack use include all the following except: infection acute inflammation chronic inflammation active hemorrhage

chronic inflammation

What is the fourth stage of Overuse injury? Pain after activity only chronic unremitting pain pain during activity, does not restrict performance pain during activity, restricts performance

chronic unremitting pain

Shortwave Diathermy has all of the following indications except: to diminish muscle spasm myostitis bronchitis circulatory conditions

circulatory conditions

All of the following are indications for cryotherapy except: pain acute injury circulatory insufficiency muscle spasm

circulatory insufficiency

A ________________ water bladder for applying ultrasound would not block the transmission of sound waves red black white clear

clear

What color should be used for the water bladder, which is used when applying ultrasound? clear (no color) black white red

clear (no color)

Which of the following does not help to regulate the swelling in the acute phase of an injury? leucotaxin histamine collagen necrosin

collagen

Which is true of a infared heating lamp? comes in 2 types (luminous and non-luminous) indicated for subacute conditions indicated in acute conditions produces chemical reaction within the subcutaneous tissues only

comes in 2 types (luminous and non-luminous)

A leg curl is an example of a (n) _______________ type of contraction a isotonic concentric isometric eccentric

concentric

A biceps curl would represent a(n) _____________ type of contraction; and performing leg extension is a type of ______________ contraction

concentric; eccentric

Transfer of energy which occurs from direct contact is: convection conduction evaporation conversion

conduction

With Paraffin Wax Heat is transferred d/t _____________________

conduction

Which of the following is not recommended in the Acute stage after an injury? compression elevation continuous ultrasound ice

continuous ultrasound

Ultrasound utilizes _______________________; in this way acoustic waves are created convection radiation conversion low voltage

conversion

Which of the following has the highest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum? X-ray microwave cosmic ray acoustic wave

cosmic ray

The sequence of events during a muscle contraction are:

cross bridge attachment -> activation of myosin head -> power stroke-> cross bridge detachment

A 57 yr old female with frozen shoulder for the past 6 weeks. Which treatment plan would be the most effective in treating this type of injury? -cryokinetics on affected shoulder with Codman exercises daily for 2 weeks -ultraviolet radiation, 20 mins followed by codman exercises on the affected shoulder, daily for 1 week -interferential, high sweep, 20 mins intensity to tolerance, 3x week for 2 weeks - cold laser (LLT) on affected shoulder, dosage=1 joule perpoint, minimum of 5 points 3 x week

cryokinetics on affected shoulder with Codman exercises daily for 2 weeks

Which of the following is least ideal in the maturation-remodeling phase of acute injury ? cryotherapy microwave diathermy ultrasound shortwave diathermy

cryotherapy

Which of the following should be used 10 hours after an initial injury? Ultraviolet hydrocollator pack cryotherapy shortwave diathermy

cryotherapy

1. Acute Injury of inflammation 2. Acute, chronic or post surgical pain 3. Prevent edema formation 4 Prior to or in conjunction w/ rehab exercises 5. Spasticity accompanying CNS disorders 6. Acute or chronic muscle spasm 7. Neuralgia 7 Indications for:

cryotherapy (ICE)

Average power amount of therapeutic ultrasound energy is produced at the surface of the:

crystal Power is measured per unit W/cm2_

All of the following are indications for traction except: a. herniated disc b. subacute pain c. IVF narrowing d. bone infection

d. bone infection

All of the following are types of friction massage except: a. cross fiber b. storm technique c. circular d. cupping

d. cupping

Which of the following is an indication for traction? a. Osteoporosis b. acute inflammation c. fracture d. degenerative joint disease

d. degenerative joint disease

Low power lasers are not used for: a. wound healing b. treatment of tendon injury c. arthritis and treatment of burns d. surgical incision procedures

d. surgical incision procedures

Which of the following is not an effect of applied heat? decrease in Phagocytosis rise in arteriole dilation analgesia rise in metabolism

decrease in Phagocytosis

Electrically stimulating currents that cause muscle contractions have all of the following effects except : retardation of atrophy muscle strengthening increased range of motion decreased range of motion

decreased range of motion

Indications for paraffin bath include: Open wounds decreased range of motion (ROM) Sensory loss Peripheral Artery Disease

decreased range of motion (ROM)

A wobble board for ankle rehabilitation is designed to: reduce edema decrease proprioceptive input develop stability and proprioception reduce range of motion

develop stability and proprioception

All of the following are indications for ultraviolet except: diabetes sinusitis osteomalacia herpes zoster

diabetes

All of the following are indications for ultraviolet treatment except: acne hyperthyroidism diabetes psoriasis

diabetes

All of the following are superficial heating modalities except: hydrotherapy infrared fluidotherapy diathermy

diathermy

Superficial heat include all the following except: hot packs paraffin bath infared lamp diathermy

diathermy

Which of the following most closely relates to Ohm's Law? more voltage means more current intensity heat made is proportional to intensity, resistance and current time different wavelengths have consequences of different effects 90 degrees to a source of energy give the greatest absorption effect

different wavelengths have consequences of different effects

Which of the following types of electrical current typically contribute to the production of a chemical reaction? alternating current pulsed current direct current interrupted direct current

direct current

Electrodes are placed right over a painful spot and are parallel to the midline of the body in __________________________ for TENS contiguous placement direct placement indirect placement multiple modulation

direct placement

Contraindication to lumbar traction include all of the following except: infection fracture disc herniation spondylolisthesis

disc herniation

The term Valgus means:

distal segment of the body moves away from midline

Which is a contraindication for a heating modality? drop in thermal sensation pain muscle spasm edema

drop in thermal sensation

Fluidotherapy is most closely described as using which of the following treatments? ice massage ice pack dry heat paraffin

dry heat

The inability to articulate words correctly is called: dysarthria alexia anomia apraxia

dysarthria

Codman's exercises were developed for: early shoulder rehabilitation elbow rehabilitation late shoulder rehabilitation knee rehabilitation

early shoulder rehabilitation

A muscle lengthening contraction is specifically of which type? eccentric concentric isokinetic isometric

eccentric

A triceps extension weightlifting exercise is an example of a(n) _____________________type of contraction iometric eccentric concentric isotonic

eccentric

Examples of isotonic contraction are ________ and _______

eccentric and concentric

Centripetal stroking refers to which method of massage? tapotement petrissage kneading effleurage

effleurage

Deep and superficial stroking are characterized by which form of massage? tapotement petrissage effleurage tapping

effleurage

Massage session should begin and end with: effleurage friction pertissage tapotment

effleurage

Superficial stroking would be described as a type of ________________ tapotement effleurage petrissage beating

effleurage

Which type of massage exhibits a deep and superficial stroke? tapotement friction effleurage petrissage

effleurage

Generally, massage should start with _________________, using a _______________ effleurage, superficial stroking petrissage, kneading technique effleurage, kneading technique tapotment, tapping technique

effleurage, superficial stroking

The organization of a muscle from inside to outside is: Endoderm, periderm, epiderm periderm, endoderm, epiderm endomysium, perimysium, epimysium epimysium, permysium, endomysium

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

Which of the following is a contraindication to interferential? fracture healing muscle reeducation epilepsy pain

epilepsy

Hemoglobinemia:

excess of hemoglobin in blood plasma

Which type of motion is primarily involved in McKenzie exercises? flexion extension lateral flexion rotation

extension

Individual muscle fiber (myocytes) are bundled into: perimysium fascia fascicles endomysium

fascicles

Which of the following types of muscle fiber are considered to be most fatigable? fast glycolytic fast oxidative slow oxidative type 1 fibers

fast glycolytic

Fast twitch oxidative fibers: fatigue quickly are used to maintain posture use ATP slowly are used in nonexertional movement such as walking

fatigue quickly

Codman's exercises would be most closely described as which of the following? finger wall walking back extension back flexion neck distraction

finger wall walking

The patient assessment for rehabilitation exercise includes all, except: range of motion neurological activity joint stability flexibility

flexibility

Ultraviolet radiation is used: when diabetes is suspected for septic wounds for Hepatitis C Over the eyes and genitals

for septic wounds

All of the following are contraindications to high voltage electrical modalities except: pregnancy thrombophlebitis cancer fracture healing

fracture healing

The number of Oscillations per second is referred to as the: frequency wavelength acoustic eave pulse duration

frequency

Percussion movements encompass all of the following massage techniques except: clapping slapping friction beating

friction

Cataphoresis and anaphoresis are used in which type of current? high frequency faradic galvanic sinusoidal

galvanic

Iontophoresis is commonly associated with: microcurrent galvanic current ultrasound lasers

galvanic current

Which of the following is false pertaining to the effects of cathodes used in iontophoresis? it increases bleeding it is not attracted to acids vasodilation is produced has a cold effect

has a cold effect

Anodes used in iontophoresis would have all of the following effects except: has a heating effect dehydrates tissue attracts oxygen vasoconstriction

has a heating effect

Faradic electric stimulation: is extremely comfortable used for denervated muscles was replaced by Russian Stimulation has a nonsymmetrical wave length w/ a long duration small positive and short duration large negative spike

has a nonsymmetrical wave length w/ a long duration small positive and short duration large negative spike

Oxidative muscle fibers have the following characteristic: lack myoglobin have large numerous mitochondria have small sized mitochondria are white in color

have large numerous mitochondria

Ultraviolet, infrared and microwave diathermy are _______________________ frequency modalities very low low medium high

high

Advantages of IFC include all except: pain relief- acute and chronic reeducation of muscle spasm higher skin resistance cover a large area than TENS

higher skin resistance

Most common use for a cane is an ankle sprain a knee tendonitis hip osteoarthritis post surgical ankle or knee

hip osteoarthritis

Most common use for a cane is:

hip osteoarthritis

Which of the following is used for superficial heating? hydrocollator packs therapeutic ultrasound shortwave diathermy microwave diathermy

hydrocollator packs

Which is not a sign of inflammation? tumor calor rubor hypermobility

hypermobility

Which of the following is not treated by the HeNe Laser? migraines ulcer burn hyperthyroidism

hyperthyroidism

Lumbar rehabilitation is designed to accumulate endurance strength flexibility hypertrophy

hypertrophy

Peripheral nerve palsy can occur when: heat is applied directly over a nerve ice is applied directly over the nerve laser is applied directly over a nerve ultrasound is applied directly over a nerve

ice is applied directly over the nerve

Precautions for NMES include which of these: increased Range of motion Old scar tissue impaired sensation Residual muscle spasm

impaired sensation

Precautions for NMES include which of these? increased range of motion old scar tissue impaired sensation residual muscle spasm

impaired sensation

Interferential current (IFC) -is less comfortable than tens -is a form of high frequency electrical stimulation -imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another -works only on chronic pain syndromes

imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another

Interferential current (IFC) imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another is less comfortable than TENS is a form of high frequency electrical stimulation works only on chronic pain syndromes

imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another

Interferrential current (IFC): imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another is less comfortable than TENS is a form of high frequency electrical stimulation works only on chronic pain syndrome

imposes 2 separate medium frequency currents on one another

All of the follwoing are physiological effects of cryotherapy except: vasoconstriction increase in metabolism decrease heart rate decrease inflammation

increase in metabolism

The physiological effects of traction on ligaments include: increase in elastic deformation increase in ligament density exchange of synovial fluid increase in plastic deformation

increase in plastic deformation

Which of the following is not an indication for William's exercises? decrease lumbar lordosis spondylolisthesis facet syndrome increase lumbar lordosis

increase lumbar lordosis

Ultrasound (US) non-thermal effects include which of these? inc blood flow increased collagen extensibility increased cell permeability decrease in muscle spasm

increased cell permeability

Disk herniation, subacute pain, and Spondylolisthesis are specific ________________ for ____________________. indications, traction contraindications, traction indications, intermittent compression indications, TENS

indications, traction

________________ is a contraindication to microcurrent fracture neuropathy infection acute pain

infection

All of the following has a heating depth of 3-5 cm except: infrared microwave diathermy shortwave diathermy ultrasound

infrared

Which of the following uses radiation as a mechanism of heat transfer? infrared lamp ultrasound hot pack ice massage

infrared lamp

All of the following are high frequency modalities except: ultrasound microwave diathermy interferential ultraviolet

interferential

Which of the following modalities consist of a crossing between two medium frequencies that result in a low frequency? infrared microwave diathermy interferential microcurrent

interferential

Which of the following modalities is characteristic of polyphasic current? diathermy ultrasound cryotherapy interferential

interferential

What is galvanic (direct) current is most often used for? iontophoresis Muscle contraction muscle reeducation reduction of edema

iontophoresis

Which of the following modalities has the lowest frequency? russian stimulation diathermy iontophoresis infrared

iontophoresis

Raynaud disease (Syndrome) involves the hands onky is a cold sensitivity is heat intolerance is d/t osteoarthritis

is a cold sensitivity

Cold Laser (LLLT) tissue penetration: is greater in darker skinned individuals is not affected by obesity is not affected by wave length is affected by wave length and power

is affected by wave length and power

TENS treatment time never exceeds 30 min never exceeds 2 times per day is extremely variable

is extremely variable

Hot whirl pool: treatment should last 30-60 min should never have a temp above 98 deg F is indicated when range of motion (ROM) is decreased is contraindicated in chronic injuries

is indicated when range of motion (ROM) is decreased

What is the depth of penetration when using US? -is proportional to the frequency of sound wave (1<3) -is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sound wave (1>3) -is not dependent upon the frequency of the sound wave -is proportional to the intensity (W/cm2)

is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sound wave (1>3)

Single leg traction requires one person is a form of mechanical traction can be performed standing or lyind gown is performed by 2 persons or one person and a torso strap

is performed by 2 persons or one person and a torso strap

Zinc anode in iontophoresis is used to treat ______________________________ ischemic ulcer plantar warts athlete's foot bursitis

ischemic ulcer

Holding a five pound thumb bell straight in front without moving it is considered a (n) _________________ type of contraction eccentric concentric isometric isotonic

isometric

There is muscle tension with no muscle lengthening or shortening; this is a _______________ type of contraction isometric isotonic eccentric concentric

isometric

When a joint is casted or braced, the best type of exercise to maintain strength would be: isometric isotonic isokinetic pylometric

isometric

Which type of contraction involves a lack of change in muscle length? isokinetic isotonic eccentric isometric

isometric

Negative polarity as used in high volt pulsed current has which effect? it increases vascularity it increases macrophage activity it decreases collagen production it increases bacterial growth

it increases vascularity

Which of the following is false regarding direct current (DC)? It can bring on a chemical reaction it is Biphasic It flows in a positive or negative direction it flows in the same direction

it is Biphasic

Which of the following is not true pertaining to effleurage? it relieves tension it tones muscles aids in circulation of blood it is a deep kneading

it is a deep kneading

All of the following are true regarding diathermy except: non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation causes higher pain thresholds causes relaxation of muscle it is a medium frequency modality

it is a medium frequency modality

Which is true of long wave diathermy? it is no longer used it is considered more effective than short wave diathermy it forms a magnetic field around the treatment site

it is no longer used

Which of the following is false regarding paraffin bath? it is used for the feet and hands it decreases pain it is used for arthritis it is used on the neck for hyperextension injury

it is used on the neck for hyperextension injury

Which of the following is not a form of tapotement? beating clapping kneading hacking

kneading

Diathermy is best utilized for: Small areas involving acute conditions large areas with severe acute inflammation small areas involving chronic conditions large areas involving chronic conditions

large areas involving chronic conditions

Monochromatic, coherence and collimation are all principles of: ultrasound infrared russian stimulation laser

laser

The sagittal plane divides the body into:

left and right segments

Microcurrent uses a frequency of ________________________. 1 MHz 2000 MHz less than 1 Hz 25 Hz

less than 1 Hz

Which positive ion is used in iontophoresis to treat neuritis? lidocaine (+) anode copper (+) anode calcium (+) anode hyoluronidase (+) anode

lidocaine (+) anode

Contraindications for moist heat packs include which of these? chronic inflammation chronic muscle spasm local infection impaired circulation in area to be treated

local infection

Electric heating pads fall under which category of modality? long wave infrared short wave diathermy microwave diathermy short wave diathermy

long wave infrared

The Pizoelectric effect transfers ______________ energy into electrical energy chemical sound mechanical ultraviolet

mechanical

The of diathermy include all the following except: shortwave diathermy microwave diathermy long wave diathermy medium frequency diathermy

medium frequency diathermy

Which of the following is a contraindication to shortwave diathermy? metal implants tendonitis sinusitis bursitis

metal implants

_____________ is a type of _________________ modality that is used for pain relief; it is closest to the current of the human body microcurrent, electrical Infrared, heating Faradic, Electrical Ultraviolet, Heating

microcurrent, electrical

Which of the following is a high frequency modality? iontophoresis microwave diathermy microcurrent russian stimulation

microwave diathermy

The rate at which current flows is usually measured by modalities in: milliamps watts volts amperes

milliamps

Laser only emits the energy of one wavelength; this is a characteristic of: collimation spatial coherence temporal coherence monochromatic

monochromatic

Direct current (DC) has a waveform that is referred to as : monophasic bi-directional biphasic polyphasic

monophasic

When using high volt galvanic to stimulate wound healing, treatments should occur: more than once per day every other day for one week 3 times per week for 2 weeks once per week

more than once per day

Which is not a contraindication to every modality? malignancy endocrine disease tumor muscle atrophy

muscle atrophy

Massage is indicated in the following condition: acute inflammation skin conditions muscle spasm localized infection

muscle spasm

Thick filament is: Actin myosin myofibril ytropomyosin

myosin

The majority of strength gained the first 4-8 weeks occurs d/t: neuromuscular adaptation hypertrophy of muscle fibrils expansion of the capillary bed within the muscle increase in the cross sectional size of the muscle

neuromuscular adaptation

Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in the acute phase of inflammation? neutrophil monocyte lymphocyte eosinophil

neutrophil

______________ is a type of infrared that will feel warmer to the skin because it penetrates the skin _______________

non luminous; less

The resistance to electric current that ions encounter is measured in: watts amps ohm's volts

ohm's

Contraindications for cold laser (LLLT) include all except: direct eye irradiation open wound pregnant uterus irradiation organ transplant patients

open wound

Intereferential contraindications include: Edema pain pacemaker muscle spasm

pacemaker

All of the following are contraindications to all modalities except: infection patients with pacemakers pain endocrine conditions

pain

Which of the following is the primary indication of TENS? acne sinusitis pain control pyrexia

pain control

All of the following are contraindications to laser treatment except: pregnancy pain from muscle spasm over any fontanel malignancy

pain from muscle spasm

Neuralgia:

pain in a nerve

Dipping and wrapping are procedures associated with: paraffin hydrotherapy ice pack massage

paraffin

Which of the following is a superficial heating modality? ultrasound paraffin microwave diathermy shortwave diathermy

paraffin

What type of symptoms would you expect from a grade II (axonotmesis) nerve injury? complete rupture of nerve tissue w/ permanent motor and sensory loss partial rupture of nerve tissue with associated sensory only partial tear of a nerve tissue w/ temporary motor and sensory loss temporary motor and sensory loss without nerve damage

partial tear of a nerve tissue w/ temporary motor and sensory loss

Which of the following is not an indication for ultraviolet? rickets osteomalcia pellagra acne

pellagra

Cold whirlpool is used when: gravity is an issue peripheral nerves have been injured a cold allergy exists a patient suffers from circulatory insufficiency

peripheral nerves have been injured

Contraindications for diathermy include which of these? joint inflammation subacute inflammation peripheral vascular disease osteoarthritis

peripheral vascular disease

Compression-like massage movements are characterized by which type? effleurage petrissage vibration tapotement

petrissage

Conduction (in cooling) is essentially the process of losing heat through:

physical contact w/ another object such as frozen -when applying cooling agents (cryocup) the body part comes in direct contact w/ the cold source (thus making conduction the form of energy transfer)

Pulsed Current (PC) has a waveform that is referred to as: monophasic bi-directional polyphasic biphasic

polyphasic

Russian pulse has which type of waveform? polyphasic monophasic biphasic bi-directional

polyphasic

Russian stimulation and interferential have waveforms that are described as: monophasic biphasic polyphasic bi-directional

polyphasic

Myofascial release technique is accomplished by using gentle stretch and: force contraction pressure release

pressure

PRICE stands for:

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

Proteolytic enzymes break down: fats carbs proteins sugars

proteins

The time that occurs from the start to the end of one particular wave is referred to as: rise time pulse duration decay time ramp time

pulse duration

Specific lumbar traction contraindications include all except: hiatal hernia radiating pain active peptic ulcers pregnancy

radiating pain

During gait maturation, by the age of 2: -upper limbs are abducted w/ elbows extended -reciprocal arm motion begins to develop -hips are externally rotated through the gait cycle -the adult pattern has matured

reciprocal arm motion begins to develop

Acetate is a negtive ion used in ionotophoresis for which purpose? reduce pain reduce calcium deposits reduce inflammation block nerve transmission

reduce calcium deposits

All statements about isometric exercise are true except: can be performed while in a cast requires little or no equipment does not require a full range of motion to perform replaces isotonic exercise in a rehabilitation program

replaces isotonic exercise in a rehabilitation program

The principle of specificity applies to: use of physical therapy modalities resistance training flexibility training Piezoelectric effect

resistance training

The greater the temp gradient between the skin and the cooling source, the greater the:

resulting tissue temp change 15 min immersion of the forearm in a water bath of 34 deg causes subcutaneous tissue temp drop by 43 deg 15 min immersion of the forearm in a water bath of 63 deg causes subcutaneous tissue temp drop by 11 deg

Indications for traction include all except: apophyseal joint impingement disc protrusion rheumatoid arthritis foraminal encroachment

rheumatoid arthritis

The time that it takes for a waveform to arrive at the peak amplitude is called: decay time duty cycle rise time pulse duration

rise time

Strengthening of the vastus medialis is a primary treatment for which of the following conditions? runner's knee achilles tendonitis anteriorlateral shin splints posteriormedial shin splints

runner's knee

Muscle strengthening, output modulation and pulsed current are all factors involved in: ultrasound russian stimulation shortwave diathermy microwave diathermy

russian stimulation

Which is medium frequency modality? infrared ultraviolet microcurrent russian stimulation

russian stimulation

Plantar warts is best treated with _____________ in iontophoresis salicylate (-)cathode lidocaine (+) anode vinegar acetate (-) cathode

salicylate (-)cathode

Contraindications to cervical traction include: Disc herniation osteoarthritis severe muscle spasm severe sprain

severe sprain

Codman's exercises are usually for a specific conditions involving the: wrist hand shoulder low back

shoulder

Heat loss moves from the __________ first then draws from underlying tissues, adipose, fascia and finally muscle

skin

Which of the following offer the most current resistance? bone muscle blood skin

skin

Which of the following should not be recommended for a patient with OA? straight-backed chairs firm mattress soft mattress paraffin bath

soft mattress

Which muscle is the prime plantar flexor of the ankle when the knee is flexed? gastrocnemius soleus tibialis posterior triceps surae

soleus

Laser has the same wavelengths that travel in all the same direction. This is referred to as: temporal coherence spatial coherence monochromatic collimation

spatial coherence

The most common recommendations for lumbar traction is in cases of? disk prolapse spondylolisthesis spinal stenosis sequestered disk

spondylolisthesis

Which is not contraindication to massage? Osteomyelitis thrombosis acute arthritis sprain

sprain

All of the following are types of progressive neuromuscular facilitation techniques except: static stretch hold -relax contract-relax slow reversal hold-relax

static stretch

The first form of stretching which should be performed when a patient has an acute injury is: active resisted stretching dynamic stretching static stretching proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching

static stretching

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores intracellular calcium is associated w/ the mitochondria holds the actin fibers are responsible for muscle contractions

stores intracellular calcium

Which of the following is a treatment for Chondromalacia Patellae? strengthen vastus medialis williams exercise increase Q-Angle Wall Climbing

strengthen vastus medialis

All of the following are associated with petrissage except: friction kneading vibration superficial stroking

superficial stroking

The description of interreferential electrical stimulation is: -2 completing currents enter the body and produce medium frequency therapy - 2 medium frequency currents blend to produce a stronger electric field -superimposition of 2 separate medium frequency sinusoidal currents -a medium frequency which reduces pain

superimposition of 2 separate medium frequency sinusoidal currents

Which type of massage movement is characterized by percussion? effleurage tapotement petrissage tapping

tapotement

All of the following are types of petrissage except: vibration tapping friction kneading

tapping

The 2 broad categories of nerve injury are: neuralgia and neuritis direct and indirect tension and compression

tension and compression

During the relaxation phase of a muscle contraction : the muscle cannot contract contractile proteins hydrolyze the muscle lengthens, decreasing muscle tension

the muscle lengthens, decreasing muscle tension

During the Swing phase of gait: the pelvis rotates forward and flexes the knee is fully extended the hip is extended and internally rotated slightly the ankle is held rigidly in plantar flexion

the pelvis rotates forward and flexes

During the swing phase of gait: the pelvis rotates forward and flexes the knee is fully extended the hip is extended and internall rotated slightly the ankle is held rigidly in plantar flexion

the pelvis rotates forward and flexes

You cannot bill for Hot/ cold therapy without:

therapeutic stretch or exercise billed in conjunction

Action of Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy

thermal (DEEP HEATERS)

Why do you have to move slowly with TherapeutIC Ultrasound

these waves ripple out from the center (like dropping something in water) it ripples out and then reflects/ bounces off bone and back to the head! You have to move slowly bc you have to pick all of this up!

Which of the following is an indication for microcurrent? osteomyelitis pregnancy tissue repair wound infection

tissue repair

Which of the following changes electrical energy into acoustic energy? transducer electrodes water bladder radio waves

transducer

Which of the following has the highest aerobic capacity? type 1 type 2a type 2b fast glycolytic

type 1

_______________ is a type of muscle fiber that is slow-twitch and least fatigable fast, oxidative type 1 type 2 a type 2b

type 1

_____________________ is a type of muscle fiber that is most fatigable type 1 type 2 a type 2 b fast oxidative

type 2 b

Intensity is expressed in watts per square centimeter for diathermy ultrasound ultraviolet infrared

ultrasound

The deepest heat penetrating modality is which of the following? infrared ultrasound shortwave diathermy russian stimulation

ultrasound

Which of the following modalities are operated at a frequency above 100,000 Hz? faradic ultrasound microcurrent interferential

ultrasound

Combination (Combo) therapy utilizes: ultrasound and electric stimulation Electric stimulation and phonophoresis electric stimulation and diathermy diathermy and galvanic stimulation

ultrasound and electric stimulation

Psoriasis, Herpes Zoster, and Acne are all indications for: ultrasound cryotherapy ultraviolet TENs

ultraviolet

Skin condaditions like herpes Zoster (vesicles), dermatological conditions, carbuncles, wounds, decubitus ulcers and fungal infections are indicators for _____________________ therapy. Rickets and Osteomalacia also are indicatros for ____________________ therapy

ultraviolet; ultraviolet

Faradic current is useful in muscle reeducation used for edema control effective in wound healing effective when applied transthoracic

useful in muscle reeducation

Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulation (MENS) : is the same as MNES depolarizes nerves cannot be used over wounds uses constant or pulsed direct current at an extremely low amperage

uses constant or pulsed direct current at an extremely low amperage

Phonophoresis: utilizes ions to deliver drugs into a target tissue utilizes sound waves to deliver drugs into a target tissue is used for chronic conditions only is used to decrease edema and increase blood flow

utilizes sound waves to deliver drugs into a target tissue

Which of the following is a contraindication to massage? tendonitis strain subacute sprain vascular disease

vascular disease

Which type of massage is considered the nerve stroke? effleurage tapping cupping vibration

vibration

A wavelength of 390 - 470 nm corresponds to the color range of: red yellow-orange blue-green violet- deep blue

violet- deep blue

The distance from the apex of one wave to the apex of the next wave is called the: wavelength frequency pulse duration surged modulation

wavelength

A paraffin bath contains mostly ___________ and small amounts of _________________

wax; oil

Mechanical cervical traction requires a harness: which fits over the ears which supports the cervical spine in flexion which allows for mild cervical extension which can exert a maximum pull of 50 pounds

which allows for mild cervical extension

MENS suggested uses include: wound healing edema reduction muscle reeducation scar reduction

wound healing

Microcurrent is most effective in the treatment of: Edema wound healing muscle atrophy muscle spasms

wound healing

Which of the following is a contraindication to cryotherapy? wound healing analgesia fever burns

wound healing

____________ is an indication for the use of ultrasound wry neck malignancy hemorrhage pregnancy

wry neck


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