Planning Theory Test 1 Georgia Tech
Was the push for being partisan about nonpartisan politics in local government a smokescreen for the elites to maintain power?
- There was a notion that party governments were breaking down institutions due to inability to govern: the "party machine" was an act of democracy that provided for nepotism and "patronage networks" in the apparatus. - "We are giving power to vote and influence decisions to people who shouldn't have that power - people who should rely on us to make the decision" - Fear of mass democracy - Need = Political reform: - Operate municipal government as a business corporation Integrate business standards into the process of administration - Pursue governmental efficiency Interrelationship: capitalist values + administrative methods - Local government is a logical extension of propertied interest in urban society - Middle class sought to regain influence in municipal politics by: - Basic reorganization of city administration - Municipal governments to function as business corporations Parties who brought 'political consideration into municipal management [were] to be opposed.' - Task of government reform: purge local government of party politicians and transform it into an institution run according to the social values of the middle class (pg. 11) - Belief that middle class is the "most valuable citizen" - Middle class was grounded in that right because of land ownership - Their right-their economic values- corporatism - Discriminate against not landed, non gentry, non white - The push was not for the elites to maintain power - it was for the people who were specialized in their job to keep their jobs
From where do these practices and ideas come?
- They come as a reaction to current political and economic situations - They come from the need, desperation and fear that urbanites experienced in the industrial city. - Social and environmental issues of the city had become so drastic that we were living in our own filth
How do these responses differ from earlier approaches to urban governance and why are they considered antecedents to the modern planning?
- They were single, comprehensive plans - They allowed for multipurpose issues in development: when we rip up the street, we lay piping, sewers, gas, tracks and then eventually lay street. - These goals were easier to back, because they were comprehensive and visible: they were literally pulling people out of shit and piss. - Health planning, greenspace planning and public order planning were addressed as social issues through social reform or public reform: comprehensive, broad impact and multi purpose
Is the proper region for planning metropolitan in scope, reflecting political boundaries, or bio-regional reflecting natural system boundaries?
- This is an opinion question! - Planning can happen at all levels - Historically, the scale of planning has been increasing
How did planning institutions emerge in the early 20th century? How did planning contract or expand to realize acceptance and effectiveness?
- To continually implement planning measures through a continuous activity of planning which had not been recognized before as necessary - Planning institutions before were ad hoc, such as Walker's - Continuous planning was a call for reformers and a call for municipal reform - Issues in their arising is leadership, few people thinking it has to be high importance, people think it is impractical, it is entrenched in interests which are the opposite of you, - Planning not only had to expand itself in order to show its importance, it had to establish itself as in the way of the administrators and near the top of the chain: it must "occupy a place in municipal organization close to the top officials of the city and its function must be seen as one of advising" - These ad hoc roles were primarily ad hoc private groups UNTIL new deal established continual function - Degradation of it, especially as conservatives moved in in the 1980s
Why do we study history and theory?
- To make sure history doesn't repeat itself; to understand why the current world looks the way it does based off of previous realms and movements of thinking and planning -In order to build modern theory, which nitpicks old theories and adopts them in ways best fit to local situation Theories are for (Neuman 2005): explanation: - explains planning practices, and tests out what works and what does not through empirical studies. - prediction: difficult due to the nature of social and political complexity. - justification: to explain why plan; justify what types of practices can deal with these issues - normative guidance: to serve as the ethics/ norms of planning. But Neuman (2005) thinks that no universal norms exist.
How does this tension continue to manifest itself in urban problem solving?
- What is best for people is not what has been previously done in planning → causes urban social issues associated with design This includes techniques to color block, etc. - Health entirely ignored design, where they could have benefited by comprehensively making recommendations and studying it - Urban design affects how people move through a city, when it is not conformed to all populations it causes urban problems - Can create issues in health and safety as well - There is a tension between how much changing the built environment versus looking at and approaching issues around social determinants
CHC City Housing Corporation
Main goals - Ultimate aim of the City Housing Corporation was to build a garden city - To produce good homes at as low a price as possible Lasting effects - Sunnyside/Radburn - Green Commons - Private Deed restrictions can preserve such common green areas - The Grouping of buildings of different heights and bulk - Combination of single-family, two-family, and apartment houses - The Simple Rectangular Form Dissolution - The CRASH
What are the advantages of the planning process developed for the planning of Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn? What are the potential disadvantages?
- With Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn, the planners applied a mechanistic view to the planning of the communities. Advantages: - Better, holistic view - Created a blueprint which could be replicated in other communities which helped to create a systematic approach to building communities. - See the Components: - These two communities were broken down into their components (roads, green spaces, residential, commercial businesses) and there was a scientific approach to automobiles in the city as well as crime and civic engagement. Disadvantages: - Lose details - Behavior - Can mask complexity - How do the components relate? - Rarely social context is taken into account when building these communities, and each community is designed to be a cookie-cutter version of the original. - This doesn't work for communities where people live.... At least not to create sustainable and equitable communities that last. - Exclusive: in town-site planning, you only have block people from moving there you don't want there. In the interest of "home values" you had the liberty to adopt racist & antisemetic housing policies
What was the progressive era's impact on city government?
- Witnessed rapid strides toward a more centralized system - This development constituted an accommodation of forces outside the business community to the political trends within business and professional life rather than vice versa - It involved a tendency for the decision-making processes inherent in science and technology to prevail over those inherent in representative government...
What can we learn from the City Beautiful Movement about the process of plan making?
- You can't treat an existing city as town-site planning** - Work with local officials - Proposals cannot be made without backing: business, propaganda - However, the City Beautiful Movement was known for putting forth beautiful plans and ideas, but there was not always implementation of these ideas...Cities don't actually look like this. - Moving forward, there MUST be an attainable plan - People don't want to live within a city if there is chaos → must incorporate City Beautiful Movement - Order can be restored!! - City Beautiful Plans assume that physical improvements automatically lead to changing behaviors and a better quality of life in communities they planned for - There is little consideration in these plans regarding local culture and context of a community / city for which the plan is being made. - Legacies of City Beautiful: Movement = parks, sewers, and blight removal / revitalization
How were newly emerging planning municipal powers employed to promote race and class-based discrimination in housing?
- Zoning + racial covenants (people were signing covenants to only sell their house to an individual of the same race - Not legal but could be enforced in informal ways (harassment, destruction of property, street barriers) - Diversion of funding from urban centers (not necessarily promoting racial / class-based discrimination in housing, but was preventing upward mobility and increasing quality of life for these individuals) - Lending for new construction instead of rehab (going to be a focus in the suburban and rural areas instead of inner city; relates to the former point) - Transportation causing barriers to communities of color (this could prevent communities of color from using roads which went through primarily white neighborhoods they would also cause physical segregation of the areas) + redlining (certain neighborhood attributes were seen as undesireable" Zoning - Real Estate ??
Machine Politics
- a style that relies on material incentives to nurture loyalty - Material incentives come in many forms: a patronage job, a government contact, a zoning variance, a fixed parking ticket, an expedited business license, etc. - Machine politicians thrived off of corruption, but they also provided a path by which ethnic voters could gain a measure of access to a political system that had excluded them - Machines were held together by combination of ethnic identity and partisan loyalty
Filth Theory
- filth was the cause of disease and increased passage of disease instead of germs themselves - city beautiful movement
How did the physical reform of the industrial city over the course of the 20th century contribute to extensive urban decentralization?
- physical reform of the industrial city; with zoning, industrial areas could no longer be close to residentially zoned areas - Decentralization was a government strategy to lower congestion in cities-- conditions were overcrowded and vehicles colliding with pedestrians were a big problem. - Sanitarian way of thought adopted, influenced the continual idea that cities made us ill>created Garden cities, Appalachian trail
Germ theory
- progressive - precursor to public health - infectious disease caused by germs
What are the four major arguments for an against planning?
4 Major arguments for and against planning in a modern democratic 'free market society' (1) Economic arguments based on the deficiencies of competitive markets (2) Pluralist arguments based on the benefits and limitations of pluralist group interactions (3) Traditional arguments used by the early planning profession (4) Neo-Marxist' arguments Four Essential Social Functions (1) Promoting the collective interest of the community (2) Considering the external effects of individual and group action (3) Improving the information base for public and private decision-making (4) Protecting the interests of society's most needy members
Planned Settlements
"Planned settlements result from preconceived intervention and are thus afforded 'urban status at a given moment in time,' rather than achieving this status through a process of evolution"
Organic Growth
"The natural, unplanned process whereby an urban settlement evolves from a village origin is termed organic growth... [it] describes the kind of urban form which has evolved without preconceived planned intervention."
Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA)
- (1923-1933) Circumstances of creation: - Focused on ills of large industrial cities - How do we integrate the hinterland with the city itself - Organization for urban reform - We need to focus on the regional planning, which allows us to focus on the area Main goals - 4 Goals (1) Regionalism (2) Promote comprehensiveness of planning (3) Preservation of environment (4) Decentralization - Main goals were not truly accepted but the thought process was Lasting effects: - Radburn - Sunnyside - Appalachian Trail Dissolution: - It failed
The Progressive Era
- 1890 - 1920 - believed in efficacy of the scientific method by 'professional expertise,' to achieve social change - Was not so much the movement of any one social class, or coalition of classes, against a particular class or group as it was rather a widespread and remarkably good-natured effort of a significant segment of the urban middle class to achieve within their areas of expertise a societal self reformation
Committee on Congestion of Population (CCP)
- 1909 Circumstances of creation: - Collected data on the population question and to present it to the public in hopes of arousing concern - Fought for land and tax reform, public control of undeveloped real estate, and planning communities to decentralize inner-city population - Attacked the overcrowding of population as the single most important cause of big city ill - NY Main goals 1) Industrial zoning; 2) Residential zoning controlling height and density; 3) Municipal provision of mass transportation; 4) Control and provision of streets, open spaces, parks, and playgrounds; 5) Right of excess condemnation (i.e., authority to condemn more than just the land to be used for public building to provide land for public purposes). Lasting effects - Created a City Commission Dissolution - National Housing Association shattered Marsh's vision
RPAA - Regional Planning Association of America
- 1923 - 1933 - Organization for urban reform 4 Goals (1) Regionalism - Critical examination of the city - Regional cities instead of industrial cities (2) Promote comprehensiveness of planning (3) Preservation of environment (4) Decentralization - We need to focus on the regional planning, which allows us to focus on the area - Main goals were not truly accepted but the thought process was
Tennessee Valley Authority
- 1932 Circumstances of Creation - New Deal established them as a regional development agency Goals: - Electrification in rural areas - New towns and dams - Housing construction - Reforestation & erosion control Lasting Effects: - Tennesee Valley, electrification Dissolution- never, bitch
How was the process of analysis applied to a redesigning of the neighborhood and town in the early 20th century? What are the limitations of an analytical approach to urban design?
- Analytical thinking - A natural complement to the doctrine of reductionism It is the mental process by which anything to be explained, hence understood, is broken down into its parts - Complement to the doctrine of reductionism, which maintains that all objects and events, their properties and our experience/knowledge of them are made up of elements - Analytics allowed for the redesigning of communities based on scientific methods of design, with a preexisting assumption that the best model would be an economically viable variety close to the Radburn - Consequence = science itself has come to be reconceptualized as a system whose parts, the disciplines, are interdependent instead of DEPENDENT - Therefore, there is a lack of the social interpretation of how things will work when pieced together - Lack of system working together as a whole: little to no regional cohesion in planning institutions (known as systems thinking), externalities and failures could be denoted to lack of cohesion
In what ways are pre-modern modes of planning ill suited for the function of planning within existing cities?
- Ancient cities were responsive to a much larger number of urban form determinants than are modern cities - Lack infrastructure for the growing population (had a carrying capacity) → see also public health infrastructure and movement of goods - Ancient modes of planning rarely extend beyond the physical dimensions of cities - Pre-modern planning modes were largely town-site planning that were focused on geography, location, resources, defensibility. - Built around special purpose planning based around a particular structure: while modern cities are more attuned to a vast array of issues
The City Beautiful Movement serves to formalize a thread of planning thought that tends to emphasize social problem solving through the physical redesigning of cities. What are some contemporary legacies of this movement?
- Central Park - Radburn - Sunnyside - Green space / environmental planning - Environmental determinism - Escaping the chaos - Columbian Exposition: Washington, D.C. → monumentalism Reinforce neoclassicism and monumentalism - Highline/Beltline/Swamp Rabbit
Regional Plan Association (RPA)
- Circumstances of creation - Carries out actual work of the RPAA
National Planning Board, 1933
- Circumstances of creation: New Deal, established within PWA - The primary function of the Board was that of advice to the President on problems of long-range planning - By Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act To coordinate public works programs Main goals - Coordinate public works programs - Economic chartings - Administrative organization of projects - Physical planning to identify and design projects
National Resource Planning Board, 1939
- Circumstances of creation: they were focused on a postwar plan, reports on planning, transportation, and economic inquirines Main goals - Work with the resettlement Administration - National studies of national resources - Create model communities Lasting effects - Model communities were garden suburbs constructed by Resettlement Administration - Followed ideas of Radburn - Demonstration cities: were created with the plan that the government could be involved in local government Dissolution - 1943: line agencies objected to their interference (army Core, Reclemation)
How did cities change in the 19th century to require a shift from special purpose planning to a continual planning function?
- Cities are now created → therefore city planning went from townsite planning to planning existing urban forms to meet needs - Technology allows for cities to have an uninhibited carrying capacity, making them dynamic - Dynamic cities face constant new challenges (healthy population, inequities, transportation, economic) - Stemmed out of historical public health challenges before moving into others - Immigration to cities required more attention because different standards of living
Dillion's Rule
- Cities should be able to be overridden by the state if need be - Cities are creatures of the state - Made by Judge Dillon - Limited government → especially at the local level → Unitary* - State has given you a charter and these are the powers you have (Eminent domain)
How does the Marxist argument build on the others?
- Collective interest :: Replace existing decentralized markets by centralizing planning - Externalities :: Calls for the comprehensive coordination of investment decisions - Traditional forms of planning information primarily serve the interests of capital. To promote fundamental social change planner must inform the public of the underlying realities of capitalist society and the need to correct the structural imbalances in power and wealth. Radical reformation of society.
What was the role of the automobile in the process of 20th century urban decentralization?
- Dangerous city* - Automobile was a stressor and an enabler - We were moving outside of the city before cars - Omni busses were utilized - Highway Act allowed people to move out of the city at a rapid pace (excluded portions of the population → those "stuck in place") - Allowed for the perpetuation of racism - Trucking thoroughfares near POC & poor communities lowered property values without their consent - Automobile was much of an effect of suburbia and a cause - More affordable* - People do not have to be located near jobs: "freedom" of choice where to live - White "middle class" (note= middle class was not the size it is today) was able to undertake these changes
What is the design and policy legacy of the Garden City?
- Decentralization of large urban centers into networks of satellite communities surrounded by green belts that would create pleasant and healthy living/working environments (as compared to the unsanitary overcrowded conditions of cities at the time). - Wow NeW DeAl!!!: refer to the influence of Radburn question
How did the City Beautiful Movement contribute to a divergence of thought in the early planning community?
- Difference between physical reformists and social reformists Physical reformers believe that beautiful structures can make people happy and healthier and build an ideal society (City Beautiful Movement) - Social reformers believe that social programs - the economy, social welfare, support system is required by cities and by society to make people happy and healthier and build an ideal society (Progressive Movement) - Because of the focus on physical reform / monumentalism, etc., there was a need for the social reform Progressives critiqued the very top bottom approach. They thought it was naive to think that aesthetically pleasing design will fix the serious issues facing society. Progressives were looking for serious change and government intervention for the congestion and public health issues facing our societies.
How were strategies and tools initially developed to address health and environmental quality employed to achieve often unstated discriminatory objectives?
- During Garden City, majority of home loans go to suburban development, devastating inner cities - There also was a lack in private loans for these people, and having black people in the neighborhood would be considered to lower the values, so they were often redlined - In an effort to rid the cities of "slums," local government tore homes and displaced people, disintegrating social fabric of communities - Later found to have been unconstitutional methods - Transportation infrastructure also created physical barriers for non-white communities and those neighborhoods closest to major thruways experienced a major decrease in values - White flight ****ed over inner cities
Burnham (1846-1912)
- Famous Planner - Likes to design on his own - Starts with a civic center (SF) - Becomes Cultural Heart of city - Develop a plaza - Then creates a ring road that connects them all - Green space - Monumental and Beautiful - Plans over time are not very influential - Spatial cohesion - Beauty of Urban Spaces - Break from the city - Clean Air = ORDER - Loss of continuity in the urban environment
What do planners do?
- Help guide future development of particular jurisdictions - The scope of the profession is as broad as the array of problems confronting today's cities and regions - The nature of the problems are often wicked problems, subject to external forces such as location, political cultures, economic cycles which beyond planner's control. - It is a highly political undertaking, so the political support for the acceptance and implementation is essential (although planners are often ill-prepared to act upon political content of their work) (Brooks, 2002).
How did zoning arise in the U.S. context?
- In the US, zoning came about as a way to create public order in cities. Prior to implementing zoning, private developers were able to design streets, houses, buildings how they wanted without worrying about whether the city's amenities would be able to access the residents who lived here. (EX. Unalligned grids) - Benjamin Marsh and the Committee on Congestion of Population in NYC proposed five strategies in 1907 after a trip to Germany: (1) Industrial zoning; (2) Residential zoning controlling height and density; (3) Municipal provision of mass transportation; (4) Control and provision of streets, open spaces, parks, and playgrounds; (5) Right of excess condemnation (i.e., authority to condemn more than just the - 1910: zoning ordinances begin in NYC-HUB- was concerned with solar availability in the city - Cities put forth their comprehensive plans to assert their power, theyw ere struck down because of individual right until the "STANDARD STATE ZONING ENABLING ACT" developed an advisory zoning committee.
What role did the business community play in promoting and implementing plans in the early 1900s? How has that changed?
- Main idea: The manual promoted the vision of the business community → it was so popular, because the ideas were "sold" - But failed to touch on what the city currently looked like and how to get to the vision - The real difficulty is that selling the idea of the plan and getting specific planning measures into effect are two different matters - Most measures however, will be carried out only if they influence ... - Tendency plan is done once, adopted and carried out. Today it only happens if there is a paid staff to do the planning, programs and activities of the city government toward the desired goal - Planning is more comprehensive now, but "implementation is handicapped by lack of acceptance of the idea that planning should provide the framework for community development, and hence that other municipal services should adapt their activities to it."
How did industrialization alter the structure and function of 19th century cities?
- Mass migration into cities from rural areas, from the south and international immigrants - Industrialization of the farming infrastructure and the lack of greater unenclosed lands meant things were privately held, created a worker surplus - Cities moved from being the cultural, governmental centers of society to inhumanely crowded, unhealthy, dirty centers for industrialization- without having the plan set up for health or safety EX. Bad roads- no lane system, no sidewalk; No firewalls- Chicago Fire! - Economies of agglomeration were coming together - Industry means we need to take the worker surplus from Europe and rural areas, adopt technology-FAST & make large investments in our factories
To what extent are these and related approaches still being used for this purpose today?
- Neighborhood Associations - "Redlining" - Property taxes for schools and civil functions - Zoning - Eminent Domain through condemnation - Beltline → gentrification - Transportation
The divergence between the professions of planning and public health in the late 19th century has been characterized as a divergence between technological and design-oriented approaches to problem solving. How so?
- Planners grasped to physical determinism/environmental improvements instead of science and technology as a means of addressing health in cities, while the public health emerged as a tech-oriented field - technology - public health --- germ theory difference from filth theory?? Science v. just dirtiness of a space - design-oriented - planning --- designing cities (building parks, allowing green space, buildings so that there is fresh air, buildings so that there are multiple bathrooms, designing sewers so that the waste settles out and that there is enough force of physics that the water which is draining quickly can wash everything out)
Did planners in the early 20th Century meaningfully improve conditions for working class Americans, women and Americans of color, or did they instead provide just enough improvement to ward of social unrest or even revolution?
- Progressive movements (like women's suffrage) were inherently racist - It's not that planners pacified marginalized groups and so they didn't revolt, it's that planners so thoroughly disenfranchised marginalized groups that they couldn't revolt - This answer depends on whom you call "planners" -- planners centered in the heroic narrative didn't improve conditions for others but people who didn't get that title or recognition (e.g. Jane Addams?) did
Failure to implement the RPAA Vision?
- RPAA didn't want sprawl, and we got it - Suburban infrastructure as we see it wasn't designed to create a decentralized, regional city environment (i.e. #fail) - Developers were incentivized NOT to create the green space in RPAA's vision, since green space = lost revenues
Why does a diminishment of the number and significance of urban form determinants over time militate for a more robust governmental planning function?
- Rapid uncontrolled expansion due to the lack of infrastructure and planning - Caused by new technologies and innovations that allowed people to overcome their previous determinants (i.e. allowing people to live away from agriculture and near industrial work) - Influx of people and immigrants lead to clashing of cultures - Many new options to where and how we live - When urban form becomes less about survival it is no longer politically advantageous - Hard to control a city when it continuously grows, and there is not a solid government system - Because of the lack of urban determinants, the industrial cities grew and became boiling pots of shit and piss that were going to boil over had the planning function not grown: revolution! Social order! Cholera! Power to the proletariat! Murder the capitalists! The POLITICAL MACHINE! The billionaire class has gone too far!
What planning practices and policies were most instrumental in bringing about a change in the spatial structure of cities?
- Rejection of the car within the living space, but the reliance of the car because of the lack of industry in the small city locations (ex: garden cities) - Superblocks- no crossing circulation of vehicles, cul-de-sacs which allowed for green space, but created avenues which led to intersections which grew strip malls which led to the highway which led to the city, the exit, then the avenue, then the workplace. - Connector streets - Based on the idea of radburn and the decentralized system of building "developments" - Zoning regulations - Largely inspired by FHA, decided how and to what extent we built these
Why are health planning, greenspace planning, and planning for public order considered antecedents to the planning profession?
- Sanitary surveys, sewer plans, tenement housing: "Filth Theory"; Unsanitary conditions in general rather than infectious disease caused transmission of disease; "Germ Theory" - precursor to public health - infectious disease caused by germs - there's a big break between germ theory and filth theory - Sewer System - multipurpose, city-wide, comprehensive, implemented with other goals - Health planning, greenspace planning, and planning for public order -- these are addressing social issues through either social reform or public reform -- comprehensive, broad impact, and multi-purpose
What other societal forces or changes militated for urban decentralization during the early to mid-20th Century? How did these forces influence the profession of planning?
- Societal forces which urged along urban decentralization: segregation / racial conflicts -- for example Pruitt Igoe - originally the housing projects were to be segregated units but once Brown v. BOE happened in early 1950s, there was massive white flight from integrated housing units... this is just one example which probably happened in other cities - There was massive white flight from the urban center because of racism, perceptions of the poor which related to crime and safety issues. - Issues of where to move soldiers after the world wars> what were soldiers going to come home to after the war? - Also, there were housing programs like the FHA which focused on people owning their own houses. National Housing Act created the Federal Housing Administration in 1934 -- Because of the FHA, there was the ability for people who were not super wealthy to own their own homes... this was made possible by changes in the way that people could qualify for mortgages -- they didn't need to put down a huge percentage of down payment for a house... only 10%?? This allowed people to move to the areas which surrounded the city where they could still access jobs within the city center without having to live there!
How does technological change help give rise to the City Beautiful Movement?
- Technology became chaos - therefore there was a push to escape the city/control the city → Olmsted parks → "sanitarian view" of the city* - The City Beautiful Movement calls for an order to all the chaos and seeks to control - beauty is the "trojan horse" of order - Daniel Burnham, father of the City Beautiful Movement, became an apprentice of architecture in Chicago and was a part of a team building early skyscrapers. - Because of new materials like steel that could be shipped from far away (shift from limitations of pre-modern cities), we could now build bigger, sturdier structures much more quickly - Columbian Exposition: Highlighted how technology, cities, and beautiful can come together through street lighting and suggested an alternate future; Calls for order from chaos to seek control
What was the Columbian Exposition and how did it contribute to late 19th century movements of urban reform?
- The Columbian Exposition took place at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893... represented a fully engineered design ... classical design - Greek and Roman architecture design; had cornice along top of buildings - had landscape plan, too (trees used strategically) - Called the "White City" for its white buildings and electrified street lights - Celebrated technological advancement (e.g. street lights^, buildings were huge halls of steel) and was a display of industrial might. Conceived and built in a 2-year period. - Columbian Exposition inspired cities throughout the US in their building and design - including Washington DC - Highlighted how technology, cities, and beautiful can come together through street lighting and suggested an alternate future Calls for order from chaos to seek control
How did physical and social approaches to urban reform diverge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
- The physical and social approaches diverged around the City Beautiful Movement - - Physical reformers / physical progressives - a focus on the physical design of a city to make cities more healthy, the population more healthy and to help solve any social and economic issues - Social reformers / social progressives - a focus on social and regulatory policy to help solve social and economic issues - this is more related with what Dr. N. Botchwey was discussing about "Progressive Movement" Era - These two approaches are searching for overall well-being of the community, but their approaches are very different
CPC- Chicago Planning Commission (1909)
Circumstances of creation - Walter Dwight Moody and other businesspersons attempt to create a plan on how Chicago may look in the future if it were greatly invested in. Main goals - Promotion of Walter Dwight Moody's Wackers Manual, published in 1911 - Promoting personal business goals in Chicago - Belief in mass education, progressivism, efficiency an environmentalism - Aim at bringing these values to the masses Lasting effects - It was completed by a private organization, from a non-planner, business men funded it- and not housing, transit, zoning or water supply
Columbian Exposition (1893)
Circumstances of creation - World Expo - White Chicago - Main goals - Electrified Street Lights - Ferris Wheel - Picture Postcards - Cracker Jacks - Cream of Wheat - Shredded Wheat - Quaker Oats - Juicy Fruit Gum - The Hamburger - Milton Hershey purchased chocolate manufacturing equipment - PBR Lasting effects - White City - Burnham - Monumentalism Dissolution - White City burned to the ground
Was the expansion of city planning attention beyond land use to encompass transportation, housing, parks, public buildings, sanitation, and ultimately workforce issues, education and social policy necessary to achieve satisfactory results or did such expansion dilute support for and reduce the effectiveness of city planning?
City planning as defined by only land use planning provides little to no political context in which early planning existed. After city planning was introduced in terms of zoning, the reformers split to become sanitarians of design and social reformers in action. One side of this split ultimately dominated the other as American society promoted suburbanism, bleeding our cities of necessary tax capital. As suburbs grew, they were at odds with the urban areas and we basically shot ourselves in the foot.
Is it reasonable that planning systems should differ by state or cultural region, or should uniform planning principles govern planning nationwide?
Different contexts have different needs!
Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago: Municipal Economy
Four major topics (1) General urban planning philosophy and nomenclature (2) Historical survey of city planning since antiquity (3) Chicago's historical, geographic, economic, and civic development (4) A detailed exegesis of the plan's main components - transportation network, street system, Michigan Avenue redevelopment, park systems, and civic center - Written by Walter Dwight Moody - PROMOTED by Charles Wacker → Prominent Chicago brewer, real estate developer, financier, civic leader, and first chairman of CPC
Explain the transition from national to local planning.
National: - RPAA - New Deal - Couldn't pass the state or local regions Local: - Demonstration Cities - Hoover
How can you find the benefits of a professional support group to assist you the way the RPAA members assisted each other?
Networking Planning Associations Student Planning Association (SPA) Georgia Planning Association (GPA)
What were the principal tenets and tools of the City Beautiful Movement?
Principal Tenets: - Access to clean air, clean water, and nature for all people. Creator was a sanitarian, and he believed in "filth theory" meaning that filth was the cause of disease and increased passage of disease instead of germs themselves. Access to greenspace and clean air helps with physical and mental health and crime. Principal tools: - Urban elites and privately funded programs - very beautiful diagrams, green spaces, ideal structures, "grand boulevards," proximity to nature, monumentalism; believed that city institutions and greenspaces should be the nucleus of each city
How did a small experimental development in rural New Jersey become the standard design for new suburban growth over the 20th century?
Radburn: - Basic idea of protecting greenspace causes SUBURBS - Strip malls - Circulatory system - Low-density - Car dependent - Open Space - Single Family Homes - Superblock → allows up to put a lot of greenspace in the middle of it - To protect greenspace and central heart of the city → we invent the Culs-De-Sac - Creates collector streets Precedents of Radburn: - Culs-De-Sac - Separation of different means of communication - Specialized Highways - Economy of the radburn plan National Housing Act of 1934 - Seen as the Scientific system solution that addressed the housing problem - Implementers of Radburn were also the implementers of the National Housing Act and also influenced other aspects of New Deal. - FHA only backed insurance for homes in neighborhoods which had been designed off of this type of garden city: no row housing, no multi-family homes, promotion of a bigger economy, more material exploitation, and expansion
What divergent responses were developed to address social, environmental, and health-related problems?
Sanitarian response "filth theory": - Unsanitary conditions, bad smells, industrial pollution cause disease - There are no germs! We need parks! We need green space! - Corrupt air will corrupt us - Frederick Law Olmstead, who later inspired Burnham and the city of Radburn - "Offensive privies" and offering to fix them: fix the shitter! Ex: dumbbell tenement plan, offers more access to light and a bathroom on each floor, but waste and dead animals collected at the back of the building There is also the idea of "Germ Theory" - Precursor to public health: wow, germs cause disease - Sewer plans, carrying away poop - John Snow: lets quit the cholera outbreak of 1854
What is the proper locus of planning in government?
The function of the planning agency is to advise, not propagandize - Three psychological problems with planning: (1)Planning operates against an unfavorable psychological background (2)The "plan" is prepared once, accepted then filed for future reference (3)'practical' administrators and planners seldom understand one another - different language - Economic obstacles to planning: (1)Entrenched economic interests will oppose planning schemes which threaten those interests. (2)Those with taxable incomes are likely to oppose increased expenditures for government services.
Radburn
Was an adoption of British cultural idealism: it represented our ideals of a Garden City, although its economics (meaning low-dividend project as imposed by the RPAA had) --> City Housing Corporation (CHC) that implemented it Stems the modern suburb
