Plant Evolution II - Biology II Assignment

Match each fruit description to the way it is most likely dispersed. Fruit types: A red fleshy fruit containing seeds with a hard seed coat; Dry fruit with hooked spines; A samara or other dry fruit with wings or cottony extensions; A fruit with air-filled chambers surrounded by impermeable membranes. Transport method: Water, Attachment to fur or clothing, Wind, The digestive tract of vertebrate animals.

A red fleshy fruit containing seeds with a hard seed coat matches The digestive tract of vertebrate animals. Dry fruit with hooked spines matches Attachment to fur or clothing. A fruit with air-filled chambers surrounded by impermeable membranes matches Water. A samara or other dry fruit with wings or cottony extensions matches Wind.

Unlike the gymnosperms, the angiosperms produce Multiple choice question. seeds within a fruit large seeds naked seeds large numbers of seeds

seeds within a fruit

The outermost whorl of a flower contains green leaflike structures called ______, while the next whorl to the inside is composed of ______, which are often colorful.

sepals petals

Gnetophytes are the only gymnosperms with efficient conducting cells, called ______ in their xylem.

vessels

Unlike other gymnosperm phyla, the gnetophytes produce Multiple choice question. multicellular gametophytes flagellated sperm vessels in their xylem seeds

vessels in their xylem

Flower parts are arranged in circles called ______.

whorls

In pines, pollen is typically moved from male to female cones by Multiple choice question. water animals gravity wind

wind

Some angiosperms have flowers that lack petals. Such species are most likely pollinated by mammals birds wind insects

wind

In seed plants, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete produces a(n) Multiple choice question. zygote polar nucleus megaspore microspore

zygote

How many species of gingkophytes are alive today? Multiple choice question. Around 100 12 Over 1000 1

1

Which of the following structures is essentially a modified stem bearing modified leaves? Multiple choice question. A gametophyte A megaspore An ovule A flower

A flower

Which of the following fruits have a fleshy pericarp? Samaras Berries Drupes Legumes

Berries Drupes

Match the type of fruit to its example. Type: Berry, drupe, aggregate, legume, samara, multiple. Example: Pea, pineapple, blackberry, peach, tomato, maple.

Berry matches tomato. Drupe matches peach. Aggregate matches blackberry. Legume matches pea. Samara matches maple. Multiple matches pineapple.

Firs, cedars, cypresses, spruces, and pines are all members of what phylum? Multiple choice question. Coniferophyta Anthophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta

Coniferophyta

The largest gymnosperm phylum is Multiple choice question. Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta

Coniferophyta

Which of the following would you be most likely to find growing in areas with cold temperatures and low precipitation? Conifers Gnetophytes Ginkgo Cycads

Conifers

This group of gymnosperms resembles palm trees. Multiple choice question. Cycads Gnetophytes Conifers Ginkgo

Cycads

Which of the following are examples of conifers? Multiple select question. Firs Ginkgo Hemlock Cycads Pines

Firs Hemlock Pines

Although both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds, gymnosperms do not produce ______ or ______.

Fruit flowers

Pollen grains are tiny male ______ that carry sperm.

Gameteophytes

The outer layers of the ovule are called ______. They develop into the seed coat.

Integuments

Choose the most appropriate description for a mature seed. It is a vehicle for transporting the embryo to new sites It is an incubation chamber for the evolution of plant reproductive structures It is a system of tissues to control embryo development

It is a vehicle for transporting the embryo to new sites

One possible explanation for the rapid diversification of angiosperms suggests that the breakup of ______ led to climate change, subsequently leading to opportunities for angiosperms to expand into newly formed ecosystems.

Pangea

Select all examples of conditions that can stimulate seed germination in angiosperms: Passage through an animal digestive tract Presence of heavy metals Exposure to fire A heavy rainfall

Passage through an animal digestive tract Exposure to fire A heavy rainfall

A fruit contains multiple genotypes. Choose the fruit component that has a genotype identical to the seed coat. Pericarp Ovule Embryo Endosperm

Pericarp

What is the function of integuments in seed plants? Multiple choice question. Providing nourishment for the embryo Undergoing meiotic division Protecting the embryo Facilitating pollination

Protecting the embryo

Which of the following are advantages provided by seeds? Multiple select question. Providing a food source for the growing embryo Promoting outcrossing by attracting pollinators Introducing a dormant phase into the life cycle Facilitating dispersal Protecting the embryo

Providing a food source for the growing embryo Introducing a dormant phase into the life cycle Facilitating dispersal Protecting the embryo

Select all reasons that seeds represent an important adaptation in higher plants: Seeds enhance the probability for fertilization Seeds remain dormant under unfavorable conditions Seeds act as dispersal vehicles Seeds contain stored food for young plants Seeds provide protection to young plants

Seeds remain dormant under unfavorable conditions Seeds act as dispersal vehicles Seeds contain stored food for young plants Seeds provide protection to young plants

Some species of pine are adapted to their fire-prone habitats by having tightly sealed cones that open and shed their seeds only after being exposed to high ______. This allows seedlings to take advantage of the abundant resources available after a fire.

Temperatures

Select a feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms. Multiple choice question. They produce vascular tissue They do not produce gametophytes They exhibit an alternation of generations They do not enclose seeds in fruits

They do not enclose seeds in fruits

Select all features of ginkgophytes: Multiple select question. They produce seeds. They have vessels in their xylem. They have flagellated sperm. They produce fruits. They are dioecious.

They produce seeds. They have flagellated sperm. They are dioecious.

Select all true statements about seeds: They protect young plants. They determine plant morphology. They can become dormant under unfavorable conditions. They provide nourishment for the embryo.

They protect young plants. They can become dormant under unfavorable conditions. They provide nourishment for the embryo.

According to one hypothesis, the breakup of Pangaea and subsequent climate change led to Multiple choice question. a rapid diversification and expansion of the angiosperms the evolution of pollen as the male gametophyte the evolution of seed plants a rapid diversification and expansion of the gymnosperms

a rapid diversification and expansion of the angiosperms

Each stamen of a flower is composed of an androecium a stigma, style, and ovary a gynoecium an anther and a filament

an anther and a filament

The whorl of a flower that contains male parts is called the ______. It consists of stamens, each of which is composed of a pollen-bearing sac called a(n) on a stalk called a(n) ______.

androecium anther filament

Seeds with hard seed coats are likely dispersed by water wind animals fire

animals

In angiosperms, pollination can occur through the action of centrifugal force animals self-pollination wind gravity water

animals self-pollination wind gravity water

Select all ways in which seeds are dispersed: animals wind water soil

animals wind water

Conifers are typically found in Multiple choice question. warm or dry regions warm or wet regions cold or dry regions cold or wet regions

cold or dry regions

What term refers to plants that have the male and female elements on different trees?

dioecious

Cycads look like palm trees, but differ from them because they are not vascular plants reproduce without meiosis have a multicellular gametophtye do not produce flowers

do not produce flowers

Meiosis in the female reproductive structures of angiosperms produces four megaspores four megagametophytes one megaspore one megagametophyte

four megaspores

Each microspore mother cell in pine produces Multiple choice question. four microspores, of which one develops into a pollen grain one microspore, which develops into a pollen grain four microspores, all of which develop into pollen grains

four microspores, all of which develop into pollen grains

Pines are native and common in vast forests that span across the southern hemisphere from temperate deciduous forests to the tropics from the arctic tundra to temperate deciduous forests across a narrow belt near the Equator

from the arctic tundra to temperate deciduous forests

In angiosperms, the ovary matures into a(n) ______.

fruit

Unlike petals, sepals are typically Multiple choice question. outside the gynoecium modified leaves outside the androecium green

green

In the ancient angiosperm Amborella trichopoda, mitochondrial genes have been incorporated from other plant species through the process of horizontal gene transfer integrated extranuclear introgression gene transposition

horizontal gene transfer

In seed-bearing plants, an extra layer of sporophytic tissue called the ______ forms the outer portion of the ovule and eventually develops into a protective seed coat.

integument

Unlike other conifers, pine trees produce Multiple choice question. seeds within fruits leaves in clusters multicellular pollen grains secondary vascular tissue

leaves in clusters

Within the ovule of seed plants, meiosis occurs in the ______.

megasporangium

Microspores are produced when microspore mother cells undergo mitosis meiosis

meiosis

After the megaspore mother cell of an angiosperm divides, four haploid megaspores are produced. Three of the megaspores soon disappear, while the remaining one produces the female gametophyte through meiosis single fertilization double fertilization mitosis

mitosis

The incidence of horizontal gene transfer plants is likely enhanced by associations with mitochondrial mutants other land plants bryophytes chlorophyll mutants

other land plants

Fruits are defined as mature integuments endosperm ovules ovaries

ovaries

Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms because, at pollination, their ______ are enclosed within diploid tissues, the carpel. The carpel eventually develops into a ______, a unique angiosperm feature.

ovules fruit

A flower primordium develops at the end of a stalk called a Multiple choice question. pedicel receptacle conceptacle peduncle

pedicel

In many angiosperms, the flower's ______ are brightly colored to attract animal pollinators.

petals

The male gametophyte in seed plants is called a Multiple choice question. pollen grain sperm microsporangium gamete

pollen grain

The male gametophyte in seed plants is called a pollen grain microsporangium gamete sperm

pollen grain

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is called ______.

pollination

The integuments of the ovule develop into the Multiple choice question. cotyledons suspensor fruit wall seed coat

seed coat

In higher plants, ______ provide dormancy and dispersal mechanisms along with food and protection for embryos.

seeds

Angiosperm flowers originate as primordia receptacles sporangia pedicels

primordia

The purpose of resin in pines is to Multiple choice question. withstand cold temperatures carry large volumes of water protect against insects and fungi provide rigid strength

protect against insects and fungi

Multiple Choice Question Seeds represent a major advance in the evolution of plants because they Multiple choice question. provide the embryo with protection and food promote outcrossing increase the likelihood that fertilization will occur allow diploid plants to dominate the landscape

provide the embryo with protection and food

A critical innovation in the evolution of the angiosperms is a multicellular female gametophyte the production of binucleate pollen the production of four microspores by meiosis rapid pollen tube growth

rapid pollen tube growth

Seeds that pass through the digestive tracts of birds and mammals must have hard seed coats to withstand impact on the ground after being expelled discourage animals from biting into them resist stomach acids and digestive enzymes

resist stomach acids and digestive enzymes

Pollination in pines occurs when pollen enters openings between the ______ of the female cone.

scales

In this angiosperm life cycle, meiosis is represented going from ______ to ______.

sporophytes gametophytes

Flowers are essentially modified ______ bearing modified ______.

stems leaves

Coniferophyta is Multiple choice question. the largest gymnosperm phylum the only extant gymnosperm phylum the smallest gymnosperm phylum an extinct gymnosperm phylum

the largest gymnosperm phylum

All of the greater than 100 species of pines that exist today are native to the western hemisphere the eastern hemisphere the southern hemisphere the northern hemisphere

the northern hemisphere