PLNT 1213 Exam 2
Intercalary meristem
Internodal stem growth and leaf growth for grasses. Found in monocots only.
Winter annual
Planted in the fall, harvested in late spring Examples: Winter wheat, winter canola, and winter peas
Summer annual
Planted in the spring, harvested in the fall examples: Corn soybeans, spring canola, and spring wheat.
Root and Tubers
Plants that are grown for their below ground structure. This can be a modified root, such as sweet potatoes, or a modified stem, such as a russet potato. Examples: potatoes, turnups, carrots, parsnips, beets, and cassava.
Forages
Plants that are primary grown for animal consumption. Can be grasses or broadleaves that are grazed, hayed, or silage. Examples: Bermudagrass, fescue, wheat, bahiagrass, alfalfa, lespedeza, and vetch.
Perennial
Can grow for multiple years without re-establishment Examples: Johnson grass, alfalfa, bermudagrass, cotton, and trees
Developed the binomial nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
Agronomic Uses
Cereal, grain pulses, forages, fiber, root and tuber, cover, companion, and bioenergy.
Biennial
Complete lifecycle in two growing seasons Examples: Carrot, onion, and sugar beet
C3 crops
Cool-season crops, begin growing in autumn or early spring, and typically reach maturity by mid summer. Often tolerant of frost. !Soybeans are an exception! Examples: Wheat, canola, soybeans, etc.
Oil
Crops that are harvested for oil production, this can be include crops that are used for nutritional groups as well. Examples: Soybeans, cotton, corn, canola, sunflower, and peanuts.
Protein
Crops that provide a high amount of protein for the amount consumed. Examples: Soybeans, Peanuts, peas, beans, lupin, quina, amaranth, and buckwheat.
Starchy seeds
Crops that provide large amounts of starch in the seed, which is found in the endosperm. Examples: Wheat, corn, barley, oats, and rice
Starchy roots/tubers
Crops that provide large amounts of starch in underground organs. Examples: potatoes, yam, sweet potatoes, cassava, and yellow nutseadge.
Sugar
Crops that we are harvesting and processing for sucrose. Examples: sugarcane and sugar beet
Bast Fiber
Flax, hemp, and jute
Grain
Fruit or seed of a crop plant; can include plants that are not grasses. Examples: Soybean, buckwheat, flax, corn, etc.
1st stage perennial
Germination
First stage of annual life cycle
Germination
Cereals
Grasses that produce edible seed, grain. Example: wheat, rice, corn, oats, etc.
GDD=[(MinT + MaxT)/2] - BaseT
Growth degree days equation
1st stage biennial
Seed germinates
MaxT
The high temperature of the day. Stop at the HighT if the temperature exceeds HighT.
Plant taxonomy
The identification, naming, and categorization of plants.
MinT
The low temperature of the day.
Solanaceae
The nightshade family. This family is very important vegetable family. The plants in this family also produce alkaloids, which in high enough levels can be toxic. Flower petals like sun rays. Examples: potato, tomato, pepper, and tobacco.
Apiacaea
The parsley and carrot family. This family is full of aromatic herbs. These plants are characterized by umbel flowers. These are flowers that are shaped like an upside-down umbrella! This family includes a large amount of spices used for cooking. Examples: Parsley, celery, carrots, cumin, etc.
HighT
The warmest temperature that plant will actually grow.
Bioenergy crops
These are plants grown for either sugar, starch, or cellulose to convert into alcohol to be used for energy/fuel. Sugar is the easiest to convert, while alcohol is the hardest.
Companion crops
These are plants that are grown together to improve the growth of one another or protect from certain insects. Example: The three sisters, corn, beans, and squash.
Fabaceae
These are the legume plants. This means that they can create their own nitrogen. Because these plants are creating a large amount of nitrogen, they are very high in protein. This makes them extremely important for humans and livestock as a protein source. Papilionaceous flower, butterfly like. Examples: Soybean, Peanut, clovers, alfalfa, etc.
Cover crop
This crop is not meant to be harvested. It is planted to either improve the soil characteristics over time or prevent soil erosion.
Cucurbitaceae
This is the gourd family. This family includes squash and gourds. Imperfect flowers, typically vines. Examples: cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, etc.
Poaceae
This is the grass family! This is the most important agronomically significant flowering plant family. All of the top three crops that feed the world are grasses. No petals or sepals. Examples: Corn, wheat, rice, etc.
Malvaceae
This is the mallow family. This plant family is native to tropical and subtropical regions. These are mallows found throughout temperate regions as well. Five petals and numerous stamen fused together. Examples: cotton, hibiscus, and kenaf.
Brassicaceae
This is the mustard family. These plants are very high in sulfur, which leads to their potent smell as they start to break down and decay. These plants are characterized with a four petal flower. The flowers are commonly yellow, white, and purple. Examples: cabbage, black mustard, canola, broccoli, cauliflower, and kale.
Surface fibers
cotton
Nutritional uses
.Sugar, protein, oil, starchy seed, starchy root, and tuber
Cash crop
A catchall term to define a crop that is grown to sell for profit.
Meristem
A point in a plant where the cells are rapidly dividing and enlarging, which results in growth.
C4 crops
Begin growing in late spring and grow until the temperature begins to cool. Likely injured by low temperatures and freezes. Examples: corn or Bermudagrass.
C3 verses C4
C4 is more efficient in hot, while c3 is more efficient in high-carbon environments.
Axillary meristems
Dicots: •Tissues that occur in the joints between leaves and stems •Cause side branches to grow Monocots: Point where new plants can tiller at the base of the primary stem
Fiber
Do you wear it? These crops are used either for clothing, industry, or money! Cotton is what is used for U.S currency, which is good for when you leave a $20 in your pocket and wash your jeans. Who am I kidding, who carries money anymore...? These crops are different based on where they are taken from. Bast, hard, surface are three types of this.
Pulses
Legumes that are grown and harvested for their edible seed; they are typically beans that are dried down before consuming later. They are also low in fat. Examples: Chickpeas, lentils, black-eyed peas, and winter peas.
5th stage perennial
Makes new seeds, parent plant continues to grow for another cycle.
3rd stage perennial
Reproductive growth
4th stage annual
Senescence
6th stage biennial
Senescence
4th stage perennial
Senescence without death
Hard fibers
Sisal and manila hemp
BaseT
The coolest temperature that the plant will actually grow.
apical meristem
The dominant tip growth, these are found in both the shoot and the roots.
Asteraceae
This is the sunflower family. It can also be referred to as the aster or daisy family. This is the largest family of flowering plants in the world. The aster's are known for having composite flowers, meaning that each sunflower is actually hundreds of individual tiny flowers making-up the sunflower head. Examples: Sunflower, Musk thistle, hibiscus, kenaf, okra, etc.
3rd stage biennial
dormancy
Two classes of flowering plants
monocots and dicots
3rd stage annual
reproductive growth
5th stage biennial
reproductive growth
2nd stage annual
vegetative growth
2nd stage biennial
vegetative growth
2nd stage perennial
vegetative growth
4th stage biennial
vegetative re-growth