PLNT 1213 Exam 2

Intercalary meristem

Internodal stem growth and leaf growth for grasses. Found in monocots only.

Winter annual

Planted in the fall, harvested in late spring Examples: Winter wheat, winter canola, and winter peas

Summer annual

Planted in the spring, harvested in the fall examples: Corn soybeans, spring canola, and spring wheat.

Root and Tubers

Plants that are grown for their below ground structure. This can be a modified root, such as sweet potatoes, or a modified stem, such as a russet potato. Examples: potatoes, turnups, carrots, parsnips, beets, and cassava.

Forages

Plants that are primary grown for animal consumption. Can be grasses or broadleaves that are grazed, hayed, or silage. Examples: Bermudagrass, fescue, wheat, bahiagrass, alfalfa, lespedeza, and vetch.

Perennial

Can grow for multiple years without re-establishment Examples: Johnson grass, alfalfa, bermudagrass, cotton, and trees

Developed the binomial nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

Agronomic Uses

Cereal, grain pulses, forages, fiber, root and tuber, cover, companion, and bioenergy.

Biennial

Complete lifecycle in two growing seasons Examples: Carrot, onion, and sugar beet

C3 crops

Cool-season crops, begin growing in autumn or early spring, and typically reach maturity by mid summer. Often tolerant of frost. !Soybeans are an exception! Examples: Wheat, canola, soybeans, etc.

Oil

Crops that are harvested for oil production, this can be include crops that are used for nutritional groups as well. Examples: Soybeans, cotton, corn, canola, sunflower, and peanuts.

Protein

Crops that provide a high amount of protein for the amount consumed. Examples: Soybeans, Peanuts, peas, beans, lupin, quina, amaranth, and buckwheat.

Starchy seeds

Crops that provide large amounts of starch in the seed, which is found in the endosperm. Examples: Wheat, corn, barley, oats, and rice

Starchy roots/tubers

Crops that provide large amounts of starch in underground organs. Examples: potatoes, yam, sweet potatoes, cassava, and yellow nutseadge.

Sugar

Crops that we are harvesting and processing for sucrose. Examples: sugarcane and sugar beet

Bast Fiber

Flax, hemp, and jute

Grain

Fruit or seed of a crop plant; can include plants that are not grasses. Examples: Soybean, buckwheat, flax, corn, etc.

1st stage perennial

Germination

First stage of annual life cycle

Germination

Cereals

Grasses that produce edible seed, grain. Example: wheat, rice, corn, oats, etc.

GDD=[(MinT + MaxT)/2] - BaseT

Growth degree days equation

1st stage biennial

Seed germinates

MaxT

The high temperature of the day. Stop at the HighT if the temperature exceeds HighT.

Plant taxonomy

The identification, naming, and categorization of plants.

MinT

The low temperature of the day.

Solanaceae

The nightshade family. This family is very important vegetable family. The plants in this family also produce alkaloids, which in high enough levels can be toxic. Flower petals like sun rays. Examples: potato, tomato, pepper, and tobacco.

Apiacaea

The parsley and carrot family. This family is full of aromatic herbs. These plants are characterized by umbel flowers. These are flowers that are shaped like an upside-down umbrella! This family includes a large amount of spices used for cooking. Examples: Parsley, celery, carrots, cumin, etc.

HighT

The warmest temperature that plant will actually grow.

Bioenergy crops

These are plants grown for either sugar, starch, or cellulose to convert into alcohol to be used for energy/fuel. Sugar is the easiest to convert, while alcohol is the hardest.

Companion crops

These are plants that are grown together to improve the growth of one another or protect from certain insects. Example: The three sisters, corn, beans, and squash.

Fabaceae

These are the legume plants. This means that they can create their own nitrogen. Because these plants are creating a large amount of nitrogen, they are very high in protein. This makes them extremely important for humans and livestock as a protein source. Papilionaceous flower, butterfly like. Examples: Soybean, Peanut, clovers, alfalfa, etc.

Cover crop

This crop is not meant to be harvested. It is planted to either improve the soil characteristics over time or prevent soil erosion.

Cucurbitaceae

This is the gourd family. This family includes squash and gourds. Imperfect flowers, typically vines. Examples: cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, etc.

Poaceae

This is the grass family! This is the most important agronomically significant flowering plant family. All of the top three crops that feed the world are grasses. No petals or sepals. Examples: Corn, wheat, rice, etc.

Malvaceae

This is the mallow family. This plant family is native to tropical and subtropical regions. These are mallows found throughout temperate regions as well. Five petals and numerous stamen fused together. Examples: cotton, hibiscus, and kenaf.

Brassicaceae

This is the mustard family. These plants are very high in sulfur, which leads to their potent smell as they start to break down and decay. These plants are characterized with a four petal flower. The flowers are commonly yellow, white, and purple. Examples: cabbage, black mustard, canola, broccoli, cauliflower, and kale.

Surface fibers

cotton

Nutritional uses

.Sugar, protein, oil, starchy seed, starchy root, and tuber

Cash crop

A catchall term to define a crop that is grown to sell for profit.

Meristem

A point in a plant where the cells are rapidly dividing and enlarging, which results in growth.

C4 crops

Begin growing in late spring and grow until the temperature begins to cool. Likely injured by low temperatures and freezes. Examples: corn or Bermudagrass.

C3 verses C4

C4 is more efficient in hot, while c3 is more efficient in high-carbon environments.

Axillary meristems

Dicots: •Tissues that occur in the joints between leaves and stems •Cause side branches to grow Monocots: Point where new plants can tiller at the base of the primary stem

Fiber

Do you wear it? These crops are used either for clothing, industry, or money! Cotton is what is used for U.S currency, which is good for when you leave a $20 in your pocket and wash your jeans. Who am I kidding, who carries money anymore...? These crops are different based on where they are taken from. Bast, hard, surface are three types of this.

Pulses

Legumes that are grown and harvested for their edible seed; they are typically beans that are dried down before consuming later. They are also low in fat. Examples: Chickpeas, lentils, black-eyed peas, and winter peas.

5th stage perennial

Makes new seeds, parent plant continues to grow for another cycle.

3rd stage perennial

Reproductive growth

4th stage annual

Senescence

6th stage biennial

Senescence

4th stage perennial

Senescence without death

Hard fibers

Sisal and manila hemp

BaseT

The coolest temperature that the plant will actually grow.

apical meristem

The dominant tip growth, these are found in both the shoot and the roots.

Asteraceae

This is the sunflower family. It can also be referred to as the aster or daisy family. This is the largest family of flowering plants in the world. The aster's are known for having composite flowers, meaning that each sunflower is actually hundreds of individual tiny flowers making-up the sunflower head. Examples: Sunflower, Musk thistle, hibiscus, kenaf, okra, etc.

3rd stage biennial

dormancy

Two classes of flowering plants

monocots and dicots

3rd stage annual

reproductive growth

5th stage biennial

reproductive growth

2nd stage annual

vegetative growth

2nd stage biennial

vegetative growth

2nd stage perennial

vegetative growth

4th stage biennial

vegetative re-growth