POE

benefits of resistance exercise

-Improved balance -Increased strength in connective tissues -Positive change in body composition

Dimensions of motivation

-Performance: low failure and high successes -Task: Performance knowledge and feedback - Intrinsic: The ability to learn the task.

factor in Hypomobility?

-Postural alignment and muscle -Tissue trauma -Prolonged immobilzation

Which of the following is an advantage of variable resistance machines?

-Provides proper resistance for loading muscles throughout ranges -Can target strengthening at different ranges of muscle movement -Applies multi-plane movements

indication for stretching?

-Restricted motion has lead to structural deformities that were otherwise preventable -Muscle weakness and shortening of opposing tissue have led to limited ROM -A component of a total fitness or sport-specific conditioning program designed to prevent or reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries

Which of the following is a therapeutic reason to use passive range of motion instead of active or active assistive range of motion?

-The patient has no sign of a muscle contraction during MMT -The patient has lost the ability to control the muscle being ranged -The patient is unable to perform AAROM exercise due to fatigue

Impairment of body function vs. Impairment of body structure?

-problems associated with the physiology of the body system - Problem associated with the anatomical features of the body

In an example of a two-joint muscle functioning at the elbow, if the biceps brachii muscle contracts and moves the elbow into flexion and the forearm into supination while simultaneously moving the shoulder into flexion, it shortens to a point. This point is known as which of the following?

Active insufficiency

components of physical function

Coordination, Balance, Mobility

The best way to develop effective treatment procedures is to use which of the following?

Evidence- based Practice

best defines muscle strength?

Force generated during a single maximum effort

what is the most effective way to improve muscle endurance?

Have the patient train using dynamic exercise against submaximal loads over progressively longer time periods

what is a contraindication to PROM exercises?

When movement of a body segment is disruptive to the healing process

Activity limitations (ICF model)

problems an individual might have in executing actions, tasks, of activities

If a patient who has an inflammatory muscle disease such as polymyositis engages in a vigorous resistance training program, it is possible that irreversible progressive deterioration, rather than improvement, in muscle strength can occur. The term that best describes this phenomenon is:

Overwork weakness

Passive ROM can be carried out in what two ways?

Passive ROM can be carried out manually or mechanically

Which of the following is defined as the inability of a muscle to stretch over the full range of two joints?

Passive insufficiency

term that represents mobility that is dependent upon soft tissue extensibility?

Passive mobility

ROM exercises

Passive, assisted, or active movement of a body segment through the available range of motion

Which of the following is the most efficient way to neutralize the effects of muscle fatigue during an exercise session?

Perform active exercises during the rest interval between sets

Which of the following is the most efficient way to neutralize the effects of muscle fatigue during an exercise session?

Perform low intensity active exercises during the rest interval between sets

Which of the following builds systematic variation in exercise intensity and repetitions, sets or frequency over a specified period of time?

Periodization of exercise

A type of prevention program that aims to prevent falls in a frail elderly population would be an example of what type of prevention?

Primary

Participation restriction (ICF model)

Problems an individual might have w/ involvement in life situations, including difficulties participating in self care, responsibilities in the home, workplace, or the community, and recreational, leisure and social activities.

How is the visual system involved in balance?

Provides info such as Position of head in relation to environment, Orientation of head to maintain level gaze, Direction and speed of head movements (head moves, surrounding objects move in opposite direction) Visual stimuli can help improve stability if proprioceptive or vestibular inputs are unreliable

How is the vestibular system involved in balance?

Provides information about the position and movement of the head Receptors in semicircular canals detect angular acceleration of head Receptors in otoliths detect linear acceleration & head position with respect to gravity Uses motor pathways originating from vestibular nuclei for postural control and coordination of head/eye movements

What type of contractures is associated with a central nervous system lesion?

Pseudomyostatic

Your patient develops a contracture as the result of hypertonicity after a traumatic brain injury. This type of hip contracture is called a(n):

Pseudomyostatic contracture

Therapeutic Exercise exists to complete what?

Remediate impairments, Prevent or Reduce health related risk factors, and optimize overall health

Is the nervous system involved in balance control?

Requires interaction of nervous system, musculoskeletal systems and contextual effects

extrinsic feedback (augmented)

Sensory cues from an external source that are supplemental to intrinsic feedback and that are not inherent in the execution of the task

Task-specific functional training? Example?

Sit-to stand activities with a weighted backpack to improve strength for transfers

While instructing a patient to fully elongate rectus femoris which of the following would be the best stretch to begin with post injury?

Static stretch

You are asked to perform therapeutic exercises with a patient who has impairments in muscle performance. You could expect what type of exercises?

Strength Exercises, Muscular endurance Exercises, and Power Exercises

Which of the following is described as the systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control heavy external loads for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short period of time?

Strength training

What 3 things/ exercises define Muscle performance?

Strength, Power, an Endurance

Which factors affect the amount of resistance provided by elastic resistance bands during exercise?

Stretch of the band and angle of the band in relation to the moving bone

Contextual factors are defined by the ICF as what?

The entire background of an individual's life and living situation

Which of the following best describes an 8 rep maximum?

The greatest amount of resistance (load) a patient can lift or lower through the available ROM for 8 repetitions (no more, no less)

If a patient, who is in a prone-lying position with a cuff weight around his ankle, flexes his knee from a fully extended (0°) position to a fully flexed (150°) position, what type(s) of contraction will occur in which muscle group(s)?

The knee flexors contract concentrically from 0° to 90°, and the knee extensors contract eccentrically from 90° to 150° of flexion

it has been shown that after performing resistance exercise to the point of exhaustion, recovery from exercise (recovery from fatigue) occurs most efficiently if:

The patient performs low-intensity, active exercise using the fatigued muscle

Relaxation exercises, Balance exercises and agility training, Postural control, body mechanics and stabilization activities are all considered what?

Therapeutic exercise interventions

Which of the followng is an example of carry over of training effects from stair training when a patient also presents with increased indepence in sit to stand transfers?

Transfer of training

Which of the following is NOT a behavior of a PTA in regards to health and wellness knowledge?

Utilization of maintenance drugs

The term that best describes a state of good health often achieved through healthy lifestyle choices is which of the following?

Wellness

Which of the following rational is incorporated when using muscle setting techniques?

When a patient is guarding against pain and muscle spasms during acute stage of healing

Which of the following is considered a low intensity exercise scenario?

When initially learning exercise to emphasize form

Which of the following best describes cross-training or cross-exercise, a phenomenon that has been observed as a result of resistance training?

When resistance exercise is carried out by a muscle group on the right side of the body, small gains in strength occur in the same unexercised muscle on the opposite side of the body

When are manual resistance exercises most effective?

When the patient is significantly weak and cannot perform exercises on mechanical devices

When are manual resistance exercises most effective?

When the patient is significantly week and cannot perform exercises on mechanical devices

You are asked to do "selective stretching" with a patient with a spinal cord injury. Which of the following best describes the concept of this particular technique?

You allow tightness of specific muscles to remain in order to optimize function

What is a biological factor for disability?

age Biological/ can't change

dynamic equilibrium

body is in a steady state of motion

Picking up a cup of coffee and holding it without spilling it as you ambulate across the room and sit it down is an example of which of the following tasks?

body transport

Which of the following is NOT a musculoskeletal body function impairment? a. Pain b. Faulty posture c. Delayed motor development d. All of the above

c. Delayed motor development

Which of the following does not influece tension generation in normal skeletal muscle? a. Blood supply b. Oxygen c. Lymph production d. Nutrients

c. Lymph production

Each of the following is a good instructional strategy for the autonomous stage of learning except? a. use little to no feedback b. set up a series of more difficult exercises c. demonstrate the movements d. suggest ways that the task can be used in more challenging situations

c. demonstrate the movements

Which of the following is considered a contextual factor in the IFC model? a. body function b. body structures c. internal influences on functioning and disability d. Functional and structural integrity

c. internal influences on functioning and disability

if the strength of a muscle is "good" (grade 4/5) and active ROM cannot be done, repetitive muscle setting exercises will accomplish each of the following except: a. Maintain mobility between mm fibers b.Develop or maintain the sensation of mm contraction c.Increase strength in mm d.Enhance circulation within muscle

c.Increase strength in mm

Which of the following is NOT an instructional strategy in the autonomous stage? a. Set up a series of progressively more difficult activities the learner can do independently b. Provide assistance, as needed, to integrate the learned motor skills into fitness or sports activities c.Introduce simulation for functional tasks into the practice session d.Suggest ways the learner can vary the original exercise or task

c.Introduce simulation for functional tasks into the practice session

An individual without diagnosed dysfunction who engages in physical therapy services to promote health and wellness and to prevent dysfunction is called which of the following?

client

When an impairment is the result of multiple underlying causes it is considered what

composite

Safe and effective stretching to increase ROM requires all of the following except: a. Proper alignment and patient positioning b. Stabilization of the proximal attachment of the muscle c. Use of gained ROM in active function d. Strengthening of the assisting muscles

d. Strengthening of the assisting muscles

Which of the following factors does not influence exercise fatigue? a. Sedentary lifestyle b.Health status c.diet d.blood pressure

d. blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue? a. ligamnet b. tendons c. joint capsule d. muscle spindle

d. muscle spindle

Which of the following is described as a reduction in muscle performance?

detraining

Flexibility during activities which require active movement by the patient is titled what?

dynamic flexibility

what is a result of overstretching?

hypermobility

The most effective results of continuous passive motion (CPM) can be expected:

if the device is applied as early as possible after surgery for at least 4 to 8 hours per day

What are perturbations?

movements at the ankle act to restore a person's COM to a stable position.

What is required to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement?

neuromuscular control

Angular momentum

relates to the rotational velocity of the body

Which of the following is the number of times a particular movement repeated consecutively?

reps

At what age does muscle strength begin to decline 15 - 20% per decade?

sixth and seventh decade

Mrs. B is an 87-year-old resident of Western Hills Skilled Nursing Facility. She sustained a compression fracture of the T12 vertebra several weeks ago when she inadvertently sat down forcefully on a hard chair. Incorporating resistance training that focuses on eccentric exercises of her quadriceps and gluteal muscles in weight-bearing positions (e.g., controlled squatting and partial lunges to simulate lowering herself to her chair) represents what principle of therapeutic exercise?

specificity of training

Which of the following types of stretching involves a constant timed elongation that is slightly past the point of resistance completed manually

static

A general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase mobility of soft tissues that have become shortened over time is called?

stretching

three types of stress that cause strain to connective tissue

tension, shear forces, compression

A type of prevention program that promotes aerobic fitness for a group of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease would be which type of prevention?

tertiary

Balance is greatest when

the body's COM(Center of Mass) or COG (Center of Gravity) is maintained over its BOS (Base of Support)

Linear momentum

velocity of body along a straight path (walking straight)

Which of the following is the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise session multiplied by the intensity of the exercise?

volume

what is useful when creating an exercise program for the older adult?

- Large Print - Limited med term - pictures

Positive attributes that contribute to adherence to an exercise program include all of the following

- routine exercise programs - regular updates on progress - Family support of program participation

Which of the following is required of alignment during strengthening activities of a targeted muscle?

-Alignment against gravity -Alignment and muscle action

Evaluating the results of a health promotion program can include

-Asking for feedback on what could be done to improve the program. -ask participates to evaluate the exercise portion of the program -Record baseline data during and at the end of the program

What is incorporated into a functional strengthening exercise program?

-Balance of stability and active mobility -Balance of strength, power and endurance -Task-specific movement with resistance exercise

Considerations in early development of a prevention program would include what?

-Contacting the target audience. -Securing a location for the program -Determining how many people can attend based on space.

precaution for stretching interventions?

-Patient with suspected osteoporosis -Edematous tissue -Patient who has been on prolonged bed rest

What are some factor that contribute to Hypomobility?

-Prolonged immobilization -Sedentary lifestyle -Tissue trauma

intrinsic feedback for motor learning

-Sensory cues that are inherent in the execution of a motor task -Arises directly from performing or attempting to perform the task -Most often involves proprioceptive, kinesthetic, tactile visual or auditory cues

Characteristics of DOMS

-Tends to peak 48 to 72 hours after the conclusion of high-intensity exercise -Increased soreness seen during passive lengthening of the involved muscle groups. -Occurs more frequently after eccentric exercise than isometric exercise

what is Momentum? what are the two types?

-The product of mass X velocity. -Angular momentum and linear momentum

Which of the following must be taken into consideration when developing an exercise plan for your patient?

-Type of muscle contraction needed for strengthening -Position of patient during exercise -Patients functional goals

sign and symptom of muscle fatigue.

-sign and symptom of muscle fatigue. -Inability to continue low intensity physical activity -Active movements are jerky or inconsistent

When dealing with an impaired muscle, you have the patient complete a 1 RM of 50 lbs. You have decided that 30% of this maximum is the target resistance weight for your patient. What weight amount would you be using as resistance?

15%

At what age does muscle mass typically peak in men?

25

How many minutes of recovery does it take for a muscle to return to 90 - 95% of pre exercise capacity?

3-4

What has been determined as the correct amount of rest interval between exercise

48 hours

When training with isometric techniques, what percentage of muscle contraction is needed for effective strengthening to occur?

60%

Which of the following describes muscle endurance?

Ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without fatigue

What is NOT a contraindication to stretching?

Absence of pain

Which of the following is a contraindication to implementing resistance exercise?

Acute pain or inflammation

When is it appropriate for self-stretching to be used?

After instructions and supervision by a therapist is provided

Which of the following is true regarding closed-chain exercise?

Against similar exercise loads, it causes lower levels of shear in the joint than open-chain exercise

What are the three strategies for a balance control

Ankle, Hip, Stepping strategies

You have a new patient in the clinic who is 9 years old. Your PTA has requested that you implement a physical activity recommendation for this client. Which of the following is MOST appropriate for this client?

At least 3 days per week of vigorous exercise

You have been assigned a short term goal in your patient's treatment plan to "increase the ability to move the body in equilibrium with gravity via interaction with the sensory and motor system". Which of the following is a viable treatment option?

Balance activities

What is classified under functioning and disability in the ICF Model?

Body functions and Body structure

static equilibrium

Body's position is at rest

center of gravity (COG)

COG refers to the vertical projection of center of mass to ground. COG of most adults is slightly anterior to second sacral vertebra (or approx. 55 % of person's height

center of mass (COM)

COM is the point that corresponds to the center of total body mass. Point at which the body is in perfect equilibrium. It is determined by finding the weighted average of the COM of each body segment.

What causes impaired balance?

Can be caused by injury or disease involved in the three stages of information processing. 1. Sensory input - visual, sensation, vestibular 2. Sensorimotor integration - motor area damage 3. Motor output generation - musculoskeletal damage

The ability to function independently at home, in the workplace, within the community, or during leisure and recreational activities is dependent up on physical as well as psychological and social function. Which of the following interrelated components of physical function is characterized by the ability to perform moderate-intensity, repetitive, total body movements (walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming) over an extended period of time?

Cardiopulmonary endurance

The stage of learning in which an open environment with distractions interferes with learning is which of the following?

Cognitive

Define balance control

Complex motor control task involving the detection and integration of sensory information to assess the position and motion of the body in space and the execution of appropriate musculoskeletal responses to control body position within the context of the environment and task

Which of the following describes the research evidence regarding the effective treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) once it occurs?

Continuation of the training program that has induced DOMS does not worsen the muscle damage or slow the process of recovery.

define BOS... What is the relationship between base of support (BOS) and balance?

Defined as perimeter of the contact area between the body and its support surface BOS changed by foot placement, BOS keeps balance at an equilibrium

what is a goal of passive range of motion (PROM) exercises?

Enhance movement of synovial fluid for articular cartilage nutrition

A patient is holding a piece of elastic tubing with both hands in front of the body. Both elbows are flexed to 90∞, and both upper arms are held gently against the sides of the patient's chest. Instruct the patient to internally and externally rotate both shoulders simultaneously in this position. This activity strengthens the:

External rotators concentrically and eccentrically

Within 1 week of beginning resistance exercise of the shoulder external rotators as a component of a rehabilitation program after a shoulder injury, your patient, Mr. K, is able to increase the level of resistance by using a heavier grade of elastic tubing. This improvement in muscle performance is due primarily to which of the following adaptive changes?

Fiber-type transformation from slow twitch to fast twitch

What is the ability to move freely, without restriction and is used interchangeably with mobility?

Flexibility

Muscle performance is decribed by which of the following 2 terms?

Force X Distance

Short arc or full arc exercises fall under which category of exercise terminology?

Form of resistance

Which of the following is defined as the number of exercise sessions per day or per week?

Frequency

If your patient is lacking full ankle dorsiflexion and has muscle strength of the anterior tibialis of 5/5, what muscle is most likely has limited range of motion and would need stretched?

Gastroc and soleus

Define balance

Generic term used to describe dynamic process by which the body's position is maintained in equilibrium. Body's position is either at rest (static equilibrium) or in a steady state motion (dynamic equilibrium)

The most effective and safe way to perform passive pronation and supination of the forearm is to:

Grasp the patient's forearm just proximal of the wrist and perform ROM while maintaining the elbow in flexion

You are treating a patient with weak hip abductors (muscle grade is 2/5). Which of the following ROM exercises is most appropriate to prevent tightness of the hip adductors and maintain the current level of strength of the hip abductors?

Have the patient perform active hip abduction through the available ROM while positioned in the supine position as you support the weight of the leg

The IFC Model of Functioning Disability focuses on which of the following?

Health functioning experienced by all people

Which of the following is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information?

Health literacy

A person who has been on extended bed rest has a hip contracture that places the hip in a position of external rotation. You note in your documentation that your patient has a: (contracture named after the position of contracture)

Hip external rotation contracture

A patient had surgery and 8 weeks of rehabilitation for carpal tunnel syndrome. You notice that the patient's thenar eminence is almost the same size as that of the uninvolved hand. This change is due to which of the following adaptive changes?

Hypertrophy of muscle fibers

proper order to implement and health and wellness plan?

Identify need, set goals, develop intervention, implement intervention, and evaluate results

Using the ICF model of functioning and disability, the loss of range of motion and pain present with an inversion sprain of the ankle is referred to as the

Impairment of body function

When incorporating functional patterns into ROM interventions you should....

Incorporate the functional movement into the patient's daily activities once the pattern can be performed safely and correctly, without assistance or compensation

What aspect of stretching deals with the force determined by the load applied to elongate the muscle?Intensity

Intensity

Burns, skin grafts, scleroderma and peripheral lymphedema are all examples of what type of contributing factors to prolonged immobilization?

Intrinsic factors

What is the function of the Gogli Tendon Organ?

Monitor changes in tension of muscle-tendon units

If a muscle is not used for an extended period of time, the muscle is not used during functional activities, and consequently, the physical stresses placed on the muscle are substantially diminished. This phenomenon is associated with which of the following terms?

Morphological changes

What are the risk factors for falls among elderly?

Muscle Weakness, History of Falls, Gait deficit, Balance deficit, use of assistive device, visual deficit, Arthritis, Impaired activities of daily living, Depression, Cognitive impairment, Age >80 years

Which of the following contractures involves the musculotendinous unit adaptively shortening and there is significant loss of ROM with no specific muscle pathology present?

Myostatic

definition of mindfulness?

Non-judging letting go focus of attention here and now