POLI 130- EXAM 1 (Anderson)

Washington Consensus

-The Washington Consensus was a perfectly sensible list of economic-policy measures designed to reduce state scope through lower tariffs, privatization, subsidy cuts, deregulation, and the like.the entire list is as follows 1. fiscal discipline2. reordering public expenditure priorities3. tax reform4. liberalizing interest rates5. a competitive exchange rate6. trade liberalization7. liberalization of inward foreign direct investment8. privatization9. deregulation10. property rights

Pacted Transition

Definition: Moderate members of a weakened authoritarian regime negotiate the conditions of a transition with moderate leaders of a pro-democracy movement. Example: Members of the ANC led by Nelson Mandela and members of the National Party led by F.W Klerk came together to negotiate and figure out how South Africa would create a successful transition to democracy. They decided to let the opposition keep their property rights so they don't feel like they are totally left out of power. Also developed a power sharing agreement with the National Party and opposition party, return of exiles, and an integration of special militias into armed forces. This is what helped South Africa develop into a democracy. Significance:

Apartheid

Definition: A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites from 1948 to early 1990s Example: Black South Africans could not vote in elections nor run in elections. They were also limited in their movements. To go into white settled areas you needed a specific job path that told the police what you were going there for. Significance:

African National Congress

Definition: A social-democratic political party in South Africa whose main goal was to fight against apartheid through violent means.

preference falsification

The act of communicating a preference the differs from ones true preference, often because one believes the conveys preference is more acceptable socially. Example: People are unwilling to say what they truly feel about the people in power because they don't want the negative consequences of being repressed. Significance: When people do this it creates a big problem because there is no way for the leader to change.

Plural Democracy

Who? Robert Dahl describes a political system where there is more than one center of power.an example of this today though would be interest groups because they influence policy makers in many ways. an example of this today though would be interest groups because they influence policy makers in many ways.

Corporatist Welfare State

only the people who work will receive benefits. The higher up your position, the better your pension at the end. This is the most conservative welfare state (Italy) Examples include Austria, France Germany Features of this state include Moderate benefits, Fragmented by occupation, State transfers.

protection racket

protection rackets, defined as sustained institutional arrangements through which actors extract regular tribute from others actors in return for providing protection from both themselves and other threats. War-making and the need for revenue Who? Charles Tilly (1975) "War made the state and the state made war" example: Case of England The state is not a leviathan like Hobbes believed and instead is a protection racket "going around creating the thing we need protection from" ex: the mafia; they create the threat you need protection from

State Strength and why it matters?

state strength is measured by: -policing/law enforcement: ability to reduce crime both inside borders and outside borders through military -taxation: tax revenues fund all the government programs, the more you tax your citizens, the more you can actually pay for the things you plan to do -property rights -bureaucracy -public goods -welfare Why? For citizen well-being: stronger states produce better development outcome For market economies: legal-institutional underpinnings of capitalism For democracy: stronger states protect citizen rights and maintain the rule of law (? There is evidence, however, that the strength of state institutions is more important, broadly speaking, than the scope of state functions. -Example: In Egypt for instance the state-security apparat is brutally effective while other government agencies routinely mishandle simple tasks like processing visa applications or licensing small businesses. The governments of Argentina and Mexico have shown themselves fairly skillful at reforming state institutions such as central banks, but not so adept at controlling fiscal policy or providing high quality public schooling or health care

Problem of Authoritarian Power Sharing

the problem faced by authoritarian leaders, of working out ways of sharing power with other members of the leadership group to retain their support and avoid being overthrown through violent and non-constitutional means 1. Problem of authoritarian control. Svolik explained that at the heart of the problem of authoritarian control is the conflict between a small authoritarian elite in power and the much larger population excluded from power

Chaebol

this happened under the development of Park Chung-Hee. they were a large family owned business conglomerates in Korea that fueled much of its industrial development Hyundai Samsung Kia Motors

The Chicago Boys

this was supposed to illustrate the Washington Consensus in practice. the chicago boys were a group of chilean economists. they wanted to 1. cut the government budget by 15-25% 2. layoff public employees 3. privatize nationalized industries and require railroads and electricity to become self-financing 4. remove price controls on agricultural goods and reduce the number of exchange rates5. lower interest rates

Reverse Causation/ Endogeneity

when variable 1 is assumed to cause variable 2, yet the opposite direction of causation may be the case. Instead of X causing a change in Y, it is really the other way around: Y is causing changes in X. Question: What causes countries to experience civil wars? Answer: Poorer countries are more likely to experience civil wars so poverty must cause civil wars Problem: Civil wars impede development and vise versa Solution: Specify the casual mechanism by which x--y

Protection pacts

with a protection pact at their disposal, public authorities can enjoy extraordinary success in their efforts to "regulate, direct, conduct, rule, govern, manage, and command" - in sum, protection pacts provide the strongest coalitional basis for authoritarian regimes both to extract resources from elites and to organize their most powerful allies. -protection pacts facilitate the formation of powerful states, well-organized parties, cohesive militaries, and durable authoritarian regimes-- all at the same time.

Southern welfare state

Definition- states with unknown decommodification, highly fragmented stratification, and mixed clientelist networks. Example- Italy, Spain, and Portugal Significance- is beneficial in determining how different societies allocate their benefits and how accessible benefits are, also allows us to put a label on societies with specific characteristics

Inclusive vs. Extractive Economic Institutions

1. inclusive economic institutions (South Korea and the United States) are those that allow and encourage participation by the great mass of people in economic activities that make best use of their talents and skills that enable individuals to make the choice they wish -to be considered inclusive, economic institutions must feature secure private property, an unbiased system of law, and a provision of public services that provides a level playing field in which people can exchange and contract. it must also permit the entry of new businesses and allow people to choose their careers. Example: North Korea does not have many lights and South Korea has many. South Korea protects property rights, they invest in education and their health care system, making all of these inclusive economic institutions where people can participate in enterprise North Korea is run under a communist economic system, where the government does not incest as heavily into its population, a lot of the population is going through starvation and North Korea has a strict autocracy where the government makes all of the decisions. This is why there's lots of development in South Korea and not in North Korea. According to Acenoglu and Robinson these countries differ in their economic success because fo their different institutions. Inclusive economic institutions foster economic activity productivity, growth and economic prosperity. -extractive institutions (North Korea and South America) basically the complete opposite of South Korea and the US. who/reading: Acemoglu and Robinson Why Nations Fail: An Institutional Approach

Liberal Welfare State

A concept of government based on the principle of market dominance and private enterprise; the state intervenes only to help the very needy; benefits are for the most part means-tested. Examples include the United States, Canada, Australia Features of the liberal welfare state include minimal benefits, Means-tested benefits, Mostly private provisions.

Dictator's dilemma

A conflict faced by autocrats wherein their repression of popular preferences helps keep them in power but simultaneously prevents them from knowing their true level of support. Example: Once you have an election and you look at the voting patterns in Russia you might want to create better hospitals and education systems in the places where your vote is lacking so that people can get to like you.

Rentier State

A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources or primary goods. Comes directly from the authoritarian regimes Example: In the Middle East in places like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia -they receive a lot of money from oil rents. Their autocracy is supported through these oil rents or oil money .With this they do a combination of things. They use it to buy large standing armies, and also to pay off the population when it is convenient. Significance

1. Newly industrialized countries (NICs) East Asian "Tigers"

A country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between developing and highly developed classifications, an example being East Asian states who rapidly developed into industrialized countries. 1. Hong Kong 2. Singapore 3. South Korea 4. Taiwan

Dominant party dictatorship

A dictatorship in which a single party dominates access to political office and control over policy, though other parties may exist and compete in elections Broad Examples: China, Cuba, Eritera, Laos Example: China under Xi Jinping. The Chinese communist party always wins elections because there are no other parties that are allowed to compete Significance: Regime survival based on closure of political system or manipulation of elections

Rostow's Stages of Development

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. Significance: Modernization of the economy drives further social and political transformations Who? Rostow 1. Traditional society: limited technology; static society 2. preconditions for take-off: commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry 3. take-off development of a manufacturing sector 4. drive to maturity- development of wider industrial and commercial base 5. high mass consumption EXAMPLE: As England started to move away from its agricultural production and towards manufactures towards the knowledge economy your GDP goes up.

Electoral authoritarianism

A name applied to situations in which authoritarian regimes nominally compete in elections Example: Russia is a specific case of an electoral authoritarian regime Which means that Russia has held competitive presidential elections since 1991. Boris Yeltsin oversaw these competitive elections. They also enable opposition to compete and participate in legislature. The Russian regime also engages in routine electoral fraud, harassment of opposition and violence.

Dominant party

A political party that manages to maintain consistent control of a political system through formal and informal mechanisms of power, with or without strong support from the population. A dominant party is one that regular wins elections and thereby has the leading role in determining access to most political offices. Example: Russia created this dominant party. They coordinate expectations of voters. Provides stable majorities in legislatures. Helps to coops elites as well. Eases recruitment of new politicians.

Democratic consolidation vs. democratic transition

Definition- Democratic consolidation is consistent and intense democratizing pressure, whereas democratic transition is international affects on whether a country will transition to democracy Example- high linkage and high leverage is political consolidation, foreign trade from other countries impacting GDP influences democratic transition Significance- identifies two ways countries can democratize and the things neccesary to do so

Competitive Authoritarianism

A regime that is democratic in appearance but authoritarian in nature. A civilian regime in which democratic institutions exist in form but not in substance, because the electoral, legislative, judicial, media, and other institutions are so heavily skewed in favor of current power holders. a form of government or regime that allows some political competition but not enough to qualify as fully democratic-suppression of rights often concentrated in one or more of the four areas 1. elections 2. legislatures 3. judiciary 4. media Often accompanied by formal (if weak institutions) Example: In 1996 the former president Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia placed restrictions on candidacy that eliminated real opposition. Also packed electoral commission with loyalists used violence to intimidate challengers, and lastly, maintained electoral system that distorted balance of power. All of this is giving in the election an advantage that the opposition does not have. Significance:

Export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

A set of policies, originally pursued starting in the late 1960s by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies and incentives for export production. During the 1980s we export domestically protected manufactures to promote development after industrialization.

Welfare State

A state that aims to provide a basic safety net for the most vulnerable elements of its population, often accomplished through social insurance, public health care plans, and poverty relief. Functions of the Welfare State: Social Insurance (Safety Net)- provision of social insurance/forced savings for retirement and other lifetime calamities. Examples of this are Social security benefits Unemployment insurance Disability insurance Redistributive/Robin hood function: allows us to redistribute wealth and the benefits of a good life. We do this by taxing people in the upper-echelon of the income distribution, and distribute that money through subsidies for the poor. Examples of this are Universal Health Care Poverty Relief/Assistance (WIC)

Third Wave of Democracy

A wave of democratization between 1974 and 1990 that is characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in South America, Eastern Europe, and some parts of Africa. Kicked off with the fall of the Franco Regime in Spain. First Wave (1825-1st World War): period of totalitarianism Example: South Africa had a colonial regime, based on highly extractive industry. Later becomes a settler country

leverage

According to Levitsky and Way this is Ability of Western states to pressure an external party to adopt policy. Example: If the United States has significant leverage over Kenya then they can coerce them into adapting a specific policy such as opening elections to multiparty competition. Examples that would give the West leverage over a country include: -Size and Strength of state economy (if your economy can run without foreign support -Strategic objectives/foreign policy importance -Existence of other hegemonic powers.

Linkage

According to Levitsky and Way this is the density of organizational, economic, and political ties with the West. Example: A horizontal relationship where a country is encouraged or incentives to do something because of your ties with the west Examples of Linkage include -Economic and capital Flows -Diplomatic relations, participation in IGOs -Flows of citizens across borders, dispirit networks

Stratification

Addresses the question of who gets welfare. In highly stratified states, welfare is accessible to only the most vulnerable in society. In less stratified states, welfare can be based on occupational status or may be available to all, regardless of need. In other words are benefits accessible to all or specific elements of the population. Low stratification includes universal benefits provided for broad swaths of the population (typically regardless of need). High Stratification means tested benefits provided for the poorest/ most vulnerable in society.

"Brown areas" (Guillermo O'Donnell)

Areas within an otherwise strong state where the government's institutional capacity is weak or non-existent Example: Despite the United States being a strong state, Flint Michigan is the ongoing site of the public health disaster due to its rampant lead pipe problem which leads to no potable water. Example: Certain areas of Chile also don't have potable water.These are Brown areas.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation. There is only so many of us that can go to heaven. People spend their life finding their divine calling.

What is comparative politics?

Comparison of politics in two or more states & Comparison of politics in subnational units in one state.

Law of Ill Gotten Gains

Corporations were forced by the South Korean government to give money to industry or they were punished. He would say you collaborated with the colonizer; Japan, so you got all of those riches from your company illegally so I will either seize your assets or throw you in jail. EX: President of Samsung at the time was threatened to seize his assets if he didn't give the government a portion of Samsung or they would throw him in jail because he was in an enterprise that the state did not want him involved in.

Genetic model of democracy

Definition- Democracy more likely to emerge when GDP increases Example- If Russia's economy booms after the Putin regime, it will be more likely to democratize Significance- aids in understanding how economics ties into democratization and how as economies grow, democracy grows

Survival model of democracy

Definition- Democracy more likely to survive when GDP increases Example- If the United States' economy continues to boom after Covid-19, democracy is more likely to survive Significance- aids in understanding how economics ties into democratization and how as economies grow, democracy strengthens

personalistic dictatorship

Definition: Regime in which all power lies with a single individual, typically with a cult of personality. In other words a form of authoritarianism in which the personality of the dictator is highlighted. Regime and state highly tied to leader with all political positions granted by him. Examples: North Korea, Syria, Lybia ,Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) Specific Example: In North Korea it is rumored that Kim Jong II is able to teleport, he can be anywhere and see you at any given time, and he is also potentially able to change the power of weather with his mind. You must build up these kind of personalities to make people believe you are grander than you are and helps you stay in power Significance:

Monarchical dictatorship

Definition: Regime lead by monarch who served as head of state and head of government. aka absolute monarchy where monarch has real political power. Right to rule based on traditional legitimacy.Most lasting regime type. Example: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Morocco, Jordan, Swaziland -This is based on some traditional legitimacy. For example the kings of both Morocco and Jordan claim to be descended from the prophet Muhammad, so that gives them the divine right to rule that supersedes other possible candidates or power or challenges of power. Significance: studying authoritarian regimes

coercive apparatus

Definition: State's capacity to ability to control, mobilize, and intimidate population. Military, police, intelligence agencies, etc. Different organizations form a coercive apparatus. These include the Armed Forces, Police, and the Secret Police (Mukhabarat) Example: Pinochet's tactic to get rid of the opposition was to make them disappear, taking them off the streets or putting them in jail for some time, or likely kill them. Significance: Reduces opposition and competition. Leads to preference falsification.

Problem of Authoritarian Control

Definition: dictators face threats from the masses over which they rule. Threats from the inside of their own coalition. Example: Arab Spring; Svolik reading Significance: studying authoritarian regimes

Decommodification

Degree to which individuals, or families, can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market' participation.In other words how much do you need to work to receive benefits Low Decommodification include employer-provided health care ,pension benefit based on how many years you worked, little unemployment and disability insurance High Decommodification: universal health care, high social security benefits, generous unemployment disability insurance. Moderate Decommodification: corporatist (employer-based) pension benefits, limited unemployment/disability insurance, limited maternity leave.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Development policy popular in the 1950s-1970s that uses trade policy, monetary policy, and currency rates to encourage the creation of new industries to produce goods domestically that the country imported in the past an economic policy which aims to achieve development by replacing foreign imports with domestic production of industrial goods. with this kind of industrialization there will be -restrictions on imports of final goods( For example saying we want no more cars from America (fords) in South Korea and instead try to build our own cars instead we try to increase incentives on an increase of technology transfer and capital imports lower the tariff on the parts that are used to make Volkswagens -protection of domestic industry in infancy export of final goods when competitiveness is achieved (make sure these car brands are protected and have subsidies and make sure that they have favorable credit and sell things on the domestic market at very low prices so people will buy them -In the reading by Werner Baer we learned that ISI is an attempt by economically less-developed countries to break out of theworld division of labor which had emerged in the nineteenth century and the earlypart of the twentieth century. Under this division, Latin America (and most areas of Asia and Africa) specialized in the export of food and raw materials, while import-ing manufactured goods from Europe and the United States. Import substitution consists of establishing domestic production facilities to manufacture goods whichwere formerly imported. It follows that all countries which industrialized after Great Britain, went through a stage of ISI EXAMPLE FROM LECTURE: Chile moved away agriculture into the automobile industry but had different results from South Korea. Chile

What are the 4 different types of authoritarian regimes?

Dominant party Monarchial Military Personalistic

Private State Provision

States are not the only organizations capable of providing welfare. In some states, welfare provision comes from a mix of the public (i.e governmental) and private sources. In other words the state is wholly responsible for welfare, in the form of social programs or direct transfers. Private Provision: citizens rely heavy on private actors (insurers, doctors ect.) for benefits, state only minimally involved in social insurance provision. State Provision: The State is mainly responsible for benefit provision (state funded health care, clinics ect.) private companies largely absent. Mix: Both private and state actors are responsible for benefit provision, at times other actors (family/ clients networks) also supplement provision efforts.

Social Democratic Welfare State

States whose social policies strongly emphasize universal entitlements to achieve greater social equality and promote equal citizenship. Ex: Sweden,Norway, Denmark, Finland Features include Substantial benefits, Universal Benefits, State provision

Authoritarianism

Svolik stated that a political system is a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.Political control excreted by a small body of elites. There is an Absence of power-sharing between ruling faction and competing faction

performance legitimacy

Govt. relies on accomplishing concrete goals such as economic growth, social stability, and strengthening national power to retain its legitimacy.

The Bellicist Model of State-Building

His theory posits that the preparation for and conduct of wars in early modern and modern Europe fueled a natural selection of states, whereby those states that could develop the necessary infrastructures, institutions, and technologies to extract resources for wars—namely coercion and capital—from their societies swallowed up most of those states and state-like organizations that could not.

Modernization Theory

How do we progress from a traditional society to a more modern developed one? -economic development driven by internal changes in society -development occurs in phases that mark that modernization of society -Modernization of the economy drives further social and political transformations Who? We have to see this move from the mindset of a traditional man which is characterized by: Religious, live in small rural communities, Group-oriented, Parochial (focus on issues that only affect your life),Submissive. to A Modern man which is characterized by: Secular, like in Urban centers , Individualistic where he moves away from his family, Universalistic and exposed to different ideas and he is Enterprising/authoritative where he thinks he has control over what goes on his life Critiques; 1. this theory is Eurocentric and only focuses on countries in Europe 2.Timing can affect the way that you modernize 3.Doesn't appreciate colonialism

What is Mill's Method of Agreement?

If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon.this is called the comparative method and it is a way of examining patterns of facts or events to narrow down what is important in terms of building a convincing comparative politics argument. Significance: Creates a scientific method for conducting comparative research Who: John Stuart Mills Example: Revolutions in China and France. Example: Suppose 4 countries all experience civil conflict. You posit that one of several characteristics might cause civil conflict, poverty, rough terrain, ethnic diversity, or religious diversity. When you assess the characteristics of each country, you find that all four countries share only one attribute -- ethnic diversity. The method of agreement leads you to logically infer that ethnic diversity causes civil wars. This approach to figuring out casualty pushes you to find the thing that Is always associated with an outcome, or when absent is never associated. Suppose now that there is a fifth, ethnically homogenous country- and that country did not experience civil conflict. Such evidence lends further support to the hypothesis that ethnic diversity somehow causes civil war.

Omitted Variables

If we ignore something that contributes to cause and effect, then that something is an omitted variable. A correlation might not make sense until the omitted variable is added. Question: What causes Civil Wars? Answer : Poor countries are more likely to experience civil wars, so poverty must cause civil wars omitted-variable bias (OVB) occurs when a statistical model leaves out one or more relevant variables. The bias results in the model attributing the effect of the missing variables to those that were included.

Central Provident Fund

Jan 19, 2020 - The Central Provident Fund (CPF) is a mandatory benefit account providing retirement earnings and healthcare for Singaporeans. Contributions to the retirement account originate from both the employee and the employer.-- has ensured that the preponderance of national savings remains in public rather than private hands, complementing the fiscal power of a highly extractive tax state. this was due to the upswing in contentious class and communal policies - a compulsory (required by law) saving scheme

Park Chung Hee in South Korea

Korean politician and leader of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979, development under Park Chung-hee followed the import substitution industrialization in 3 phases from 1954-1990 -phase 1: Accumulation of foreign capital by a consequence of the war Exploitation of traditional industries start to produce textiles and use the money to grow their textile industry into a mechanized industry to grow more textiles Investment into manufacturers like heavy industries like cars or computers -phase 2: Nurturing of infant industry in manufacturing Investment into Human Capital (he tries to encourage private investments into industries, which was already happening through Chaebol) -offered favorable terms -gave government contracts to develop firms -but if you don't do this you will fall under the LAW of 111 Gotten Gains. -phase 3: Promotion of competition and export orientation (invested in hospitals so that we can keep healthy citizens who will be the future of the country)

What are the welfare state types

Liberal Corporatist Social-Democratic Southern

Warlords

Military leaders who run a government. a military commander, especially an aggressive regional commander with individual autonomy Example of a failed state: Yemen which is divided into two states and fell into Factionalism which is when tribes make mini-states and run it as if it where their own. Many people internally displaced and a humanitarian crisis. 1. The Saleh dictatorship. 2. Saleh's overthrow and the Yemeni civil war (2011) 3. The Houthi threat and the takeover of Sanaa by warlords. 4. Introduction of foreign forces and the proliferation of conflict

Muhkabarat (Secret police)

Plainclothes officers who look like normal citizens but are actually spying on the population in cafes.

United Russia Party

Political party put together by the oligarchs of Russia to support Putin. Currently the dominant party in Russian politics, although it lacks a coherent ideology.

military regime(junta)

Regime lead military officials (typically following a coup). System of government in which military officers control power. Regime initiation usually due to economic crisis or popular upheaval. Examples: Egypt, Algeria, Chile (under pinochet), Pakistan (under Musharraf) Example: If the state is somewhat chaotic and the state is not running well, then the military interviews typically as a "temporary measure" in order to restore order. This is the most Lilley regime to transition to democracy.

Nashi

Russia's largest youth movement, organized mass marches in support of Putin, laid siege to Estonian embassy

Ascetic work

Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.-this is important when considering religion for economic development for the Protestants. "those who adopted the ascetic ethic of calvinism and the protestant sects developed a closer "inner affinity" with capitalism Ascetic work leads to frugality which leads to rationalism which leads to capitalism. "weber concluded that ascetic work and wealth no longer earned a persons salvation. instead they demonstrated good moral character and were values a community-oriented citizen should possess.

Nelson Mandela

South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, statesman and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, first Black head of state.

state vs. regime vs. government

State = A state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in a given territory. This is the foundation of any given country. Who?: Max Weber Example: The essence of state-ness is enforcement; the ability to, ultimately to send someone with a uniform and a gun to force people to comply with state laws. In this sense the United States is a extraordinarily strong state; Across its territories there exists a plethora of police and other agencies -- local, state, and federal to enforce from traffic rules to commercial law regulations to criminal statues and Bill of Rights. Reading: The Imperative of State Building by Fukuyama Regime = set off formal and informal rules and norms that define where power is located and how it is used. Our state is the United States and our Regime is a democratic one. Who makes most of the decisions. Example: Checks & Balances, Who gets to vote. Government = the set of leaders or political elites in charge of running the state. Example: postal service, foreign affairs, military or Biden Administration currently

F.W. DeClark

State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994, banned apartheid and introduced universal suffrage.

How do we compare states? State Scope & State Capacity/Strength

State Scope: Different functions or goals taken on by the government (i.e what does the state do?). Scope: degree of state intervention in economy and society for example the United States doesn't set out to provide health care services while other states like Sweden has robust amounts of health care. the effectiveness of state scope is individualistic because East Asian states have scopes that range from minimal (Hong Kong) to highly interventionist (South Korea) yet all they achieved extraordinarily high GDP per capita growth. State Capacity/Strength: Ability to plan and implement policies, enforce rules (i.e How well can the state get things done) (Do the things you say you are going to do). A state that lacks capacity is defined as a fragile state or, in a more extreme case, a failed state. lack of state capacity in poor countries has come to haunt the developed world much more directly -Thus we should think of state capacity as a mostly uneven rather than a smooth phenomenon, since it can vary so strongly from one type of state function to another within the same country Indicators: Violent Crime Tax Capacity Public goods provision

Core vs. periphery

The core and the periphery are terms often used by dependency theorists to describe the behavior of rich and poor nations, respectively, in a global capitalist environment. The core nations are Western economic powers such as the United States and Western Europe, while the periphery are the developing nations which are taken advantage of by the core. According to the theory of dependent development, countries do not develop in a vacuum, and as a result, the nations of the periphery do not have the luxury of developing in the same market-led approach taken by England. Proponents of Dependency Theory argue that rather than aiding in the development process of Third World nations, developed nations are, in fact, hindering them from industrializing. Gershenkron showed the importance of historical timing in the economic development process, and from this study, others, such as Andre Gunder Frank, have concluded that developing nations may need to break away from their economic ties with the core nations in order to avoid exploitation and unsuccessful industrialization.

Salvador Allende (Chile)

The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973. Aricia wanted him elected. He wins with a small plurality and he believes the country would benefit from a Socialist model where the state will provide more for the people like extreme welfare. However this gets Chile more into debt, and eventually his government is overthrown.

Economic development

The improvement of living standards by economic growth. How to measure it -GDP (net. per capita. growth) -Mortality rates/life expectancy -Educational attainment -Technological Advancements

Structure of Contestation

The rules of the game (system of institutions, policies) by which political leaders set the limits for participation in the political system Keeps the parties competing with each other and not the incumbent Example: Moroccan Parliament

High leverage and low linkage

There is strong but intermittent electoralist pressure which causes an Unstable authoritarianism.

High linkage high leverage

This is where we should expect there to be consistent pressure for democracy, and the country should eventually consolidate a democracy. Example: Latin America has conditionality loans put in by the IMF to open up countries for democracy, which ended up helping them consolidate these democracies.

What is Mill's Method of Difference?

This method for causal analysis states that if an effect is present in one case but not present in another similar case, we can look for a factor that is present in that case that is not present in the other case and identify it as a probable cause of the effect. (Compares and Contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes) Significance: Helps isolate casual factors to further develop stronger arguments Who: John Stuart Mills Example: Inequality in Costa Rica and El Salvador; have very similar cultures and histories but El Salvador had a civil war and also has a higher income gap. Example: Suppose that four countries share the following attributes: poverty; flat terrain; ethnic diversity; and religious diversity. A fifth country is also poor, and ethnically religious and diverse but it is mountainous rather than flat. The terrain is the only thing that differentiates this country -- and that is the only country that experienced war. This approach allows you to rule out poverty and ethnic and religious diversity as potential causes of civil war in the fifth country. Perhaps mountains offer rebels secure places to hide from government troops, while flat countries offer few such places to torment rebellion.

Total vs. limited war

Total: unrestricted in terms of weapons involved, territory or combatants involved, objectives pursued, and outcome influences political existence. Involved a lot of mobilization of the population. Who?: Centeno Limited: fought for a goal lesser than own political existence, does not use all resources at own disposal.

Houthis

Under the leadership of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, the group emerged as an opposition to former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh, whom they charged with massive financial corruption and criticized for being backed by Saudi Arabia and the United States at the expense of the Yemeni people and Yemen's sovereignty.

Why do some third wave countries manage to consolidate democracy while others do not?

War/Military defeats Diffusion of democratic protests to neighboring countries (snowballing) Pressure from international actors (Catholic Church, US, UN, IMF)

Polyarchy (Dahl)

Was used by Robert A. Dahl. Rule by many; government having three or more rulers. The two key components are Contestation and Inclusion -sweden is an example of this today and they are voted in through fair and free elections Significance: determine conditions favor or impede a transformation into a political regime in which opponents of the government can openly and legally organize into political parties in order to oppose the government in free and fair elections.

Spuriousness

When other factors (often referred to as Z factors) are actually causing two variables (X and Y) to occur at the same time; it may appear as if X causes Y, when in fact they are both being caused by other Z factor(s) EX: Question: What causes countries to experience Civil Wars? Answer: Countries that I have lived in have not experienced civil wars, so my absence from a country must cause civil wars. Problem: Correlation does not equal causation. You must specify the casual mechanism by which X=Y

Low Leverage and High Linkage

Where foreign patrons or Western Patrons cannot easily influence you, but you do have ties to the west that your citizens might be demanding more democratic reforms. Consistent but diffuse, indirect democratizing pressure. Creates an unstable authoritarianism.

Low linkage and low leverage

Where we don't have lots of ties between these countries and there's not a lot of ability for the West to pressure countries. Here, what we get is a stable autocracy. Example: Egypt is advantaged In the balance of power, although it is strategically important to the west, it is so important that they don't want to pressure it to do something that it is not inclined to do.

Dependancy Theory

Who?: Gunner Frank -Questioned why is it the case that Latin America seems to be underdeveloped in relationship to European Countries? He argues that core countries are so successful because they are actively preying on peripheral countries in order to fuel their own development. Through the process of colonization they can access very cheaply primary goods like oil, and rice that can fuel their own economies. EX: Once England started to develop they started extracting resources from Egypt and Spain extracted resources from Ecuador. A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones Trajectory of development in wealthy countries disadvantages underdeveloped ones. -countries exist in a world system created by capitalism and places countries into different ranks. -core countries attained success by preying upon peripheral countries which are countries that produce primary goods, don't get technology transfers and are usually the countries that are importing goods, where core countries export. EXAMPLE: Peru is exporting and is not worth as much as the things that they need to import -to achieve development periphery must break away from connections with core, and develop internally

Reversal of fortunes

a common theme in Genesis where fortunes are reversed; the first born typically does not receive his rightful blessings

Welfare Queen

a derogatory term used in the U.S. to refer to women who allegedly Misuse or collect excessive welfare payments through fraud, Child endangerment or manipulation. A stereotype of women on welfare, argued by Ellen Bravo. The woman starts collecting as a teen mom, drives a Cadillac, and spends her food stamps on drugs or gives the stamps to her boyfriend so he can spend them on drugs. She has also never worked, and she is taking advantage of the taxpayers dollars.

Neoclassical economics and comparative advantage

a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution

Developmental State

a state (group of bureaucrats or leaders) that manipulates and guides economic policy to achieve economic development (usually in a short period of time) done by being -interventionist (intervening in the market to make sure that they achieve their goals, supporting companies, and investing. They are intervening and making it work to their advantage) -bureaucratic (You need people to manage these market interventions, they have planning ministries which are the people who develop these 5 year plans and are tasked with making sure they happen right.) -investment friendly (either are trying to get foreign countries to invest in their industries or they are using their own money from the state to invest in certain industries) -autonomous (It Is not necessarily aligned with any particular party or ideology. These are people that just do the economy. EXAMPLE: every year, the government of South Korea would come together and make a five year plan for economic development. We will invest in these things and do these things.

Institutions

an organization founded and united for a specific purpose According to North "institutions are the rules of the game in society.. the humanly devised constraints that structure political economic and social interactions Inclusive vs. extractive institutions" Acemoglu and Robinson add to this and emphasize that these are the rules that govern incentives in politics. They determine how the government is chosen and which part of the government has the right to do what and how power is allocated in the world.

Relative backwardness

how far an underdeveloped country has to go to catch up to developed countries future of underdeveloped does not represent the past of developed ones!! -timing of development matters -development trajectories will be country -specific -"backwardness" not always a burden, but an advantage. Backward countries often develop differently and in line with their backwardness EXAMPLE: the case of Russia which started this modernization process but then took a tank around 1917 and then accelerated back up again.

Falsifiability

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong EX: Question: What causes countries to experience Civil Wars? Answer: Evil people in a society cause countries to experience civil wars Problem: How do we determine what "evil is" Cant measure the amount of evil people so we need to make arguments that are falsifiable. Significance: Approaching hypothesis this way - by thinking of how evidence from the world might falsify them helps us narrow down potential explanations for political outcomes Example: "Islam and democracy are incompatible" implies that we should never see evidence of democracy in Muslim countries. We can then go out and see which countries are muslim and which are democracies. If we find one Muslim democracy, the hypothesis is falsified.