Poli 180 Final Review
the New Deal
"Preventative social policy" is associated with what political movement?
strict constructionism; the words of the law in question
A Justice who believes in __________ would focus carefully on __________ when making her decision.
ground game.
A candidate's efforts to mobilize voters all come together on Election Day through his or her
retrospective evaluation.
A citizen's judgment of an officeholder's job performance since the last election is called
"We should not be ruling on this. This issue should be decided through legislation."
A justice who subscribes to a doctrine of judicial restraint would be MOST likely to produce which statement?
income
A legislature decides a tax increase of some sort is necessary. A poor individual seeking to limit his tax liability would likely support which type of tax increase?
a plea bargain
A negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to tell the court that he or she is guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing is known as __________.
the ownership society
A person who argues that people should take more responsibility for their own social welfare, and social policy should be determined by the free market, would BEST be characterized by and believing in what principle?
Claim executive privilege
A president who does not want to turn over recorded discussions between himself and his adviser would do what?
approval rating
A president who has a high __________ can often get more accomplished in his or her negotiations with Congress.
Senators are less insulated from electoral forces than previously
A result of the "permanent campaign" is that __________.
majority
A runoff election is likely when a state uses __________ voting.
split-ticket voter
A voter who votes for the Republican candidate for president and the Democratic candidate for her congressional district can be described as a(n) __________.
Social Security and Medicare
AARP is an interest group that advocates principally on behalf of what programs?
policy agenda.
After the New York Times ran a story on corruption in the sprocket industry, Congress began an investigation into sprocket regulations. This is an example of a topic getting on the
proportional allocation
All Democratic primaries and caucuses (and some Republican primaries and caucuses) use a system where the number of delegates a candidate receives is determined by the percentage of the popular vote they received. This is known as ____________.
creating the president's budget
Among other responsibilities, the Office of Management and Budget is primarily responsible for __________.
there is no incumbent in the race
An open-seat election is one in which ___________.
hear appeals from lower courts
Appellate jurisdiction refers to the Court's power to __________.
the creation of a cert pool
At what stage of the Supreme Court decision-making process are the justices' law clerks most influential?
in committee
At what stage of the legislative process do MOST House bills die?
gerrymandering.
Attempts to use the redistricting process for political advantage are called
Judiciary Act of 1789
Basic details about the federal court system, such as the creation of district courts and the size of the Supreme Court, are found in what document?
some; fundamentals
Candidates have __________ control over election outcomes; however, their races are also heavily influenced by __________.
unilateral
Certain U.S. actions, such as drone attacks, that are taken in Pakistan without the consultation of our allies are examples of what kinds of actions?
large versus small states
Congress's bicameral structure reflects an attempt to reconcile which competing interests of the early nation?
logrolling
Congressman Ramsey votes for a farming bill that Congressman Walcott cares about in exchange for Congressman Walcott voting for a housing bill that Congressman Ramsey supports. This is an example of what norm?
Medicare
Cory is a 72-year-old individual with a serious medical condition. What program would he most likely turn to for treatment?
appointment
During the past 30 years, states in the upper Midwest and Northeast have steadily lost seats in the House of Representatives to states in the South and West. This is part of which process that takes place every 10 years?
deflation
Falling prices across an economy is known as __________.
seniority
Generally, leadership on committees in Congress is determined by which norm?
trade
Globalization is most related to what concept?
Each state receives an elector for every member of the House and Senate it has.
How are the number of electors for each state determined in the electoral college?
They provide job security.
How do bureaucrats benefit from civil service regulations?
The War on Terror is not between nation-states, making clear victory or defeat difficult to ascertain.
How does the War on Terror differ from a conventional war?
soft; 501(c)4
If Tyler wants to donate a large sum of money to a political organization but did not want his name disclosed, he would seek to contribute __________ money to a __________.
the whip
If a particular legislator is wavering on a close vote, who will party leaders likely send to his office to try to persuade him to vote their way?
chairperson of the Federal Reserve
If you wanted a job in the federal government but did not want to have to worry about political pressure from the president, which post would you most covet?
write a concurring opinion.
Imagine Justice Thomas and Justice Alito both agree on the outcome of a case. Justice Thomas is asked to write the majority opinion. Justice Alito agrees with the majority opinion, but differs from the other justices in his legal reasoning. He is MOST likely to
precedent
In a similar previous case the court ruled for the plaintiff. The court will now consider that previous ruling in deciding how to deal with the current case. This is an example of __________.
He signed an executive agreement
In late 2015, President Obama struck a climate change deal in Paris with many countries around the world. However, since he wanted to avoid requiring Senate approval, how did he achieve the deal?
They can make it difficult to fire someone who is no longer doing a good job.
In what way are civil service regulations potentially a drawback?
current public opinion
In what way is a challenger MOST likely to have an electoral advantage when running against an incumbent for a seat in Congress?
when the presidency and the Senate are controlled by different parties
In which situation is the president most likely to commit to an executive agreement rather than a treaty?
foreign policy
James Monroe's "Monroe Doctrine" demonstrates the important role that early presidents played in what area?
poor; Medicaid
Jasmine is a(n) __________ woman who needs medical attention. She would turn to ___________ for assistance.
Jessica's case is moot.
Jessica was denied entry to medical school. She sued for admission and was allowed to enter the program provisionally while the case went through the court system. Years later, a few months before her graduation date, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case. What is the most likely reason why?
specialization
John Lewis, a representative from Georgia, has become an expert on civil rights. This is an example of which norm in Congress?
red tape
Many critics of the modern bureaucracy cite the abundance of __________, which refers to the unnecessarily complex procedures that lower-level bureaucrats must follow when implementing policies, regardless of whether they are applicable to the situation at hand.
television
Modern presidential campaigns are primarily conducted through what type of advertising?
the amount of money in circulation
Monetarists believe that __________ is the MOST important factor in macroeconomic policy.
unlimited; soft
Money that can be raised in __________ amounts and can be spent on issue advocacy is known as _________ money.
realism
Mordor attacks its neighboring country of Gondor in order to gain more land and power. This is an example of which foreign policy theory in action?
open
Mordor has just been added as the 51st state in the United States. When people go to vote in presidential primaries in Mordor, they get to decide on the day of the election if they are going to vote in the Republican or Democratic primary. This is an example of what kind of primary?
the Soviet Union
Much of the second half of the twentieth century saw the United States in a Cold War with what country?
districts are approximately equal in population
Officially, state legislatures redraw district boundaries every 10 years to ensure that __________.
Social Security
Payroll taxes go to fund which program?
majority voting
Runoff elections are usually found in combination with what other election rule?
most roll call votes have become party votes.
Since the 1950s,
progressive
Taxes that require upper-income people to pay a larger share of their income than lower-income people are called __________.
the Cabinet
The 15 executive department heads who help the president implement policy make up what office?
two
The American Congress has _____ chambers?
the United States would use military force to eliminate potential threats before they could be put in motion
The Bush Doctrine stated that __________.
notice-and-comment
The Federal Register is used to publish potential regulations during which step in the rule-making process?
increase; education
The Great Society saw a(n) __________ in the size of the federal government in a number of areas, but most notably in __________.
Lyndon Johnson
The Great Society took place during the presidency of ____________.
435; 218
The House has __________ total members, which means that __________ "yay" votes are necessary to pass bills.
impeaching the president
The MOST extreme response that Congress can take to try to control the president is __________.
remain neutral in wars between European powers.
The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would
Franklin Roosevelt
The New Deal occurred under whose presidency?
a dispute between two states over oil drilling rights in the Gulf of Mexico.
The Supreme Court would have original jurisdiction in a case involving
as a result of Marbury v. Madison.
The Supreme Court's power of judicial review was established
IGOs.
The United Nations, the IMF, and the World Bank are all examples of
the president
The United States Trade Representative is primarily responsible for advising __________.
intergovernmental organization
The World Bank is an example of a(n) __________.
judicial restraint
The __________ approach to deciding Supreme Court cases says that justices should attempt to defer to the elected branches of government and not contradict their actions.
inflation
The average cost of a loaf of bread in 1980 was $0.50. Today it is closer to $3.00. This is an example of what economic phenomenon?
state
The federal department of _________ is responsible for diplomacy.
internationalism
The idea that a country should be involved in the affairs of other nations is known as ________.
the principal-agent game.
The interaction between the president, who needs something done, and a bureaucrat, who is responsible for carrying out the president's orders, is called
District
The norm of senatorial courtesy applies to what level of the judiciary?
8,000; 15
The president appoints individuals to hold roughly __________ executive branch positions, roughly ___________ percent of which much be confirmed by the Senate.
drafting an executive order
The president has the MOST discretion to shape policy when __________.
state
The president represents the country symbolically and politically through their role as the head of __________.
local interests and national interests
The responsibility-responsiveness dilemma is rooted in the tension between what two things?
political loyalty; party organizations
The spoils system was characterized by placing priority on __________, which was particularly useful to __________.
take into account evolving national attitudes in interpreting the document
Those who believe in a living Constitution __________.
strict constructionists
Those who believe that we should go by the exact words written in the Constitution are known as __________.
military force; bilateral treaties
Throughout history, America's policy in dealing with North Korea and other near-nuclear powers has involved a mix of __________ and __________.
significantly higher
Turnout in presidential elections is __________ when compared to midterm elections.
when both the House and the Senate are controlled by Republicans
Under which regime would a Democratic president MOST likely veto a bill?
Workers in a given country may lose jobs if an industry moves overseas.
What BEST illustrates why free trade is controversial?
a congressional committee investigates an agency after a whistleblower said the group was wasting tax dollars
What activity BEST exemplifies "fire alarm oversight?"
the stationing of troops along the border of a country that the United States perceives to be a threat
What activity would be considered a military deterrent?
The United States, Great Britain, France, and several other countries decide to intervene in the conflict in Syria.
What constitutes a multilateral action?
an increase in the age of the average American
What pattern would lead to the greatest strain being placed on Social Security?
District; Circuit; Supreme
Which list properly orders federal courts from smallest geographic area of jurisdiction to largest?
a white, middle-aged college graduate
Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to vote?
someone who has been impeached by Congress
Who below is ineligible for a presidential pardon?
The state is heavily Democratic.
Why do presidential candidates typically spend very little time campaigning in California, despite the fact that it is the largest state with the most voters?
They produce better policy outcomes.
Why do we have civil service regulations?
Four; nine
__________ of the __________ justices must agree to hear a case in order for it to be granted a writ of certiorari.
delegate
Imagine a large majority of people in your state wanted to eliminate all taxes, even if that meant that the government could no longer fund such things as a police force or road repairs. Your state's senator would be acting as a(n) __________ if she decided to vote to eliminate all taxes simply because the people have demanded it.
Refuse to pass a bill to fund the military action.
Imagine the president wishes to take military action that Congress does not like. What action could it take to express its disapproval?
red tape
Imagine you wanted to play with your new drone in a remote field near your home but learned that you would have to register the craft and pay a fee before you were allowed to fly it. If you were to go home and vent your frustration to your parent, what would you complain about?
It established the Department of Education.
In 1980, the federal government took what step to signal its interest in playing a larger role in education policy?
the New Deal
The largest expansion of government social policy in U.S. history occurred in the 1930s and are collectively referred to as ___________.
It plays an active role.
These days, what role does the Senate play in confirming judges?
primary election.
To win a party's nomination, a candidate must win the
You guarantee them the lowest tariff rates you give to any country.
What does it mean to give a country "most-favored-nation status"?
the Great Depression
What event precipitated a large increase in the size and scope of the federal government, particularly in the area of executive authority?
a collaborative process in which the final wording of a bill is determined
What is "markup" as it relates to Congress?
election rules
What is NOT a voting cue?
a civil lawsuit brought by a group of individuals
What is a class-action lawsuit?
using standardized procedures in the monitoring of agency behavior
What is a common strategy for preventing bureaucratic drift?
the reelection goals of the president
What is a major goal for all staffers of the Executive Office of the President in the first term?
a constituent calls their legislator to complain about an agency action taken in her neighborhood
What is an example of a member of Congress performing fire alarm oversight?
pork-barrel policies
What is closely associated with credit claiming?
government spending that gives unique benefits to a company or industry
What is corporate welfare?
Members of Congress respond to complaints about the bureaucracy as they arise.
What is fire alarm oversight in Congress?
a bank that different governments contribute to in order to fund economic development projects around the world.
What is the BEST example of an intergovernmental organization?
Congress and the president cannot agree on the nature of the drift.
What is the BEST explanation for why bureaucratic drift can be difficult to correct?
The president gives a speech about Social Security reform in primetime.
What is the BEST illustration of an issue getting on the policy agenda?
Voters tend to utilize them a great deal, even if it is not always fair to do so
What is the BEST way to describe "fundamentals" in American elections?
They affect many aspects of our lives.
What is the BEST way to describe the impact of federal regulations in everyday life?
paid campaign advertising
What is the MOST important method campaigns use today in America?
It limits the ability of bureaucrats to exercise their expert judgment on the matter.
What is the chief danger in a president giving extremely specific orders to an agency?
Fiscal policy involves taxing and spending, whereas monetary policy involves controlling the money supply
What is the difference between fiscal and monetary policy?
These individuals may not be the most competent at their jobs.
What is the downside to loyalty being the driving force behind many presidential appointments?
electors from each state who cast ballots for president and vice president
What is the electoral college?
National Security Council (NSC)
What is the principal foreign policy agency within the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?
to manage monetary policy
What is the principal responsibility of the Federal Reserve Board?
The president can influence the legislative process in Congress.
What is the purpose of the president using the veto as a threat?
laws enacted by Congress
What is the source of the president's statutory authority?
regulation
What kind of rule allows the government to exercise control over individuals and corporations?
passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883
What marked a shift in the history of the bureaucracy from the dominance of the spoils system to the widespread use of the merit system?
the Hatch Act
What piece of legislation sought to limit the political activity of federal employees?
foreign policy
What policy area is the president most likely to get the policy they want?
increasing payroll taxes
What political action would make Social Security more sustainable?
It rules on the constitutionality of presidential actions governing war policy
What role does the Supreme Court play in foreign policy?
shortening the lengths of their terms
What strategy, if adopted, would MOST likely increase the president's influence over leaders of independent agencies?
The United States spends a relatively small percentage of its gross national income on foreign aid but still invests more total dollars than other nations.
What the best way to characterize U.S. foreign aid?
when the president's popularity is high
When is a member of Congress going to be most interested in having the president come campaign for her?
on a complex issue
When is a politico most likely to act as a trustee?
casework
When representatives help constituents interact with government programs or agencies, they are engaging in __________.
judicial review
When the Supreme Court strikes down a congressional or state law, it engages in __________.
Article II of the Constitution
Where is the vesting clause found?
secretary of defense
Which Cabinet position is subject to Senate approval?
a Congressional committee reviews an agency's spending reports from the previous fiscal year
Which activity BEST exemplifies police patrol oversight?
the justices meeting in conference
Which activity is MOST hidden from the public?
diplomacy
Which approach to foreign relations is generally considered the most peaceful?
Senate
Which body of the American government is responsible for ratifying treaties?
solicitor general
Which figure argues cases on behalf of the federal government before the Supreme Court?
lowering the interest rate
Which government action represents a change in monetary policy?
Office of Management and Budget
Which group is responsible for monitoring government spending and preparing the president's annual spending proposal?
the Senate
Which house of Congress did the Founders envision as being the more responsible one, with the greater concern about national, rather than local, interests?
A group of people are all injured taking what turned out to be a harmful medication.
Which incident would MOST likely lead to a class-action lawsuit?
conference
Which is the last committee to convene in the conventional legislative process?
Presidents are quite powerful but also quite constrained.
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes presidential power?
Katie looks at the party affiliation of each candidate.
Which of the following voter is using a "voting cue" to make her candidate choice?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Which organization was formed to combat the Soviet Union?
human rights
Which policy area would a first spouse most likely focus their efforts?
Judges are appointed for life.
Which policy tries to make sure that federal judges are impartial?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Which president threatened to pack the Court with justices who would support his policies?
As commander-in-chief, the president has day-to-day control over military operations, including the authority to put troops into action without congressional consent.
Which statement about presidential military authority is true?
The likelihood that your vote affects the election outcome is tiny relative to the cost of voting
Which statement below BEST exemplifies the "paradox of voting"?
New Hampshire and Iowa
Which states have the first primary and caucus in the nation every four years?
331 Representatives favor it, along with 71 Senators
Which voting outcomes in Congress might compel a president to sign a bill into law that he did not like?
a permanent agency employee
Who is MOST subject to civil service regulations?
a Cabinet secretary
Who is a member of the Senior Executive Service?
the current officeholder, running for reelection
Who is the incumbent?
a Senate member in the majority party
Who would be MOST likely to succeed in getting an amendment attached to a bill that then goes on to become law?
It encourages trust in the system among various demographic groups.
Why is promoting descriptive representation valuable in itself?
to protect domestic industry jobs and profits
Why would a country put a tariff on imported goods?
Reserve requirement
______________ requires banks to have a certain amount of money on hand to cover withdrawals.