POLS 1333 - Quiz 11

media ads

- Campaigns are efforts to win elections. - Campaigns are enormously expensive - Campaigns are subject to finance laws - The single biggest expense of a campaign is ___________.

Political parties

- ____________ play a limited role in the Texas state campaigns - Responsibility largely falls on the candidate in terms of campaign strategy, running a campaign, and fund-raising - Interest groups have played an increasingly significant role in campaigns

diversification

Campaigns, Elections, and the Future of Texas - Although Republicans have been winning statewide elections in Texas in recent years, the growing Latino population and increased ___________ of the state may change this pattern.

race; ethnicity

Campaigns: Public Opinion and Media - Public opinion on most issues varies widely according to _________ and ______. - Texas campaigns are mostly covered by local and statewide media. - Newspapers and television - Social media

Important Issues

Campaigns: _____________ - Immigration, border security, post-Hurricane Harvey infrastructure improvements, and education policy. - Equal pay for equal work - Gun rights, immigration policy, and tax policy have consistently been salient issues in Texas.

incumbency

Candidates: Who Runs?: Anyone can run for office in Texas; however, political experience is helpful for higher offices, as is ___________.

low-income

Contracting the Vote?: Partisan legislation passed in 2011 requires a photo identification in order to vote. Republicans claim it prevents voter fraud while Democrats claim voter fraud is minimal and the law disproportionately affects ______________ individuals, students, and minorities (most of whom typically vote Democrat). In 2015, a federal appeals court ruled the law violated the Voting Rights Act. Texas has appealed the ruling.

nonpartisan

Features of Elections in Texas: Texans select candidates for national, state, and local offices and also participate in special elections. As discussed in Chapter 4, many Texans use party affiliation to inform their vote; however, local elections are often ___________, so voters may consider race, gender, ethnicity, age, or other demographic characteristics when choosing a candidate. While the intent was for Texas voters to have popular control of government, special interests and big money have gained considerable influence.

General elections; nonpartisan

Features of elections in Texas: General Elections - ________________ are held in November - Major state officials are elected in nonpresidential election years. - Local elections usually take place at a different time of year than the national and state elections. They are "____________".

runoff primary; open primary; closed primary

Features of elections in Texas: Primary Elections - Determine a party's nominees for the general election. - If no candidate receives an absolute majority, there is a _____________. - An ____________________ allows voting in either, but not both, primaries. - In a _______________, one must declare one's party affiliation.

Special Elections

Features of elections in Texas: _____________ and Independents - Not held on a regularly scheduled bases - Usually only occur when someone dies or retires Running as an independent - It is unusual to run for office in Texas as an independent. - Tough to get on the ballot

Gun rights; immigration

Important Issues in Recent Texas Campaigns - ___________ and ________ continue to be salient issues. - Tax policy is important, especially the issue of property tax reform. - Texas has seen a deepening divide in voting patterns between urban and suburban areas, especially in Houston and Dallas

2018

Important Issues in Recent Texas Campaigns: In __________, much of the focus in the gubernatorial race was on sanctuary cities and economic challenges. Previously, in 2014, the candidates argued over education, equal pay for equal work, gun rights, and immigration. Candidates for lieutenant governor joined the immigration debate in 2014, while candidates for Texas comptroller argued over tax policy.

c. Voters select their Party's candidate for a general election

In a primary election, a. Voters choose all local officials who will hold office in the following year B. voters select Federal officials for office c. Voters select their Party's candidate for a general election D. voters choose third-party candidates e. Voters cast ballots on proposed Constitutional Amendments

a. be a resident of Texas, a U.S. citizen, and at least 18 years of age

In order to vote in Texas, you must meet which of the following requirements? a. be a resident of Texas, a U.S. citizen, and at least 18 years of age b. be a resident of Texas, a U.S. citizen, and at least 21 years of age c. be a resident of Texas, a legal permanent resident of the U.S. and at least 18 years of age d. own property in Texas, be a U.S. citizen, and be at least 18 years of age

closed primary; open primary

In theory, Texas has a ___________, in which voters must declare a party affiliation before voting. In practice, however, it is an __________, as voters are not required to declare their affiliation until arriving at the polls.

Tea Party

It is interesting that in recent races, many statewide candidates have failed to emphasize statewide issues, focusing instead on discontent about candidates at the national level. Conversely, _____________ candidates have been mounting primary challenges against less conservative Republicans in the state legislature.

Newspapers

Media: ___________ throughout Texas report on campaigns and elections, and many focus on local races. These publications also endorse candidates for primary and general elections. Television stations host programs to inform the public about current races, while also providing paid advertising time to candidates.

1991

Money: The cost of running a campaign is expensive. For this reason, candidates continually raise money throughout the campaign process. Candidates for federal office are limited by strict federal campaign finance laws, while candidates for state office are subject to the laws established in ____ by the Texas Ethics Commission.

Voting

Participation in Texas Elections - __________ is the most common and basic form of political participation. Other forms of political participation include: - Signing petitions - Protesting - Writing letters to the newspaper and elected officials

two-week

Participation in Texas Elections: Early Voting - Voters can vote during a ________ period before Election Day. - Democrats got a slightly larger proportion of overall votes than early votes, suggesting that early voting may be a bit more beneficial to Republicans than to Democrats.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Participation in Texas Elections: Expansion of the Franchise - The _____________________ played an important role in the expansion of the franchise. - Federal examiners were sent to the southern states to register voters. - 1971: 70% of African Americans were registered to vote

motor voter law

Participation in Texas Elections: Qualifications to Vote - 18 years of age - A U.S. citizen - A resident of Texas for 30 days - A resident of the county for 30 days - The ___________________ allows voter registration when applying for or renewing a license

Democrats;Republicans

Participation in Texas Elections: Race and Ethnicity - African Americans and Latinos tend to vote for _________, and non-Hispanic whites tend to vote for ___________ - There is a much lower voter turnout rate for Latino citizens than for other racial and ethnic demographics.

reapportionment; redistricting; preclearance

Participation in Texas Elections: Redistricting - _________________ determines how many congressional seats each state will receive - ______________: redraw district lines in the Texas legislature and U.S. House. - The Voting Rights Act's ___________ process has complicated the situation

Republican primary

Participation in Texas Elections: Republican Primary - With Republican dominance in Texas, the winner of the _______________ will be the winner of a statewide election.

1920; 19th Amendment; poll tax; early registration

Participation in Texas Elections: Restrictions - Women obtained the right to vote in all elections in _____ as a result of the ____________. - The ___________ required voters to pay a tax. - Texas also required the _______________ of voters long before the general elections.

white primary; Smith v. Allrwright

Participation in Texas Elections: Restrictions (cont.) - The ______________, designed to minimize the strength of African American voters, was the most oppressive restriction on the franchise. - __________________ (1944) decided that the operation of primary elections involves so much state activity that it was unconstitutional

Straight-Ticket Voting; Greg Abbot

Participation in Texas Elections: _______________ - Press one button and vote for every Republican or Democrat on the ballot - In 2017 ______________ signed a bill into law to remove it.

Low Voter Turnout

Participation in Texas Elections: ________________ - Low levels of educational attainment, low income levels, and high poverty rates - Young population located in the South - A traditionalistic and individualistic political culture - Candidate-centered elections and little party competition - Lack of media attention to substantive issues - Large numbers of undocumented residents and felons

the state constitution

Primary elections; general elections; city elections; school and college board elections; special elections; and bond elections for city, county and state governments. - Texans also vote for changes to _____________________.

DREAM

Public Opinion and Campaigns: Public opinion on particular policy areas can vary widely according to race and ethnicity. For example, while most Latinos in Texas support the ________ Act, most whites in Texas oppose it.

motor voter law

Qualifications to Vote Today: An individual must be 18 years of age, a U.S. citizen, and a resident of both Texas and the county for at least 30 days. The only reasons why a citizen may not vote are if he or she is a felon who has not completed the full sentence or is judged by a court to be mentally incompetent. The national _______________, passed in 1993, requires states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license.

primary

Running as an Independent: the process of running for statewide office as an independent in Texas is complicated, as it requires signatures from registered voters who did not vote in the __________ elections. The two major parties work together to keep competitors out of these statewide competitions.

Jaybird Party

Terry v. Adams (1953): The Supreme Court struck down use of the _______________ (an offshoot Democratic party), which preselected candidates for the Democratic primary in some counties, prohibiting African Americans from participating.

African Americans; Latinos

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) brought about litigation in federal courts to challenge laws that restricted or disenfranchised _______________ and _______ in Texas.

poll tax

The ________________ was a state-imposed tax on voters as a prerequisite for voting; poll taxes were rendered unconstitutional in national elections with ratification of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment and in state elections by the Supreme Court in 1966.

white primary

The _________________, in which only white voters were eligible to participate, was the most oppressive restriction on the franchise. Texas's position as a one-party Democratic state made the primaries the only "real" election in the state. A series of Supreme Court decisions first upheld, but then struck down, this provision.

Nineteenth Amendment

The _________________, ratified in 1919, guaranteed women the right to vote. Texas was the first southern state to ratify it, with the support of Governor William P. Hobby, who called a special session of the legislature for its consideration.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The __________________ was passed by Congress to ensure that African Americans would be guaranteed the right to vote. It has been renewed several times since 1965 and prevents the dilution of minority voting strength.

last

Turnout: Who Votes?: Texas ranks ______ in the nation in voter participation, despite efforts to increase voter registration and implementation of early voting. i) An individual's socioeconomic status is the most likely indicator of participation. Among Texans, low levels of education and high levels of poverty are strong predictors of low voter participation. ii) Other factors affecting participation include a population that is younger and has a larger proportion of Latinos than the national average, as well as the abundance of elections.

A. March

When are Texas primaries held? A. March B. April C. May D. June

The franchise

Who Can Vote? " ______________" refers to the act of voting or the right to vote. In Texas, the right to vote has evolved through the past few centuries.

Elections

_______ in general, even local ones, all make huge difference in our lives, affecting education funding, health care policy, taxes, and so on.

Early Voting:

___________ A procedure that allows voters to cast ballots during a two-week period before the regularly scheduled election date.

Parties

____________: Candidates in Texas take the lead in planning their campaigns; however, parties assist in fund-raising, recruiting candidates to run for office, and provide a party label for voters.

Strategy

____________: Television and newspaper ads have historically been valuable to a campaign. Today, however, many candidates are turning to social media to amplify their messages. It can often reach a wider audience while costing little or no money.

Runoff primary

____________: a second primary election held between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first primary election if no candidate in that election received an absolute majority.

General Election

____________: the election in which voters cast ballots to select public officials, held the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of even-numbered years. In Texas, major state officials are elected in nonpresidential years; these contests are often called midterm elections.

Newberry v. United States

_____________ (1921): upheld the white primary as having "in no real sense part of the manner of holding the [general] election." This was subsequently struck down in 1927.

Nixon v. Condon

_____________ (1932): The state legislature authorized, by law, state executive committees to determine qualifications for voting in their primaries. The Supreme Court struck this down, holding that state executive committees were acting as agents of the state and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Grovey v. Townsend

_____________ (1935): The Texas Democratic Party convention passed a resolution confining party membership to white citizens. The Supreme Court upheld this on the grounds that the equal protection clause only covered "state action."

Interest Groups

_____________: State legislators and other statewide officials are subject to limited campaign regulations (limits are imposed only on judicial candidates), which allows interest groups to have great influence in Texas politics.

Reapportionment

_____________: The process that takes place every 10 years to determine how many congressional seats each state will receive, depending on population shifts.

Special Election

_____________: an election that is not held on a regularly scheduled basis; in Texas, a special election is called to fill a vacancy in office, to give approval for the state government to borrow money, or to ratify or reject amendments to the Texas Constitution.

Campaign Strategy

______________ - To succeed, campaigns usually must be well designed and well executed. - Poor choice in rhetoric can greatly affect even a well-established, well-funded candidate - Television may be a very valuable tool in appealing to voters

Jaybird Party

after the white primary was ruled unconstitutional, this offshoot Democratic Party preselected candidates for the Democratic primary and prohibited African Americans from participating. (page 157)

special election

an election that is not held on a regularly scheduled basis; in Texas, a special election is called to fill a vacancy in office, to give approval for the state government to borrow money, or to ratify or reject amendments to the Texas Constitution. (page 153)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

important legislation passed in order to ensure that African Americans would be guaranteed the right to vote. Renewed several times since 1965, the act also prevents the dilution of minority voting strength. (page 158)

A. Presidential elections

in which of the following elections is voter turnout the highest? A. Presidential elections B. Gubernatorial General elections c. City elections D. Run-off elections e. Off year Congressional elections

D. Closed primary

officially, Texas has a a. joint primary B. Extended primary C. Open primary D. Closed primary e. Jaybird primary

white primary

primary election in which only white voters are eligible to participate. (page 156)

reapportionment

process that takes place every 10 years to determine how many congressional seats each state will receive, depending on population shifts. (page 162)

preclearance

provision under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that required any changes to election procedures or district lines to be approved by the U.S. Department of Justice or the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. (page 162)

Nineteenth Amendment

ratified in 1919, amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote. (page 155)

general election

the election in which voters cast ballots to select public officials. (page 153)

e. General election

the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of even-numbered years this the day for which election? A. Primary election B. Runoff primary c. Runoff for the general election D. Secondary election e. General election

D. Media

the most costly item for most political campaigns is a. Travel B. Security C. Fundraising D. Media e. Food

c. Pre-clearance

the procedure by which certain states, such as Texas, are required to obtain approval every time they make changes to districts is called A. redistricting B. Reapportionment c. Pre-clearance D. External validation e. Judicial review

electoral cycle

the process in which candidates run for office beginning with campaigns for the party primary and ending with the general election, usually in November. (page 151)

redistricting

the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives in the Texas House, Texas Senate, and U.S. House; this process usually happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts. (page 162)

early registration

the requirement that a voter register long before the general election; in effect in Texas until 1971. (page 156)

suffrage

the right to vote. (page 155)

a. Income and education

the two most important factors in determining whether someone will vote are a. Income and education B. Education and family history of voting C. Income and gender D. Party membership and gender e. Ethnicity and race

c. During even-numbered years that are not presidential election years

when are Gubernatorial elections held? a. During the presidential election years B. During odd number years c. During even-numbered years that are not presidential election years D. Every year e. Every 6 months

c. Distinguished

which of the following is not a type of election found in Texas? A. General b. Primary c. Distinguished d. Special e. Runoff primary

C. The poll tax restricted the participation of poor people in the general election

which of the following is true? A. Poll taxes are legal B. Women acquired the right to vote in the original 1876 Texas Constitution C. The poll tax restricted the participation of poor people in the general election D. You do not have to be a resident of Texas to vote in Texas e. Latinos vote at higher rates than African Americans

C. Republicans lost control of the State Legislature

which of the following was not a feature of the 2018 campaigns in Texas? A. Voter turnout increased over previous midterm election years B. Enthusiasm and increased across the state, driven by anti-Trump sentiment and Beto O'Rourke's candidacy C. Republicans lost control of the State Legislature d. Support for Democratic candidates increased in urban and Suburban areas e. Governor Greg Abbott was re-elected by a wide margin

B. Republicans won all Statewide races

which of the following was true of the 2018 elections in Texas? A. Democrats won control of the state senate B. Republicans won all Statewide races C. Women voted for republicans in record numbers D. Latinos voted for republicans in record numbers e. Voters in rural areas shifted sharply toward the Democratic Party

A. Republicans

who has benefited the most from early voting? A. Republicans B. Democrats c. All parties have benefited equally D. Independents E. Greens

A. William Clements

who's the first Republican to become Texas governor since reconstruction? A. William Clements B. Rick Perry c. George W bush D. Ann Richards e. Kinky Friedman

Redistricting:

______________ The process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives in the Texas House, Texas Senate and U.S. House. It usually happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts. (1) The Republican majority in the Texas legislature uses this to retain power by drawing districts friendly to the Republican Party. (2) Critics argue for nonpartisan redistricting commissions, as other states have implemented, to eliminate the partisan nature of redistricting. (3) Other criticisms include the practice of counting all the residents in a voting district to determine its population, as well as the use of at-large districts in local nonpartisan elections.

Primary Election:

______________ a ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election. They are a function of the party but are funded by both the party and the state, and are conducted in all 254 Texas counties.

Straight-Ticket Voting

______________: The practice of voters pressing one button in the voting booth to register their vote for all candidates in one political party. A new law signed by Governor Abbott eliminates straight-ticket voting starting with the 2020 elections.

Early registration

_______________, requiring voters to register, often more than nine months before the general election, along with property requirements and residency requirements, affected itinerant workers. All were voided by the courts in the 1970s.

Smith v. Allwright

________________(1944): The Supreme Court ruled the operation of primary elections involved state activity and that white primaries involved unconstitutional state action.

primary election

a ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election. (page 151)

straight-ticket voting

a method of voting where a voter checks a box by one of the political parties on the ballot, which casts his/her vote for every candidate on the ballot with that political party affiliation. (page 160)

motor voter law

a national act, passed in 1993, that requires states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license. (page 159)

open primary

a primary election in which any registered voter can participate in the contest, regardless of party affiliation. (page 152)

closed primary

a primary election in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote. (page 152)

early voting

a procedure that allows voters to cast ballots during a two-week period before the regularly scheduled election date. (page 160)

runoff primary

a second primary election held between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first primary election if no candidate in that election received an absolute majority. (page 152)

poll tax

a state-imposed tax on voters as a prerequisite for voting; poll taxes were rendered unconstitutional in national elections by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment, and in state elections by the Supreme Court in 1966. (page 156)