pols 1337 part 2
executive departments
(15 exec/cabient level departments) executive bench org led by cabinet sec apportioned by the pres.
indep agnecy
(fed org established by congress w. Authority to regulate an aspect of econ. Sector of fed gov) Indep agency no operate w.in cabinet department Operate on own authority
civil servants make up
85 percent of the federal bureaucracy Hired on the basis of merit, so they can keep their jobs regardless of who the President is. civil service protection
Pendleton Act
: first reform that slowly changed fed bureau from corrupt and partisan insider org to neutral party based org.Established the civil service to govern the bureaucracy Merit-based hiring begins
which article references executive more directly
A2 S2 Require opinion of the principal Officer in each executive department
appointments
A2 S2: pwoer for pres to nominate and appoint all other officers of US, established by law. Congress can by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers...Discussion of appointment power implies existence of executive departments
three categorize for civil service employyes
Blue collar: crft, repair, operator, labor jobs and under fed wage system (sets pay levels associated w. Specific jobs) White collar Senior executive:executive level management employees gov by them following the general schedule pay scale
disadvantage of hierchhy
Can have obstacle in speedy decision making Step by step review of decision making inevitably slows down the implementation of fed laws
what does Pendleton act do
Civil Service COmission to admin entrance exam for fed civil service and set job req and promotion standards based on merit system and pol performance.Remain If fed employees are pol appointees appointed by pres to carry out his pol and partisan agenda w.in the def policy making sys
bureaucratic repaution
Counteracting force to drawback of bureaucratic culture and tendency to block coop among agencies. Fed agencies want to develop good reputation for their effective implementation of fed policy
other faulreus where no lives lost but reflect mismanagement of risk by FBI
Deep water horizon oil rig explosion Thought it would be contained but gew and approached US from shores for FL to TX Failure behan in officer of minerals management service, the agency in the Department of interior giving permission to drill w/ requiring assessments from other agencies Obama responded by issuing executive order to from a commission to investigate failure , temporary abn on all offshore drilling and addressed the nation how the fed gov was addressing crisis
War department
Dep of defence coordinating Army, Naby and Armed Force
benefit of privatization of fed services
Do not tech country as additional fed employees→ overall size of fed workforce appears smaller and costs associated w/ job related benefits are reduced More efficient to use private firm that has expertise in an area to provide a service at a lower cost than use permanent employees and achieve the same outcome Allows gov to increase/decrease employment for specific projects More difficult to elmeits fed positions
mission
Each fed agency has a stated mission that defines its role and responsibilities w/in fed bureaucracy Important as pub face of department and si the measure by which congress and gen public hold it accountable for success/failures
commerce and labor rep
Econ problems. Congress addressed the, by creating one deprmte in 1903 nit issues w/ child safety and work standards became very important= congress divided it giving labor own cabinet status
adv of hierchy
Ensures that the unit responds consistently and predictably Requires careful consideration of policy before implements Both of these are designed to ensure policies are administered equally across citizens
concerns of privatization of fed services
Fed gov doesn't have close oversight over quality, experience, or job performances of the employees who work in private companies Company employees have incentive to do jobs well but fraud, waste and abuse go undetected for year bc lack of direct fed oversight Fed gov end up paying more provision of service through private contractor than if fed employees admin the program directly
framers envissionemnt of staff
Framers envisioned president would manage a staff of fed officers who would oversee executive department Doubtful they envisioned staff as large as today's
Bureacratic culture
Fundamental to it is the constant drive to self perpetuate; employees in a bureau org want to preserve tiger jobs and their influence in policy system
Limits of effectiveness of regulatory agencies
Gov relies on voluntary coop by mandatory of private businesses to follow guidelines Gate against effective gov reg and oversight Still reg agencies are gateways through which citizens can ask to protect them from fundamental and unsafe products
Ex of fed agencies overstepping authority for pol purposes
IRS targeted groups that claim to be non profit but might be engaged w. Pol activity Extra scrutiny of NAACP to tea party affiliated non profit org Stems from ingrained culture at IRS of auditing indiv, business and groups to make sure they comply w. Tax law To public looked like bureau failed mission of neutrality
responsibilities of bireaucracies
Implement and enforce laws passed by Congress and signed by the President (also at state and local levels)
Bureaucracy
Large collection of executive branch departments, agencies, boards, commission that carry out the responsibilities of the gov.Applicable to any type of organization, government or not; The University of Houston is a bureaucracy
fed gov oversee safety compliance for everyday acitivities
Nat Highway Transportation safety admin responsible for regulating car and truck safety and limit drunk driving Fail to address makore ignition fale that cut off power to automobiles spontaneously Claimed to not receive accurate info form general motors as to extent and potential of life threatening nature EPA also regulates cara VW rigged engines in diesel cars to perform differently when tested on emission standards
ex of fed corp
National Railroad passenger corp (amtrak) a for for-profit rr but receives fed funding and subject to fed restrictions and control
career civil service
Nonpol personally who must pass exam to secure their jobs and compete on = playing field w/ anyone else w/ sma e credentials largest % of exec employees located in D.C. have evaluations and may get raises, promotions, incentive and merit bonuses
ppt hatch act
Restrictions on political activity for federal employees.¡Couldn't hold office in a political party ¡Couldn't campaign for anyone
Federal Employees Political Activities Act (1993
Rolled back parts of Hatch Act Can now do some of the things formerly prohibited, but still numerous restrictions
their reponsiblites are established by laws from
congress, for execution need expertise so leg relies on bureaucrats to write regulations that implement the law
post offices
created 1775 by continental congress to serve the vital function of establishing comm routes among colonies
national endowment for the arts
created to support scholarship and art that would be available to gen public but no formal responsibility to monitor private and pub sector activities in specific set of issue areas
adv and disadv in chosifn ppl from any backgrounnd
Trusted campaign advisories not talented admin Member of private sector find gov work frustrating Occasionally cabinet sec replaced during presidential terms
Clinton bush and Obama wanted diversity in fed workgroups
Women, latinos are groups that are least well rep proportionally Obama tried to recruit member so =f under rep groups to lower level fed jobs to ensure future admin will have diverse talent pool to hire people from
Congress created Department of Interior (1849)
deal w/ western expansion (sale of lands and Indian affairs) Dep of Ag (1862) to mitigate hardships cause by crop and price fluctuation through crop subsidies 1870 Office of Attorney gen (1793) transformed Dep of Justice to handle legal business of nation
remedy of 9/11
abinet level Department of Homeland Security Single large fed org had one culture and one mission= more effective Consolidated many key units that were operating indep Created new intelligence offices that would try to serve as bridges for CIA and FBI
Executive contain regulatory agencies and other org that are responsible
administering the details of laws in specific areas... oversee the practices of indiv involved in all facts if econ and pol life... they are gateways bc frd to respond to citizens in targeted ways (localized) and ensure safety and econ fairness in daily life
dep of transportation
after Highway act signed and has to maintain highways w/ trucks and reg labor practices in trucking and air travel
independent org
agencies, commission, admin, boards, corp, and endowments Vary by structure, mission and degree of independent from pres
1998 Hatch Act reform
amendments loosed restriction on pol activities by gov employees as alng as the activities occurred while they were off duty. pol appointees are allowed to engage in pol ascites on behalf of pres as long as cost for activities not paid w/ tax dollars Ban on pol activities remain for employees in law enforcement, intelligence agencies and employees of fed election commission
fed board
arrow scope of authority but can have power to require changed in operating procedures and to suggest fines. Individuals who are appointed for specific term who have expertise in area of board jurisdiction
A2 S3
broad powers to care that laws are executed Framers wanted to make sure president follow intent of congress= wide discretion in how laws carried out Foundation for growth of fed bureaucracy and president
many members of cabinet are
cabinet secretaries and head executive departments President may selected additional drivers for cabinets rank status Vp, chief of staff, head of EPA, US trade rep, ambassador of UN, Econ advisers
civil servants vs pol appointees
civil: (programmatic approach and aim to make programs work efficiently over the long term app: carry out president's partisan agenda while pres is in office addressed by civl service reform act of 1978
civil service reform to
depolitivixe
Dep of Health, Edu, and welfare (1953) divided into
edu adn then health and human services
Hierarchy of authority in beacruacy=
employee's decision of the implementation of policy is received at each higher level in the org. Not every authority use them in the same way but each leads up to the secretary that is responsible for all of the polcu decisions that come out of depart to the pres
Carter made Senior Executive Service:
experienced personnel who can be assigned by president to senior management positions throughout the fed bureaucracy. provides layer of admin over fed programs directed by president-infuse fed bureau w/ pol perspective that can clash w. Goal of objective implementation of fed policy Category of pol appointee used by presidents to expand direct influence win the bureau
final regulation is printed in Fed Register
fed gov official pub for implementation of laws
Dep of Housing and Urban develop to oversew
fed programs design dto build more affordable housing for ppl w/ low income
Office of Management and Budget
final authority over entire fed budget and each agency must submit its proposed budget to it for approval before included in president's official proposed budget Director part of pres cabinet although OBM not cabinet department
bureau culture can act as a gate
hat prevents efficiency and reposnives in gov bc can create situation where employees in diff org duplicate task, counterbalance on another's efforts, and fail to accomplish mission
Fundamental core of fed bureaucracy is presumption that ppl who hold positions
have expertise in the issue areas they oversee and implement
example of fed policy implemented by cabinet department in conjunction w states
hc reform
2010 Obama and congress worked on Consumer Financial Protection Bureau:
help consumer navgate mortgage and other housing loans and real estate investments
cabinet department has subdivision arranged in
hierarchical form to divide tasks and maximize efficiency and responsiveness (like ACA and HHS)
every fed org has _____decision making process that structures the way polic implemented to cary out its mission
hierchal
reg agencies address
highway, air travel, food inspection/product labeling, bank and stock market practices
responsibilities of exec departments
implementing laws and policies in specific areas through regulatory and enforcement process Regulations are gui;ines that detail how law will be carried out and what has been done to comply with it
as nation econ grows
inc industries, producers and survive that need gvo regulation=expand workload of agencies and need to make new pens
EPA
independent agency. issue regulations and create policy in eaude range of areas Regulation are subject to OMB approval
common lack of communications and expert directions exposed
inherent dangers of bureau culture President can be held accountable for flaws Change in agency difficult and happens when ppl at top of command twe down barriers in crops
National Transportation safety board:
investigates transportation related accidents like emergency landings or train accidents. one of NTSB's five board members is appointed to oversee investigation When completed, agency issues a report and recommendation for avoiding this event Does not have power to issue fed reg
background of pol appointees
ly members of the president's inner circle/ camping tea,. Served as congressional committee chairs, served in former pres admin Can come from private sector
subdivisions oversee
medicare, medicaid and other health programs, it has responsibility to implement programs associated w/ this lef (remedy deificnies in medicare presumption drug program, health insurance exchanges)
securities and exchange commission
monitor all business practices involving the stock market. Oversees work of accountants, stockbrokers, financial advertiser and small business owners Legal authority to demand info from professions, impose fines and even bring formal charges
reg agencies have authority to
monitor practes, issue fines, and shut down business
FDA:
monitors food safety and handling practices and pharmaceutical development and approval procedure Fulfills its mission by issuing guidelines/standards for companies to follow Job difficult, some food comes from private companies that are subject to FDA inspection but are expected to do most of food quality and safety monitoring themselves
at first we didn't need more employees but what changed that
nation expanded and lands grew= need for complex structure of fed level to oversee
is buracracy is the constitution
no but foundations of it can be traced w/ key sentences in AII)
shadow bureacrats
not gov workers but work w company that has contract w/ entity f gov (asked w doing things) like road construction
Hatch Act
ohibited gov employees firm working on pol campaigns, using their position to solicit campaign donation/promoting candidates for elected office. desined to eliminate rest of patronage Pressure off bureaucrats who could tell campaigning politician they were prohibited from engaging in certain pol activities
Esienhwoer appointed a layer of fed employees called Schedule C appointees t
oversee civil service employees Able to add 1000 pol appointed positions and caused e kendy, LBJ and Nixon to add more pol appoitnes
where can expertise come from
ower levels and stau in their job long enough to acquire knowledge about fed program Worked in particular energy industry, tudied fed policy area in academia or at policy think tanks and then offered gov positions Congress (members who chaired/served on relevant congressional committees) major source of cabinet secretary appointments
Civil service designed to protect employees from
partisanship and employees expected to be objective a they carry out jon Civil servants remain in positions from one admin to next, cant be asked to resign for partisan reasons
how is the culture shaped
person dawn to work in gov bureaucracy Depicted as narrow minded but there are many tyes of people that seek jobs Policies evolve over time in response to external conditions Diverse that indiv with wide range of skills and interests choose to work with it
fed patronage system
politicians manipulate fed programs and position for pol/private gain Repub congress made program for pensions for civil war vets who fought for the north. Assasiantion of James A Garfiel (1881) by an indiv who sought fed job= ppl against patronage system
19 cent congress and pres shared patronage power
presidential allowed congress to rec indiv for gov posts Each election in which diff party assumed office, large turnover in staff
dep of nergy
promote fuel conservation and develop alt to fossil fuels
civil service created to
protect fed employees from partisan policies 1939: pol influence was rampant throughout the bureau at fed state and local levels response was the Hatch Act
Fed Trade Commission
protects consumers from unfair financials/market place practise
fed regulatory commission
run by a small number of officials (commissioners) who are appointed by pres for fixed number terms and responsible for overseeing sector of econ/pol arena
fed administration repsonsible for
running fed program and overseeing specific areas of fed responsibility TSA was created after 9/11 and placed under department of homeland security
new president and cabinet
select new members but can stay like Robert Gase who was defense for Bush
Jefferson and cabinet
separate room in white house called cabinet and a table where he stored important fed papers Modern pres could not fill all paperwork of bureaucracy in a single desk
president cabinet
set of advisers who are responsible for areas under their jurisdiction... does not include the White House staff (they oversee entire department to implement fed policy)
Historically, bureaucrats were selected through the
spoils system (also known as "patronage")
for every fed job that is professional there are
staff jobs such as: Clerks, office managers, janitors, mechanic who keep bureaucracy running... any skills are gateway to employment in fed gov
1st departments created by Congress in 1789 were
state, treasury and War. Attorney gen sat on president's cabinet, but he did not head a department. Through org, congress wanted to fulfill constitutional responsibilities to reg commerce among states and w/ forign nation, provide defence, collec tax and borrow mona, and establish post offices and post roads
private sect contract workers are nit under direct control of fed bureau but
t carry out tasks for it. Incentive programs put in place to reward civil servants for efficiency Sam way employees in private sector received bonuses
bureau failure ex
terrible loss of life like 9/11 Many people blame fed agencies that oversee intelligence gathering (FBI, CIA, and NSA) for failing to uncover/prevent attacks They detected warnings but did not work together. distrustful and lack coordination= intelligence fail
Some dep and agencies staffed by career employees who aren't in
the civil service ut operate under similar structures
pol appointees get their job bc
they are members of same party that control the exec branch.Connection to pol powerful ppl. / served in pior presidential admin. Uncommon but pol app to be opposition party, especially if they have prior expertise in policy/ president wants contitnuity in departament leadership early in admin
fed corp
type of fed org similar to private business in that it provides service or commodity for a price to the public and also receives fed funding
national endowmnet
type of fed org that uses funds specifically allocated to portmore pub good or service.Funded by fed gov= expected to serve as gateways for expression of many vp and perspective in work they support
other two department
veeterna affairs by bush Dep of homeland security
job of the sec is to
versee implementation, provide advice to pres about issues under department control and develop annual budget Congress authority to create cabinet department but once created it is under control of executive
Nations first 40 y: executive branch jobs for
wealthy elites who had personal pol/social connections to embers in congress/ president Andrew jackson used executive powers of president to appoint pll form wider social and econ backgrounds Demanded pol loyalty of fed employees... (to get job they had to be supprote of Jackson and demo party)aka patronage system Pol enemies called spoils system b/ giving friends
fed workgroups diversity is a gateway for
women and minorities in pub and private sector as employees can later obtain pol appointments to pres cabinet Obama had the greatest number of women but criticized for failing to attract inderrep groups Many minority groups supported Obama and should have been reported by greater number of prominent appointments in the admin
this act
¡Office of Personnel Management which serves as HR of the federal government ¡The Merit System Protection Board which protects federal employees from being fired for political reasons Federal employees permitted to unionize, but not strike
Administrative law and rule making:
¡Sometimes, bureaucracies have the ability to make their own laws ¡They must publish proposed rules and allow the general public the opportunity to comment on them
